Kalembedwe kapangidwe kake ndikutanthauzira kwa malamulo ndi njira zoyendetsera bwino, zida, ndi utoto wa dimba laling'ono. Lingaliro la kalembedwe limaphatikizapo kukonzekera kwa munda, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya mbewu ndi kuphatikiza kwake, mtundu wa mapangidwe okongoletsa, ndi zina zambiri.
Kusankhidwa kwamayendedwe ammunda kumatengera mawonekedwe amalo (mawonekedwe ake, malo, kukula) ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wa zomangamanga momwe nyumba zazikulu zimamangidwira. Koma kwakukulu, ndi nkhani ya kukoma ndi kuwunika kwa moyo wa mwini munda, ndipo kuposa pamenepo ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ake.
Mitundu yamakono ya munda wung'onowu imangogwira ma stylistics a minda yakale. Malire a masitayelo akuluakulu ndi osasinthika: Mitengo imakula pang'onopang'ono kuposa nyumba, ndipo zipilala zam'munda zam'mbuyomu masiku ano zimaphatikizapo zinthu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo mawonekedwe apokhapawo amakhala pafupi ndi malo kapena malo. Kukula ndi kukalamba, dimba silidutsa osati zaka zokha, komanso kudutsa malire, ndikupeza mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse, popeza munda, makamaka dimba laling'ono, limalumikizana ndi njira ya moyo ndi anthu.
Izi zimachitika kuti kupanga dimba, kupanga ma doko, khonde ndi nyumba munjira yomweyo sizingatheke. Koma mutha kuwonjezeranso ndi mfundo zaumwini, kukwaniritsa umodzi.
Tiyeni tiwone zomwe masanjidwewo akupanga mundawo.
© epSos.de
Masitaelo
Munda wachikale
Makalasi ndi zamasewera: chilichonse chimawoneka bwino, cholondola, choyesedwa nthawi. Mtunduwu ndi woyenera kwa iwo omwe amakonda mizere yolunjika ndi maimelo, komanso malingaliro a dongosolo. Nthawi zambiri kalembedwe kameneka amatanthauza kukhalapo kwa masanjidwe munjira ya kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi kubzala kwa mbewu zomwe m'njira imodzi kapena ina zimatsata madera achilengedwe. Minda yotereyi imakonzedwa mosavuta m'matawuni, mwakapangidwe amakono. Nthawi zambiri m'minda yakale kwambiri iliyonse yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imatsitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, pali minda yazomera herbaceous. Pali minda yamaluwa yomwe imathandizira maluwa okongola komanso mabedi amaluwa okongola kwambiri. Palinso minda yosanja, yomwe malo ambiri amamangidwapo ndi matailosi, miyala kapena njerwa, ndipo mbewu zimabzalidwa pamabedi amaluwa ataliatali kapena mumbale. Mapangidwe achikhalidwe cham'munda wachikondwerero chimakhala ndi makona otchetcha, mabedi amakona anayi kapena maluwa ozungulira pakati, mbewu zokongola za pachaka. Ndi kapangidwe kameneka, tikuwona kwambiri zakumera, m'malo mopanga zinthu, njira iyi ipangitsa chidwi anthu okonda maluwa okongoletsera, maluwa okongoletsa komanso zitsamba zonunkhira.
Minda yotsekera ndi minda yolimira
Amafanana ndi minda yotchuka ya ku France ndi ku Italy ya m'zaka za zana la 16. Munda wapansi kapena dimba la maluwa ali ndi mabedi ambiri okhala ndi maluwa ndi zinthu zokongoletsa zomwe zimapanga zokongoletsera zovuta zomwe zimakwera pamwamba pa nthaka. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwira kuti azisilira kuchokera pazenera zapamwamba zakunyumba. Labyrinth ya m'munda idapangidwanso poyambira kuwonera kuchokera pamwamba; mmenemo, mipanda yolimba-m'munsi imapangidwa ngati maometometro kapena mawonekedwe opangira mawonekedwe. Malo omasuka pakati pa zitsamba zobiriwira nthawi zonse amadzaza ndi maluwa okongola kapena, omwe ali olondola kuchokera kumbali yazowoneka, mchenga wachikuda kapena miyala.
Pali okonda nyama zambiri zamtchire omwe samakopeka ndi gulu lolondola la malo komanso kumveka bwino kwa mizere, koma zosiyanitsa - kuphweka, chilengedwe, ufulu. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kulabadira minda yamtundu wotchedwa waulere. Kona yachikondi, komanso munda wonse mwachilengedwe, umaphatikizapo ntchito yaying'ono pamabedi kapena pamaluwa wamaluwa komanso kupumula kokwanira. Kulankhula modekha kwa anthu sikungawononge chithunzi chokongola chamtchire.
