Mitengo ya Apple ndi mapeyala: momwe mungadyere ndi zomwe muyenera kudya?

"Kudyetsa koyenera mbewu zanyengo" - mutu wa imodzi mwa mabuku omwe adalembedwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 ku Russia ukumveka woseketsa. Koma funso loti udyetse chomera ndi njira ndizoseketsa.

Mmodzi mwa anthu otchuka a Middle Ages anali munthu wophunzirira wachi Dominican Albert the Great (1193-1280). M'mawu ake akuti "Pa Zomera", pomwe malingaliro osatsimikizika amamveka bwino pazokambirana ndi alimi, osaka, osema mitengo, asodzi, osaka mbalame, malo ambiri amakhala chomera. "... Feteleza ndiye chakudya cha mbewu, ndipo chakudya chake chili pafupi komanso chomera kuposa chinyamacho". Chifukwa chake, anati Albert the Great, chomera "posachedwa nyama zamitundu iliyonse zizisintha kudzera mu chakudya".

M'malangizo akale achi Russia, timapezanso zinthu zambiri zothandiza. Muzochita za wasayansi wachilengedwe waku Russia A. T. Bolotov, lingaliro lalikulu ndikuti muyenera kudziwa "mawonekedwe" a mtengowo, ndiko kuti, mumvetsetse bwino momwe mbewu zimafunira kuti mudziwe momwe mungayidyetsere. Pofotokoza za chakudya cha mbewu, a Bolotov akuti: "Chakudya ichi chimakhala ndi madzi ndi zina zapadera kapena zoposeranso mchere."

Anali woyamba padziko lapansi kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa michere m'minda ya Tula. Yogwira ntchito nati: "Palibe malo oyipa, koma alipo eni ake oyipa". Mawuwa adakhala ndi mapiko, nakhala mawu.

Koma kwakukulu, mu ulimi wamalonda waku Russia, zaka zana pambuyo pa Bolotov, palibe amene anaganiza kuphatikiza mitengo ndi ma tuks.

Mu "Guide to the Study of Horticulture and Horticulture" lolemba E. F. Rego, lofalitsidwa mu 1866, tidawerenga: "Mitengo yomwe imayima panthaka yovuta, kapena yotopa kwambiri, kapena yokalamba kwambiri, imatha kudzalidwa. Feteleza ayenera kuzunguliridwa kwathunthu ... Nyama ndi magazi osakanikirana ndi nthaka, amathanso kugwira ntchito ngati feteleza wabwino. ngati kulowetsa nkhosa ndi ng'ombe mu matalala kapena madzi amvula ". Koma kale mu bukhu "Fertilizer in Horticulture" (1908), lofalitsidwa motsogozedwa ndi wolima zipatso wotchuka N. Kichunov, ali ndi malingaliro omwe akumveka nthawi yake masiku ano. "Manyowa ovunda bwino ahatchi amakhala ndi zinthu zonse zofunika kuti mbewu zikule bwino. Chifukwa chake, manyowa nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati feteleza. Zinthu zambiri zongopanga feteleza, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi michere imodzi kapena ziwiri zokha, ndizosiyana, koma zina sizikupezeka. Za feteleza zoterezi zimakhudza mbewu, zimathandizira kuti masamba ndi mizu ikhale bwino, kapena kuwonjezera zokolola za zipatso ndi zipatso, chifukwa chake, kudziwa bwino zinthu wa zikuchokera feteleza zosiyanasiyana ndi kutulutsa zochita zawo monga kofunika munda, komanso mmene mlimi ".

Aroma adati: terrae adaep - "wonenepa padziko lapansi". "Mafuta" awa, m'malingaliro awo, amapangitsa nthaka kukhala yachonde. Kuyambira pamenepo, feteleza ndi mafuta m'mitundu yambiri zakhala zofanana. Mu Old Russian, "tuk" ndi mafuta, amakono - feteleza.

Amadziwika kusukulu kuti mbewu zonse, kuphatikiza zipatso, zimafunikira feteleza wachilengedwe ndi michere, zomwe katswiri wa maphunziro D.N. Pryanishnikov adanenanso, osangopatula pamenepo, komanso mogwirizana.

