Anthu a ku Europe adziwa chifukwa chodziwika bwino ndi mtengo wapa tiyi kwa woyang'anira nthano wakale Cook: m'modzi mwa mamembala ake atuluka adabweretsa mbewu za chitsamba ichi ku Dziko Lakale. Mukasamalidwa mosamala kunyumba, mtengo wa tiyi umamera bwino komanso umabala zipatso. Inde, popanga tiyi wamasamba a chitsamba chamkati chidzakhala kokwanira kangapo, chifukwa chake amalima ngati chomera chokongoletsera.
Chomera cha tchire (Thea) ndi a banja la Tea House. Kwawo - Southeast Asia.
Ku China ndi India, tiyi amatuta makamaka ndi dzanja. Izi zimachitika makamaka ndi amayi ndi atsikana achichepere, ngakhale kutola tiyi kumakhala kovuta komanso ntchito yotopetsa. Masamba ndi masamba amatulutsidwa ndikuwakhomera m'mabasiketi a mitengo yomwe imayikidwa kumbuyo kwa otola tiyi. Pamodzi ndi njira yothandizira kutola tiyi, palinso njira zopangira makina. Makina apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga lamulo, kuti atole zida zamtengo wapatali za masamba a tiyi ndi masamba okhwima kale, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tiyi yosindikizidwa kwambiri ndikuchotseredwa.
Ubwino wa tiyi umatanthauzanso nthawi yanji yopeza zoumba. Mitundu ya tiyi yosankhika imapangidwa kuchokera ku maluwiti ndi masamba a chitsamba chomwe sichimakhala ndi nthawi yotseguka, omwe adasonkhanitsidwa m'mawa dzuwa lisanatuluke kapena madzulo, dzuwa litalowa.
Amakhulupirira kuti tiyi wokolola masana amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zopatsa mphamvu komanso ululu wamasamba owawa. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa khofi ndi mavitamini mu tiyi awa amachepetsedwa.
Mtengo wa tiyi pachikhalidwe
Chitsamba cha tiyi chidatchedwa ndi mwayi. Mu 1770, woyang'anira nthano wakale James Cook adafika pagombe la Australia, ndipo oyendetsa sitimayo atachoka, kutsatira chitsanzo cha nzika, adayamba kupanga tiyi kuchokera masamba a chitsamba chomwe chimamera m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Woyang'anira zachilengedwe paulendo wawo, a Joseph Banks, adatenga zitsanzo za mbewu ndikubwera nazo ku London, natentha mtengo wa tiyi. Dzinali lazika mizu, ngakhale kuti chitsamba chilibe kanthu ndi tiyi, ndipo mafuta ofunika omwe ali m'masamba ndi oopsa. Dera loti Melaleuca lidaperekedwa ndi Carl Linnaeus, yemwe adalongosola mawonekedwe a chomera: mela m'Chigiriki amatanthauza "wakuda" ndipo leuca amatanthauza "yoyera". Chowonadi ndi chakuti makungwa a chitsamba ali ndi katundu wosangalatsa: nthawi zonse "amakhala", amawunikira zigawo zamkati, pomwe zigawo zakunja zimawoneka zoveka.
Mtengo wa tiyi ndi wokonda madzi kwambiri, chifukwa chake anthu a ku Australia adaubzala m'malo otetezeka kuti athetse dothi - mizu ya mitengoyo idamwa madzi ambiri kotero kuti dothi lidayamba kufota. Kumayambiriro kwa XX century. adabwera ku Florida chifukwa chaichi. Komabe, patatha zaka makumi angapo, minda yamitengo ya tiyi idayamba kukula mosasinthika ndikusintha maluwa ndi biocenosis madera ambiri a Florida marshes, omwe mpaka lero ndivuto lalikulu lazachilengedwe.