Munda wamidzi
Munda wamtunduwu umatchulidwanso kuti dimba lamtunda, amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe zopangira ndi kupangira mbewu mwanjira yapadera. M'malo, monga lamulo, sasintha kapena kuwapangitsa kukhala ochepa. Nthawi zambiri, chilichonse chimakhala chochepa pomanga njira ya m'munda, masitepe opangidwa ndi miyala wamba. Kuphatikizika kwa mbewu kumayendetsedwa ndi "mbewu zachikale" komanso masamba omwe amapanga mawonekedwe osalala, koma owoneka bwino kwambiri. Apa mutha kuwona kusakanikirana kwa zopangidwa pachaka komanso zakale, makamaka zomwe zimapanga kudziphukitsa ndikukula mumiseche ya motley.
Munda - ngodya ya nyama zamtchire
Pakuwoneka ngati kutsutsana, malingaliro a "munda" ndi "ngodya yamtchire" ndiogwirizana kwathunthu. Mafani a kalembedwe kameneka nthawi zina samachita kalikonse ndi masamba awo. Zomera zimamera mwakuthengo, zolengedwa zosiyanasiyana zimakhala momwemo, mwachitsanzo, mbalame, njuchi, agulugufe, abuluzi. Pokopa mbalame, zinyama ndi tizilombo, madzi amatenga gawo lofunikira, komanso maluwa oyenda pachaka ndi osatha. Nyama zimakonda kuyendera minda ya zipatso. Komabe, ngodya zotere zimatha kukonzedwa bwino.
Malo omwe ali m'nkhalangoyi amapangidwanso pachimake chachikulu. Ili ndi yankho labwino kwa ziwembu zazitali komanso zopapatiza, pomwe "tingachipeze powerenga" sikokwanira. Pachifukwa ichi, mitengo yachidwi yomwe imakula mwachangu ndi korona wopepuka, monga birch, ndiyabwino kwambiri. Amakonda kwambiri minda yotereyi yomwe imaphukira bwino mu nthawi yophukira, ndipo mipata pakati pa mitengo imadzaza ndi chivundikiro pansi ndi mbewu za bulb. Kukhazikika kwa nkhalango kumathandizira kuti anthu asamaone nyumba zoyandikana kapena kulumikizana ndi malowa. Chinthu chinanso chabwino - chikukula mosamala. Kutsatira mawonekedwe achilengedwe kumakupatsani mwayi wokhala malo osiyanasiyana: kuchokera pa mabedi a maluwa amiyala kumiyala yamadzi yonyowa. Minda yotero imasintha maonekedwe ake nyengo ndi nyengo ndipo imakhalapobe bola magawo onse azisungidwa, kuphatikiza pakati pa nyama zamtchire ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zikuphatikizidwa ndi chithunzi cha anthu.
© Randy Mwana Wa Robert
Minda Yamalonda
Minda yokhala ndi chofalitsa imafalikira mwachangu anthu ambiri kuyenda padziko lapansi. Zambiri zomwe timawona tikumayenda kumadera akutali zimasamukira kumunda wathu. Pakadali pano, miyambo yolima minda yakutali idapeza njira kwa ife. Nthawi zambiri sitimangokayikira kuti mbewu zina zakunja kwa munda wa agogo athu zimachokera kuti. Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi chithumwa chake, chitchuthi chapadera.. Zachidziwikire, zoletsa za nyengo ndizosapeweka. Koma zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagulitsidwa paliponse monga zokambirana zimatha kugwira ntchito yabwino m'munda wanu.