Monga mukudziwa, thupi la mbewu zonse limakhala ndi mankhwala omwewo. Pafupifupi zinthu 70 zamankhwala zomwe zimapezeka phulusa la nkhuni. Pakati pawo, asayansi amasiyanitsa magulu awiri: ma macrocell, ndiye kuti, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbeu zochulukirapo (kuchokera pachigawo peresenti mpaka angapo a kulemera kowuma), ndi ma microelements, ndiye kuti, amafunika kubzala mbewu zocheperako (kuchokera zana limodzi la zana). Pakati pamagetsi, ma ultramicroelements nthawi zina amasiyanitsidwa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbeu zazing'ono kwambiri. Mwa macrocell, mbewu zimafunikira kaboni, oksijeni, haidrojeni, nayitrogeni, sulfure (komwe ma organic amapangidwa), phosphorous, potaziyamu, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, nthawi zina silicon, chlorine, aluminium. Mwa micronutrients, mbewu nthawi zambiri zimafuna boron, manganese, mkuwa, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, etc., ndi micronutrients - cesium, rubidium, cadmium, strontium, etc.

Monga mukudziwa, mtengo wazipatso nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi magawo awiri: masheya, omwe amapereka zakudya zamtundu, ndi scion, yomwe ndi gawo la mlengalenga. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida zoyeserera, zokongoletsazo "zimagwira ntchito ngati photosynthesizer. Ndikofunika kunena kuti, ngati chitsa chikaperekedwa mokwanira ndi michere yambiri, kusowa kwa zingapo kapena chimodzi mwa izo kumawonedwa, ndiye kuti mbewu sizingakhale bwino ndi kubereka zipatso. Nthawi zina zimakhala zokwanira kuyeretsa nthaka moyenera komanso munthawi yake kuti chomera chomwe sichimagwirizana ndi mbewuzo chitha kupezeka kapena kubwezeretsanso dothi la "chosungiramo" ndi feteleza wachilengedwe ndi mchere.

Dziwani kuti minda ndi yaying'ono musanalowe mu nyengo ya zipatso nthawi zambiri samadwala chifukwa chosowa mchere. Mu nthawi yoyamba ya moyo wake, wotchedwa ana, mbewu zambiri zimafunikira madzi. Mtengo wachichepere ndi chamoyo chomwe chimasinthika modabwitsa. "Kuzolowera" kuti dothi lozungulira mizu yake imathililidwa nthawi ndi nthawi, mtengowo, ngati mwasiya kusiya kuthilira, mudzayankha izi ndikubowoleza zipatso ndikukula.

Ngati pali chinyezi chokwanira m'nthaka ndipo mutha kuweruza poona mbewu yomwe imamera ndikukula, muyenera kulingalira ngati ndiyofunika "kudyetsa" - pambuyo panu, mutha kuwamwa moperewera. Pankhaniyi (komanso kwa ena ambiri) ndibwino kutsatira upangiri wa Pulofesa A. S. Grebnitsky kuti abzale lupine osatha m'mizere ya zipatso zamaluwa. M'buku "Kusamalira zipatso," adalemba: "... lupine wautali wobzalidwa ungathe kufesedwa pansi pamitengo mpaka patali ndipo umakhalapobe kwazaka zambiri osakolola. lupine ili ndi mizu yayitali komanso yayitali, yomwe, popeza idakhala nthawi yayitali, imafa ndikuvunda mu dothi, ndikuthira dothi molunjika. zomwe (makamaka pamakoma dothi lolemera) ndizabwino kwambiri pamitengo yazipatso. Mu nthawi yophukira, mutha kudula lupinni osatha ndikuwasiya m'mundamo: izi zimagwiritsa nthaka panthaka kuti ipindule mitengo ".