Mtengo wa tiyi ndi wa masamba obiriwira nthawi zonse, masamba ake amakula ndi piculiar panicles, ofanana kwambiri ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokolola. Maluwa a mtengo wa tiyi ndi ofanana pofotokozera mabotolo a mabotolo. Aaborigine aku Australia amakhulupirira kuti fungo lamphamvu komanso labwino la masamba a tiyi limapereka ukhondo m'nyumba, kupewa matenda. Ndipo, monga zinachitikira, masamba a mtengo wa tiyi ali ndi zovuta - mafuta ofunikira okhala ndi antibacterial, antiviral ndi antifungal. Chifukwa chake, kuyeretsa chipindacho ndi masamba a masamba atsopano ndi maluwa a tiyi kunali kofanana ndi mankhwala amakono, momwe mawonekedwewo amapukutidwa ndi njira yotsatsira matenda opatsirana ndikuwunikira radiation ya ultraviolet.
Mtengo wa tiyi wa Bush umatha kumera pamiyala yamiyala, miyala. Chomera ichi ndi cholimba komanso chosalemekeza. Tchire la tiyi limatha kusintha nyengo zosiyanasiyana, limalekerera kutentha ndi kuzizira. Sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi "miliri" yamatenda, yomwe imabweretsa chiopsezo ku mbewu zambiri zotentha komanso zam'mlengalenga. Mtengowo ndi wolimba - tchire limatha kukhala ndi kubereka zipatso kwa zaka zopitilira 100.
Ku China, tiyi adayambitsidwa mchikhalidwe chapakati pa 4th century; ku Japan, adadziwika pambuyo zaka 500, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo adafalikira ku Korea.
Tiyi idabwera ku Europe m'zaka za zana la 16, ndipo munjira zosiyanasiyana - kumadzulo kwa Europe kuchokera ku India, Sri Lanka ndi Southern China, komanso ku Eastern Europe - kuchokera ku Northern China mu 1638. Tiyi idapatsidwa kwa Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich wa ku Russia ngati njira yothira “kuzizira ndi mutu. " Kwa nthawi yayitali, chakumwa chowuma cha masamba achi China chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati machiritso. Ndipo chitsamba choyamba cha tiyi chinabweretsedwa ku Russia ku Nikitsky Botanical Garden ku Crimea mu 1817 ndi ku Georgia pakati pa zaka za XIX.
Ku Western Europe, chakumwa ichi chimatchedwa "ti", monga chilankhulo cha South China, ndipo ku Eastern Europe amatchedwa tiyi kuchokera ku "Cha" waku North China. Mukutanthauzira, mayina onsewa amatanthauza zofanana: "kabuku kakang'ono."
Ku Great Britain, ndi dzanja lopepuka la a Duchess aku Bradford, omwe adaganiza kuti kusiyana pakati pa nkhomaliro yachakudya chamadzulo ndi chakudya chamadzulo ndikutalika, mwambo wa tiyi wakhala mwambo wadziko lonse kuyambira 1840. Chimodzimodzi pa 5 p.m. nthawi yakomweko, yotchedwa "fyff o klok", onse aku Great Britain amakhala pansi pamatebulo a tiyi; Makapu 200 miliyoni a tiyi, malinga ndi ziwerengero, aledzera ndi aku Britain tsiku limodzi (pafupifupi makapu 4.5 aliyense). Izi ndi theka la madzi onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito.
Ponena za Russia ndi maiko ena a East Slavic, nthawi yayitali idadutsa makolo athu, ozolowera kvass ndi minofu ya mbewu zosiyanasiyana, amayamikiradi zakumwa zabwinozi.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, anthu olemera okha ndi omwe amamwa tiyi kumayiko osiyanasiyana, chifukwa sizinali zotsika mtengo. Izi nthawi zina zinkabweretsa kusakhutira pakati pa anthu. Chifukwa chake, pokana mitengo yamtengo wapatali ya tiyi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi boma la Britain, okhala mumzinda wa Boston ku North America, imodzi mwa malo omwe panthawiyo anali wolamulira waku Britain ku North America, adagwira sitima yaku England yomwe idafika pamenepo ndikuponyera katundu wake wonse - matumba a tiyi - kulowa munyanja. Nkhaniyi idatsika m'mbiri ya anthu monga "Boston Tea Party" ndipo idayambitsa kuyambika kwa nkhondo yomasulidwa kwa nzika za Britain ku North America, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti United States of America ipangidwe.