Atsogoleri omwe sanasankhidwepo pakati pa minda yamitu ndi achi Japan, mogwirizana kwawo ndi mtendere wamtendere. Iwo, monga aku China, amasankhidwa ndi mutu ku East Asia. Mutu wina wotchuka ndi Middle East. Chisomo chopanda pake, chokometsera ndi chisakanizo cha zonunkhira zolemera, zotsekemera za jasmine ndi maluwa, kuphatikiza ndi chokongoletsera chowala - ichi ndi chomwe tidatcha mzimu wa Kummawa. Timazindikira za Mediterranean ndi makoma opangidwa ndi miyala yachilengedwe, miyala yodikirira, masitovu a dongo, kuwala kambiri ndi dzuwa. South America ndi chisokonezo, chofatsa komanso chofanana mbali yomweyo, ndipo kupsya mtima kukufalikira m'mphepete mbali inayo. Khalidwe la Latin America aku America limawonekeranso pakupanga kwamundawo: masamba obiriwira okongoletsa a yucca, magwiridwe antchito onse a pelargonium ndi daylily ophatikizidwa ndi zosayembekezereka kuchokera kumawonekedwe owala a maluwa. Mauritania - apa ndi zosamveka zachilendo zaku East zosakanikirana pamodzi ndi zojambulajambula zamaluwa ku Europe-Andalusian. Mundawu umaphimba mphamvu zonse: kuwona ndi mitundu yowala ya maluwa, kununkhira ndi tart ndi zonunkhira zonunkhira ndi maluwa, kulawa ndi zamkaka onunkhira wa sitiroberi ndi maolivi. Maonekedwe a geometric a njira zowongoka ndi masitepe, mabedi az maluwa ozungulira ndi madziwe amakona amapatsa mundawo mawonekedwe omveka bwino. Scandinavia ndi ya iwo omwe amakonda zachilengedwe ndipo amakonda mawonekedwe osavuta, koma nthawi yomweyo wokongola. Udzu wobiriwira komanso mtunda wosayandikira ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe aku Scandinavia. Komanso mpanda, udzu wamtali pakapinga ndi ma pini otsekemera kapena mphepete m'mphepete mwa udzu, malo othinana ndi akasupe a akasupe.
Kusankha mtundu wa "wanu" nthawi zina kumakhala kovuta, chifukwa pali zinthu zambiri zomwe sizinganyalanyazidwe: nyengo, nthaka, mawonekedwe, kukula ndi kusintha kwa malowa. Pitani kwa akatswiri ndipo akuthandizani kuti munda wanu ukhale wosiyana ndi wina uliwonse.
Tikhale mwatsatanetsatane pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yaminda yamitu.
Munda wa ku France
Mundawo, womwe umapangidwa mwanjira yanthawi zonse kapena Chifrenchi pakupanga kwanyumba, umakonzedwa mbali imodzi yopingasa ya kapangidwe kake; komwe kuli zinthu zake zonse ndi kapangidwe kake zimadalira geometry ndi symmetry yokhazikika.
Munda wamtunduwu umadziwika ndi mpumulo wofatsa, mawonekedwe ake onse amapezeka mu ndege imodzi. Malo omwe amatha kumapeto ndi makhoma nawonso ndi amodzimodzi. Masitima amalumikizidwa ndi masitepe, omwe ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zokongoletsa m'mundamo. Khomo lalikulu la pakiyo lili kumapeto kwa mundawo, kotero kuti kuchokera pakhomo lolowera mlendoyo awone kukongola kwa mawonekedwe ake. Mundawo umayang'aniridwa ndi mbewu zomwe zimabwereka bwino kumeta ndikusunga mawonekedwe awo nthawi yayitali. M'mikhalidwe yapakati pa Russia, conifers ndi oyenera kuchita izi: thuja, gru spruce, prickly spruce; mitengo yolimba: privet, euonymus, hawthorn, barberry, cinquefoil, cotoneaster, spirea, mapu, plums zokongoletsera ndi mitengo ya apulo, linden yaying'ono.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa dimba lachifalansa ndikoyenera ngati nyumba yakumaloko idapangidwa kuti ilandire alendo omwe akufunika kukhudzidwa ndi kusinthasintha, kukoma ndi kutchuka. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti kupanga dimba lokhazikika nthawi zonse kumafuna malo okulirapo komanso kupitiliza ntchito kwa katswiri wamapulogalamu olima pamalowo ndi kuyang'anira malo.
Munda wachingelezi
Munda wa Chingerezi kapena wowoneka bwino umawonetsa chilengedwe pamakonzedwe a zinthu ndi kuwongolera kwambiri mizere, ndikuwonetsera chilengedwe: mayendedwe amphepo, maiwe owoneka bwino, "zachilengedwe" zopangidwa mwazomera zomwe zimabzalidwa mumaluwa (mitengo, zitsamba, undergrowth, maluwa).
Maonekedwe amunda wamtunduwu amadziwika ndi malo osyanasiyana, mapiri, malo otsetsereka, mapiri, malo achilengedwe; kusowa kwa mizere yolunjika ndi nkhwangwa. Chofunika kwambiri ndi bungwe loganiza bwino lomwe limapangidwa ndimitengo ndi zitsamba, kuphatikiza kwamitundu ndi kapangidwe ka masamba, kugawa kuwala ndi mthunzi m'mundamo. Mitundu yambiri ya mitengo ndi zitsamba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuderali. Dziwe lonse, ngakhale loyambira, liyenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe achilengedwe: m'mphepete mwa nyanja, malo achilengedwe (miyala, mchenga, mbewu zapafupi ndi madzi). Mphepo zamkuntho zimagwirizanitsa zinthu za m'mundamu. Njira zake ndizopangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe: mwala wamtchire, mitengo yamtengo yodulidwa, udzu wolephera kupondaponda.