Ngati mtengo ufowoka, umakula bwino ndikukula? Kupeza chifukwa, pochita ndi kosavuta kupeza ngati kuli ndi njala kapena ayi.. Zofooka, masamba ang'onoang'ono, zipatso zazing'ono zopanda pake, chiyembekezo cha matenda amtundu uliwonse ndizizindikiro zakufa kwamatenda. Koma muyenera kudziwa ngati ndizotheka zomwe mbewuyo imafunikira. "Katswiri" wina angakane motsimikiza izi: "Ndipatseni makina abwinobwino a manyowa atsopano, wokhulupirira zakuthambo safunika, padzakhala mbewu". Chifukwa chake sichoncho. Manyowa atsopano, choyambirira, pazifukwa zingapo (makamaka, chifukwa chodzaza ndi namsongole), sitikupangira kuti zifesedwe kumunda, ndipo chachiwiri, kumapeto kwa dzinja - koyambirira kwa nyengo yachisanu, izi Sitikupangizanso izi: zinthu zambiri zofunikira pamasamba zimatayika nthawi ya chisanu ikusungunuka ndi kutuluka.

Zikhala bwanji? Njira yabwino, monga momwe umachitira, ndikukonzekera feteleza pang'onopang'ono. Kuti muchepetse kuchepa kwa michere, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera peat zouma, ndikuziyika mu zigawo za 20-30 sentimita, kusinthana mulu ndi zigawo za manyowa. Ndikupangizanso kuwonjezera feteleza wa phosphate - 15-25 makilogalamu a superphosphate pa toni imodzi ya manyowa. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito kompositi pogwiritsa ntchito manyowa ndi superphosphate, zokololazo zimakhala zapamwamba kwambiri poyerekeza ndikugwiritsa ntchito manyowa ndi superphosphate padera.

Karel Čapek anali ndi dimba laling'ono ku Prague kunyumba kwake. Anatinso kulumikizana ndi dziko lapansi ndi chilichonse chomwe chimakula komanso kumatulutsa ndichimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri pamoyo wake. Mosakaika mtima pantchito yolima, Chapek adaphunzira za ukadaulo, ukadaulo, ukadaulo wokhudzana ndi zaulimi ndipo adadziwa bwino za nkhaniyi. Analemba kuti: "Dothi labwino, monga chakudya chabwino, sayenera kunenepa kwambiri, lolemera kapena lozizira, kapena lonyowa kapena lowuma kwambiri ... liyenera kuwonongeka, koma osapunthwa; liyenera kugumuka mopyola koma osatonthola".

Chapek, ndi nthabwala zake, analemba kuti wolima dimba, "kamodzi m'munda wa Edeni ... ndimanunkhiza zomwe zimanunkhiza ndikuti: - Ndipo izi, wokondedwa, humus! M'malingaliro mwanga, amaiwalanso kulawa chipatso cha mtengo wakudziwitsa zabwino ndi zoyipa: amayesetsa kuchotsa chilichonse kwa Ambuye Mulungu wilibala ya paradiso humus ".

Maapulo

Nthawi zambiri wamaluwa amayenera kuchita popanda "parad humus", chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka kuti, wowerenga angakonde kudziwa zomwe ndi momwe zipatso zam'munda zimadyetsedwera m'munda wa Rutkevichi pomological (chigawo cha Schuchinsky, dera la Grodno). Mwambiri, mwa njira, ngati luso laulimi la mtengo wa apulo lodziwika bwino, njira zaulimi za peyala sizimapangidwa bwino, ndipo nthawi zambiri zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa kuti mtengo wa apulo umasinthidwa mwaluso ndi mbewu iyi, osaganizira mawonekedwe ake. Kutengera zomwe takumana nazo za Rutkevichs, tikufuna kutipatsa alimi ena amateur malingaliro angapo othandiza.

Tengani malo ofunda pansi pa peyala pamalowo, otetezedwa kuti musatengeke ndi mphepo zamkuntho komanso zochokera kumpoto chakum'mawa. Malo otsetsereka a mbali zonse ndi oyenera kukwera. Komabe, zokonda ziyenera kuperekedwa kum'mwera chakumadzulo, kumadzulo, ndi kumwera mofatsa. Dothi liyenera kukhala lotayirira mokwanira, kuvomerezeka bwino kumadzi ndi mpweya, ngati nkotheka mchenga kapena kuwala pang'ono. Kuchita bwino kwa dothi la peyala kumakula ndi acidic ndi pH ya 4.2 kutseka osaloledwa ndi pH ya 5.6-6.5.