Masiku ano, tiyi umalimidwa pamsika wamafuta m'maiko opitilira 30.
Dzina lasayansi la tiyi ndi "camellia yaku China."
Tsopano mitundu 24 ya camellias amadziwika ndi kufotokozedwa, ambiri mwa iwo ndi mbewu za herbaceous. Mitundu ina mwa mitundu yawo imakulidwa kuti izikongoletsa zokha.
Kodi mtengo wa tiyi umaoneka bwanji: kufotokozera, chithunzi cha masamba ndi maluwa kuthengo
Tchire la tiyi ndi mtengo wawung'ono wobiriwira, nthawi zambiri chitsamba chomwe chimamera mpaka masentimita 50. Mphukira zazing'ono zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi losalala (mu Chitchaina - "bai-hao", chifukwa chake dzina la tiyi lomwe likukonzedwa ndi baikhovaya).
Monga tikuonera pachithunzichi, masamba a tchire laling'ono (4-10 cm), ali ndi ma fupi:
Maluwa a tiyi a tiyi ndi oyera, ali ndi fungo labwino komanso chikasu chowoneka bwino. Chipatso cha tchire la tiyi ndi bokosi lomwe lili ndi nthangala zofiirira.
Kukula mtengo wa tiyi kunyumba, monga momwe machitidwe amasonyezera, sizovuta. M'nyumba, mmera umatha kutulutsa ndi kubereka zipatso. Limamasamba mu Seputembala - Novembala, mbewu zimacha chaka chamawa
Kunyumba, imakula bwino:
Tiyi wa Assamese (Th. Assamica)
tiyi wach China (Th. Sinensis).
Tchire lachi China (Thea sinensis L.) mtengo waung'ono, womwe ndi mtengo wotsika, wopanda nthambi zambiri.
Chomera ichi ndi cha banja la tiyi (Theaceae). Mtengo wa tiyi Chinese ikhoza kukhala mitundu ya China komanso Japan.
Kutalika kwa chitsamba ichi kuli pafupifupi 60 mpaka 100. Ku China, mitengo ya tiyi imafikira kutalika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Gaolis County, amakula mpaka mamita 16. Thunthu la mtengo woterewu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri. Zachidziwikire, masamba a mitengo yotere sangathenso kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tiyi, koma chisangalalo choganiza za mtengowu chitha kupezeka.
Onani momwe mtengo wa tiyi umawonekera pazithunzi izi:
Masamba a tiyi ndi chowotcha chachikopa, m'mphepete mwake ndimawondo. Masamba ang'onoang'ono, osafundidwa amaphimbidwa ndi siliva wosachedwa kuwoneka. Popeza mtengo wa tiyi uli m'gulu la zipatso, masamba ake satha chaka chimodzi, kenako nkugwa. Koma nthawi yonseyi ya kukula ndi kusasamba, masamba amakhala obiriwira, pafupifupi sasintha mtundu wawo. Masamba achichepere ndi mawonekedwe opepuka, pomwe okhwima amapeza mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira pakapita nthawi.
Maluwa a mtengo wa tiyi ndi oyera, ndipo pamakhala mitundu yapinki, yokhala ndi mitundu yambiri. Maluwa amafalitsa fungo lonunkhira bwino, lomwe silimafanana ndi fungo la chakumwa chopangidwa kuchokera masamba amtengowu.
Zipatso za mtengo wa tiyi zimakhwima mu Okutobala-Novembala, patatha pafupifupi chaka chichitikire maluwa oyamba. Chipatsocho ndi bokosi lomwe limatha kutsegulidwa pamapiko. Mkati mwa bokosi lililonse mumakhala mbewu zochepa (kuyambira 1 mpaka 6, kutengera kukula kwa chipatso ndi msinkhu wa mtengowo). Mbeu zamitengo ya tiyi ya Hazelnut sizolimba.
Otsatirawa akufotokozera momwe mungalitsire tchire kunyumba.
Momwe mungakulire mtengo wa tiyi kunyumba ndi momwe mungasamalire chitsamba
Monga mbewu zonse zam'mlengalenga, chomera chomera cha tiyi chimafuna dzuwa yambiri, mpweya watsopano, kuthirira mosamala nthawi yozizira komanso yambiri - chilimwe. M'malo abwino, tchire la tiyi limakula bwino, limamasula ndikubereka zipatso.