Mitundu yosintha malo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri opanga malo pokonzekera mapangidwe a dziko lamakono.. Kupanga paki mumtundu wamtundu kumafuna kukoma kowoneka bwino, gawo, kudziwa bwino zachilengedwe.
Munda wachichaina
Munda wa ku China umadziwika, choyambirira, chifukwa chakuti mitundu yonse yazomangamanga imakhala ndi tanthauzo lophiphiritsa. Nyumba zonse ziyenera kulembedwa mwaluso kwambiri, monga nyanja ndi mapiri. M'munda wa Chitchaina, chimangidwe chapakati chomwe chimamangidwa pomwe ena onse, ngati kuti akumvera. Ntchito yayikulu yopanga m'munda woterowo ndikupeza poyambira kuwunika, komwe malo okongola kwambiri amatseguka bwino. Zowoneka bwino kwambiri pamtunda ndizodziwika ndi milatho yoluka, ma arbar, ma pagodas, masitepe a zigzag, omwe nthawi zonse amapakidwa utoto wonyezimira (ofiira, obiriwira wa emarodi, wachikaso).
Ku China, maziko a gulu logwirizana akugonjera malamulo akumlengalenga. Kusanthula kwa malamulowa ndikuwadongosolo kwawo kunapangidwa pambuyo pake monga malamulo a Feng Shui, kutchuka kwake mdziko lamakono kwambiri. Malamulowa amawonetsedwa pakupanga mawonekedwe.
Kupanga mapangidwe a dimba lachi China malinga ndi njira ya Feng Shui kumakhazikitsidwa ndikutsimikizira zojambula zaomwe ali ndi eni malowa. Maziko olimbikitsira mundawo akupangika, omwe azitha kuwonekera nthawi yozizira komanso nthawi yotentha: njira, malo opangira malo osungiramo malo osungirako, akasupe kapena malo osungira, ziboliboli ndi mabenchi, rotundas ndi arbor. Kuti chiwonetsere kukongola kwambiri, mawonekedwe ake ayenera kukumbidwa. Kuyika mitundu yaying'ono ya zomangamanga, gawolo limagawidwa m'magawo ena, ndikugogomezera kanthawi kamodzi m'munda. Zinthu zonse za kapangidwe kamunda ziyenera kufanana ndi kalembedwe ka nyumbayo ndi chiwembucho, kuphatikiza mosiyanasiyana ndi kuzilinganiza.
Kusamala ndiye chinsinsi cha feng shui. Mapiri, madzi ndi zomera ziyenera kukhala pafupi kwambiri wina ndi mnzake. Ndikosayenera kuyika zinthu zowoneka bwino kapena mawonekedwe a malo pafupi ndi mayendedwe, chifukwa malingana ndi malamulo a Feng Shui, izi zimayambitsa kusokonezeka ndipo zimabweretsa kupsinjika. Ma phezi kapena mabowo ozungulira m'mundawo ndi abwino kwambiri kuposa njira zolimba, zazitali. Kwa bungwe la mundawo molingana ndi malamulo a Feng Shui, zinthu zitatu zopanga mawonekedwe ndizofunikira komanso zokwanira: mapiri, madzi ndi zomerazo. Mapiri amatha kusinthidwa ndi mabedi amitengo, mitengo yayitali ndi zitsamba. Madzi, ophiphiritsa chuma, amatha kukhala mumitsinje, m'madziwe ndi akasupe, ndipo, mozama, "mtsinje" wamiyala.
Munda wachisilamu
Dongosolo lakukonza dimba la Asilamu limapangidwa kuchokera kumabwalo amodzi kapena angapo. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinayi pakayimidwe koterowo ndikofunikira. Makulidwe akuluwo amagawidwa m'magulu anayi. Masanjidwe okhazikika a miyala amatsimikiziridwa mothandizidwa ndi njira, mbewu ndi ma tubules ndi madzi. M'malo a mabwalowa nthawi zambiri mumakhala akasupe kapena matziwe, okhala ndi miyala ya marble, matailosi akuda ndi galasi, zomwe ndizokongoletsa chachikulu m'munda wonsewo. Chisilamu chimapereka gawo lapadera, lopatulika kumadzi. Madzi ndiye kasupe wa moyo, amasangalatsa moyo ndikupatsa kuyeretsedwa. Madzi achisilamu amaimira paradiso, ndipo popanda iwo Munda wa Edeni ndiwosamveka.