Peyala imayankha feteleza. Zophatikiza michere pamenepa timalimbikitsidwanso kuti tiziziphatika pamodzi ndi ma organic ngati ma organic-mineral complication kapena zosakanikirana. Pa 1 m2 thunthu lozungulira (Mzere) - 3 - 8 makilogalamu a kompositi, humus kapena manyowa okhwima, 100 g wa superphosphate ndi 20-30 g wa feteleza wouma wa nayitrogeni (amafalikira pamtunda ndikutseka matayala). Mukamagwiritsa ntchito kuvala kwamadzimadzi pamwamba, yankho limatsanulidwa mu mizere yomwe ili m'mbali mwa bwalo kapena m'mbali mwa thunthu. Kuphatikizika kwake kuyenera kukhala kofooka: 2-8 g pa madzi okwanira 1 litre. Kuphatikiza apo, gwiritsani ntchito yankho la kusinza ndi ndowe za mbalame, zomwe zimapukusidwa kale ndi madzi, motero, nthawi 3-4 ndi nthawi 10 (youma ka 20). Chikhalidwe cha yankho la feteleza wachilengedwe ndi mchere ndi chidebe chimodzi cha mizere ya 3-4. Pamaso kuvala pamwamba pakumawuma, dothi la mizere liyenera kuyamba kuthiriridwa. Chozungulira chimtengo chizikhala chomasuka, popanda udzu.

Mapeyala

Ukhondo ndi dongosolo ndi zizindikiro zotsimikiza kuti dimba, ma manor ali m'manja mwa mwini nzeru. Komwe mfundo zaulimi zosataya zipambana, pamenepo amakolola. Kutaya zinyalala? Olimi odziwa zamaluwa ngakhale m'munda waung'ono dimba amatha kuthetsa vutoli. Amapanga udzu udzu, masamba agwa, nsonga, zotayira chakudya, komanso ndowe.

Nthawi zambiri mulu wa kompositi umapangidwa osaposa mamitala 2. Kuti muchite izi, chotsani dothi lapamwamba ndikuya masentimita 20, kenako pangani "pilo" - tsanulirani peat ndi wosanjikiza ndi 10-15 cm ndikuyika wosanjikiza mu 20-30 masentimita a zinthu zofunikira. Ululu uliwonse wotere umakhala wothira ndipo umakutidwa ndi dothi loonda kapena peat. Pazaka zambiri, mulu wa kompositi umakokedwa kangapo.

Olima ena amakonda kanyumba kompositi kompositi imakhala magawo atatu okonzeka.. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito bokosi lamphamvu lopanda pansi (mulifupi: kutalika 1.5 m, kutalika 6 m, m'lifupi 2 m). Bokosi ili logawidwa magawo atatu ndi malo osachepera 2X2, kuti mutha kugwira ntchito mkati ndi fosholo kapena pitchfork. Kutulutsa kompositi kosatha kumakhala ndikuyika chisa chachikulu m'chipinda choyamba, kompositi ya kompositi yachitatu, ndi kompositi yachiwiri ikupititsidwa yachitatu.

Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti mumulu wa peat lotayirira, ndowe zimayamba kuwola msanga, kutentha kwake kumakwera mpaka 60-70 ° ndi mphutsi ndipo mazira ake amafa. Kusakaniza ndowe ndi dothi sikutentha. Chifukwa chake, pakuzimitsa pansi, manyowa a dothi amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakatha chaka ndi theka.

Mukayika zatsopano, wamaluwa odziwa bwino amathira zigawo za 15-30 masentimita ndi ufa wa phosphorite kapena laimu, ndikusintha kompositi kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena kuyamba kwa nyengo yophukira yachiwiri, onjezerani chakudya chamfupa kapena superphosphate.