Mukamasamalira mtengo wa tiyi, musaiwale kuti chikhalidwechi ndi chosangalatsa, komanso chololera chithunzi chofooka.
Kuti tchire lisungidwe kunyumba nthawi yozizira, muyenera kupereka kutentha kwa 5-8 ° C, nthawi yotentha - 18-25 ° C, muyenera kumwaza. M'chilimwe, ndibwino kutengera mbewu kumtunda.
Dothi louma komanso loamy, osati lotayirira kwambiri, koma lopatsa thanzi, ndiloyenera kwambiri kulima tchire. Gawo liyenera kukhala lopatsa thanzi, lachonde, acidic: dothi lamtundu, humus, peat, mchenga (1: 1: 1: 1), pH 4.5-5.5. Zoyala zopangidwa kale za azaleas zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Momwe mungabyala mtengo wa tiyi: chisamaliro chakunyumba
Kutsirira ndikochuluka m'chilimwe, zolimbitsa nthawi yophukira ndi nthawi yozizira.
Kusamalira mtengo wa tiyi mokwanira momwe ungathere, nthawi ya kukula, kuyambira Epulo mpaka Seputembara, kawiri pamwezi, mbewu zimafunikira kudyetsedwa ndi feteleza wathunthu wama mineral.
Kusinthika kwa mbewu mpaka zaka 5 kumachitika chaka chilichonse, mtsogolomo - m'malo mwatsopano.
Kuti zitheke bwino, mbande zikafika 15-20 masentimita, amazidulira mpaka kutalika kwa 10 cm kuchokera m'nthaka. Kuti tchire lisakule, chaka chilichonse m'dzinja liyenera kudulidwa ndi masentimita 5-7. Kuti mupeze mawonekedwe okongola, muyenera kudula kasupe ndikudula kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe kuti mupange chitsamba. Kuonjezera zokolola za tsamba la tiyi, tchire zimapatsidwa korona wambiri.
Kubzala mtengo wa tiyi, monga momwe umasonyezera, ndikokwanira kubzala mbewu mu zosakaniza dothi mukangodziunjikira. Itha kufalikira ndi kudulidwa kumayambiriro kwamasika.
Kenako muphunzira za momwe mafuta amtengo wama tiyi amagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Tee mtengo wofunikira mafuta: katundu ndi ntchito
Mafuta ofunikira amawononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, osati kokha pamtunda wothandizidwira, komanso pamlengalenga chifukwa imakhala ndi mankhwala osasunthika. Katundu wa masamba anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito, monga mankhwala achikhalidwe: masamba amtengo wa tiyi adawotchukidwa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zovala za mabala, pochiza zilonda zamoto. Amadziwikanso kuti mtengo wa tiyi mafuta ofunikira amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa njoka, tizilombo ndi malo olumidwa ndi nyama.
Kafukufuku wamakono awonetsa kuti tsamba lotulutsa (mafuta ofunikira) a mtengo wa tiyi ndi ofanana pakuphatikizika ndi tsamba lotulutsa chomera china cha ku Australia - eucalyptus. Ili ndi eucalyptol yochulukirapo - pawiri yomwe imawonedwa ngati yapadera ndi bulugamu, komanso terpenes - terpinol, terpineol, terpinole ndi mankhwala ena. Kalelo mu 1920, katswiri wazamankhwala wina ku Australia dzina lake Arthur Penfold adatsimikiza kuti mafuta amtengo wa tiyi amaposa maulendo 11 kuphatikiza mankhwala opatsirana ngati carbolic acid. Kenako nkhani yogwiritsa ntchito pophika mu cosmetology idayamba. Mu 1949, mafuta a mtengo wa tiyi anaphatikizidwa ku Britain Pharmaceutical Code. Mphamvu ya antibacterial imaperekedwa makamaka ndi 4-terpineol, malinga ndi miyezo yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku Australia, mafuta ayenera kukhala osachepera 30%.