Munda uwu ndi chithunzi cha nthano ya Munda wa Edeni, pomwe mitsinje inayi ikuyenda mbali zinayi. Chifukwa chake, mundawo wagawidwa magawo anayi. Magulu am'munda wachisilamu ayenera kuonetsera kupezeka kwa Allah ndi mdalitsidwe wake.
Ku Spain, komwe adachita ndi Aluya kwazaka zambiri, mtundu watsopano wa dimba udakhazikitsidwa pamiyala ya Asilamu, omwe pambuyo pake adadzadziwika kuti Moorish. Dera laling'ono laling'ono la mabwalo (patio) linali ngati chipinda chamawonekedwe. Nthawi zambiri pozimanga m'munda woterewu panali nyumba za njerwa zomwe zidakhomedwa mphesa kapena maluwa. Monga Asilamu, m'minda yachi Moorish, chokongoletsera chachikulu chamundacho chinali madzi, otchingidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mitengo ndi zitsamba sizinadulidwe kapena kubzala mwaulere. Maluwa ambiri ndi maluwa azitsamba zinali zina mwa mawonekedwe a minda ya ma Moorish. Madenga okongoletsera omwe sanabzalidwe anali ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, omwe anapatsa minda yake chisomo komanso kufalikira. Mwambiri, kusokonekera kwaminda yama Moorish kumakhazikitsidwa pamgwirizano pakati pa matupi amadzi ndi zinthu zokongoletsa zam'misiri mkati mwa mabwalo omwe amakhala ovuta.
Munda wa ku Japan
Kuyambira kale, Achijapani akhala akulemekeza maluwa, ndipo sizodabwitsa kuti adapanga minda yamaluwa yokongola mwapadera. Masiku ano, minda ya ku Japan imagawika m'mitundu itatu: mapiri, tiyi komanso tiyi.
Cholinga cha munda wamtundu wa Japan ndikupanga mtundu wamtunda wautali, wosalala kapena wamapiri, nthawi zonse wokhala ndimadziwe, chisumbu cha kunyanja, chokhala ndi milatho, miyala yoyikidwa kale ndi nyali zamiyala zokongoletsera zomwe zimapanga kuyatsa kwachilendo. Zowoneka zowoneka bwino, ma junipers, ma rhododendrons motsutsana ndi moss, mwala ndi madzi zimakopa kuyang'ana kwa nthawi yayitali, kukongola kwa malo kumawululiridwa kwa wowonera pang'onopang'ono. China chomwe chili m'munda wa ku Japan ndi katundu - miyala yoluka yamiyala yopyola mitsinje ndi njira. Zodabwitsa zochititsa chidwi zimapezeka chifukwa choganiza bwino za malo osangalatsa kwambiri a malo am'madzi.
Munda wa Zonunkhira
Uwu ndi mtundu wapadera wamunda womwe uli ndi mbiri yosangalatsa kwambiri.. M'masiku akale, nyumba zachifumu zakumadzulo kwa Europe, mabwalo ampata omwe mbali yake idali yolumikizidwa ndi njira yokhazikika idasweka. Akatswiri azachilengedwe komanso akatswiri azachilengedwe amagwiritsa ntchito malo amenewa kupangira mankhwala azitsamba, ndipo pambuyo pake azitsamba onunkhira. Zigawo zinayi za bwalo zidabzalidwa ndi zomerazo, mwina malinga ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zinali kwawo, kapena - malinga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zitsamba: mankhwala, zonunkhira, okongola, osangalatsa. Mwambo uwu udakonzeratu kuwoneka osati rabatok zokha, komanso "munda wotsekemera" wotsekedwa.
Ndipo lero mutha kukonza ngodya yotsekemera zonunkhira pamalo abwino oyatsa. Kutsindika mzimu wa m'chipinda cha fungo labwino, ndikofunikira kuti muzisiyanitsa ndi khoma lalitali kapena khoma la dimba. Kusankhidwa kwa zokongoletsera kumayendetsedwa ndi lingaliro la maluwa okhazikika, komanso kuthekanso kwa maluwa ena kutsindika fungo la mnzake.
Kupezeka kwa ngodya yotere m'munda wanu kumapereka umboni kwa eni ake akukonda zokongoletsera zokongola.
© john weiss
Kuyembekezera ndemanga zanu!