Pali njira zambiri za kompositi. Koma apa, zikuwoneka kwa ife, ndizoyenera kukumbukira mawu a M.V. Lomonosov: "Ndimakonda chidziwitso chimodzi kumalingaliro mazana asanu ndi amodzi obadwa mwa kulingalira kokha.". Kompositi yabwino yozungulira yophika mwanjira iliyonse - feteleza wabwino.

Ngati pazifukwa zina simunapangire kompositi, koma munatha kugula feteleza wachilengedwe ndi michere, ndiye kuti apereka maapulo anu ndi mapeyala ndi chakudya. M'dzinja, musanakumbire, pabalitsani feteleza wachilengedwe komanso michere m'munda. Mlingo wa feteleza wa mineral zimadalira kupezeka kwa zinthu za mchere m'dothi ndi kufunika kwa mbewu. Zachilengedwe sizingavulaze, chifukwa pamenepa sizichita monga chakudya, komanso njira yosintha nthaka. Kuti mulembe mita iliyonse ya malo omwe akukumbidwayo, perekani 2 - 5 kg ya manyowa owola kapena ma 150-300 g a zowe za mbalame (kuwerengera zoyera - popanda zinyalala). Mwachilengedwe, munthawi zonse, zikhalidwe izi zitha kusintha ndipo ziyenera kusintha.

M'dzinja ndi koyambirira kwamasika, ndowe zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi madzi zimatha kuthiridwa mwachindunji pansi pa mitengo yazipatso. Zachidziwikire, ziyenera kumizidwa munthaka ndikuzama lokwanira, kenako zimawola ndipo sizikhala zovulaza pofika nthawi yokolola.

Ndiye, mungadziwe bwanji ngati mbewu zikufunika michere?

Kuyambira chapakati pa zaka zapitazi, maphunziro angapo akhala akuchitika - momwe angachitire "kudyetsa" zipatso, koma ngakhale pano vutoli limakhalabe lofunika kwambiri. Chowonadi ndi chakuti yankho la funsoli limatengera malo ndi nthawi, osati kungoyesa feteleza wazomwe zachitika. Zotsatira za zoyesazi "zitha kukhala zotsimikizika" pokhapokha pazomwe zidapezeka. Koma ngakhale pano atha kukhala osinthika kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, nyengo. Chifukwa chake zonse zomwe zimafotokozedwa (ndipo sizingakhale ena) malingaliro omwe adapangidwira dothi lomweli komanso nyengo yake ndi yabwino.

Kodi mumapeza bwanji zolondola?

Pakulima kwanzeru, masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito zida zowonera. Wokolola dimba angagwiritsenso ntchito. Imapezeka kwa aliyense wozindikira. Zimatengera kuwonekera kwakunja kwa kusakwanira kapena kudya kwambiri, komwe kumawonetsedwa pakusintha kwa masamba, mawonekedwe pa iwo mawanga, mikwingwirima, matupi akufa ndi mawonekedwe ena pakupatika kwa mbeu kuchokera ku chizolowezi. Kuphatikiza apo, pazinthu zilizonse, kusintha kwa maonekedwe a mbeu pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi ndizikhalidwe zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ndimatenda olimba a calcium mu mtengo wa apulo, kukula kwa mizu kumachepera, amafupika modabwitsa, amatenga mawonekedwe a stumps.

Ngati mtengo wa apulo ulibe nayitrogeni, ndiye kuti kukula kwake kumachepera, masamba amataya mtundu wawo wobiriwira ndikusintha chikasu. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za kusowa kwa potaziyamu ndizofanana ndi kusowa kwa nayitrogeni, ndipo m'tsogolo - mawonekedwe akumtambo wakuda bii m'mphepete mwa masamba, mapangidwe owonda. Zizindikiro zazikulu za kuchepa kwa phosphorous ndi kufooka kwa mbewu komanso masamba osaoneka bwino, masamba amdima, mawonekedwe ofiira amtundu wawo odulidwa komanso mitsempha pamunsi, ndikumakhala ndi njala yayikulu - mapangidwe achikasu obiriwira komanso obiriwira obiriwira.

Peyala (Ngale)

Pakakhala kusowa kwa mankhwala, kuvala pamwamba ndikofunikira.

Mukudziwa bwanji vutoli: kudyetsa mtengo wa apulo kapena kusadyetsa pamene chilichonse chikuwoneka kuti chadongosolo.Choyamba, yesani kudziwa mbewu yomwe ingatheke mwa maluwa. Werengani kuti alipo angati pa nthambi imodzi, muwerenge nthambi zingati pamtengo. Maluwa asanu amapanga mphukira iliyonse. Tsopano mutha kuwerengetsa kuti ndi maluwa angati omwe angayembekezeredwe pamtengo. Inde, sikuti maluwa aliwonse amapereka ovary. Malinga ndi akatswiri, mumitengo yokhwima, pazabwino, ovary yabwino ndi 10%, mwa achinyamata - 15-20%. Popeza taganizirani kuchuluka kwa chipatso chimodzi, ndikosavuta kudziwa chomwe mukuyembekezera. Izi ndizofunikira kuwerengera kufunika kwa feteleza, kuthirira madzi ...

Nawa maupangiri ena othandiza kwa olima m'minda omwe maso awo ali odzala ndi zowonera. Ndi maluwa ochepa kapena ochepa, thandizani mtengowo kumangiriza zipatso zambiri momwe mungathere.. Chimodzi mwazinthu zitatu za mankhwalawa ndizothandiza motere: yankho la 0.01% la boric acid (1 g pa 10 malita a madzi), yankho la 0.02% la zinc sulfate kapena manganese sulfate, ndi kusakaniza kopambana konse kwa mayankho onse atatu. Zachidziwikire, pomaliza, chepetsani mlingo wa aliyense wa iwo kuti chiwopsezo chonse chisapitirire 0,02%.

Ngati kukula kwa mtengo wa maapulo kumachepetsedwa ndipo masamba amasintha chikaso (chizindikiro chotsimikizika cha kuchepa kwa nayitrogeni), onjezani magalamu 20 a urea ku ndowa yamadzi mukapopera. Yankho lake la 0,5% (50 g pa 10 malita) lamadzi (popanda kutsatira zinthu) patadutsa masiku khumi atamera, ndibwino kudyetsa mitengo ya apulo kachiwiri. Ndipo zikafika poti dzira lalikulu limadyetsa mitengoyo ndi feteleza wokwanira wamineral. Itha kumwazika panthaka yonyowa, kapena kuposa apo, uwapulikire ndi yankho la ndende yochepa (0.3-0.5%).

Uphungu wambiri: gwiritsani ntchito feteleza wa mineral mosamala, osapitirira. Monga lamulo, ndikwabwino pafupifupi kudya, kuposa kumwa mopitirira muyeso (pali mawu akale: ngati sichoncho pang'ono, ndipo uchi umadzidyetsa). Zowonadi, m'nthaka pakhoza kukhala chakudya chokwanira cha munthu aliyense kapena ngakhale Kuchulukirapo. Mwakutero, kuyambitsidwa kwa zinthu izi sikungakhale kopanda tanthauzo konse kuchokera pamalingaliro azachuma komanso chifukwa feteleza amatha kuwonjezera michereyo pamlingo womwe ungakhale wowopsa kwa mbewu, kenako kwa munthu amene wadya zipatso zomwe zidadzaza ndi mankhwala.

Mtengo wa Apple (Malus)

Chifukwa chake, tikulangizaninso kuti muphunzirepo posachedwa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro kuti muwone zomwe mbewuyo ikufunika.

Mu "Chaputala cha Maluwa" pachipilala zakale zolemba zakale zaku India Dhammapada pali mizere yomwe imakhala yolimbikitsa komanso yosamalira wamakono: "Asamayang'ane zolakwa za ena, pazomwe zidachitidwa kapena kusachitidwa ndi ena, koma pazomwe adachita komanso zomwe sanachite ndi iyemwini.

Wolemba: G. Rylov, Woyankha wa Sayansi ya Zaulimi