Orchid ndi maluwa okongola komanso odabwitsa omwe adawoneka zaka miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo, pomwe adakwanitsa zaka 3,000 zapitazo. Malo obadwira maluwawa ndi China ndi Japan. Mtengowo udayamba kubweretsedwa ku Europe pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri zapitazo, ndipo lero uli ndi mitundu 40,000 ya maluwa. Mothandizidwa ndi asayansi ndi obereketsa lero pali mwayi wakukula orchid m'nyumba mwanu.
Phalaenopsis, mtundu wotchuka kwambiri wa ma orchid, ndi maluwa otha kugwidwa ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera pa chisamaliro choyenera ndikukula kwazinthu, ndikofunikira kulingalira matenda onse a orchid ndi njira zawo.
Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti phalaenopsis imayamba kupweteka chifukwa cha chisamaliro chambiri. Chifukwa chake, matenda odziwika kwambiri ndi matenda omwe sangatengeke omwe amakhudzana ndi chisamaliro chosaphunzira. Nthawi zambiri, matendawa amatengera kufooka kwa chitsamba, kufa kwake, kapena kupangika kwa tizilombo komanso tizirombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kufotokozera kwa Phalaenopsis Hybrid
Mtundu umodzi wodziwika bwino wa ma orchid umatchedwa phalaenopsis - wosakanizidwa wotchuka kwambiri m'dziko lathu. Chomera chimatha kukhala ndi maluwa osiyanasiyana (kuyambira oyera oyera mpaka buluu wakuda ndi mawanga osiyanasiyana ndikuzama masamba). Orchids akhoza kukhala osiyanasiyana kukula, kuchuluka kwa masamba, komanso alibe kununkhira.
Chiwerengero cha maluwa pachomera chilichonse kwambiri zimatengera mkhalidwe wa orchid womwewo, komanso kuchuluka kwa nthambi ndipo amatha kukhala m'mizere 6-5 pa nthambi imodzi. Chomera chimatha kulimidwa bwino kwathu. Phalaenopsis ali ndi mawonekedwe a tsinde limodzi lokhala ndi masamba ophatikizika amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu, ndipo pali gawo limodzi lokha kukula.
Mtundu wosakanizidwa uwu umafunanso chisamaliro chofananira monga oimira awo ena. Popeza mitundu iyi ndiyofala kwambiri pakulima, ndikofunikira kudziwa mwatsatanetsatane za matenda awo osiyanasiyana a phalaenopsis ndi malongosoledwe ndi chithunzi.
Matenda A Orchid
Phalaenopsis ndi mtundu wamaluwa omwe nthawi zambiri amayamba chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana a masamba. Maonekedwe a phalaenopsis orchid chifukwa cha chisamaliro. Komabe, palinso tizirombo tina tachitsamba: bakiteriya owoneka, zowola, ma virus osiyanasiyana, anthracnose, fusarium.
Ganizirani kwambiri za matenda a orchid ndi chithandizo chawo, komanso zithunzi za matenda osiyanasiyana.
Matenda osagwiritsa ntchito chomera awa ndiwofala kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri wamaluwa amadandaula kuti maluwa ayamba kutuluka chikasu, ndipo posachedwa chitsamba chake chimayamba kusinthika. Cholinga cha izi chikhoza kukhala chisamaliro chosaphunzira. Izi zimachitika pazifukwa zotsatirazi:
Mphepete mwa dzuwa limawotcha mwachindunji.- Kuchuluka chinyezi chifukwa chothirira pafupipafupi.
- Kupeza maluwa kuzizira nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kuzizira kapena hypothermia ndipo, chifukwa chake, kumawonekera kwa masamba a chomera.
- Kuwala koyipa kungakhale chifukwa ichi.
- Chomera chimatha kutengeka ndi kutentha kochepa. Kuzizira kwakanthawi kumakhalabe ndi mwayi wopulumuka, koma pamene chitsamba chimakhala kuzizira kwa maola opitilira 11, ndiye kuti akhoza kufa.
- Kukhazikika kungathenso kusokoneza thanzi la mbewu. Izi zitha kukhala zoyipa kuposa kuyang'ana mwachindunji ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, popeza njira yofota ya inflorescence ndi masamba awo ikuchitika.
Mphepete mwa dzuwa limawotcha mwachindunji.Phalaenopsis, monga maluwa amtundu uliwonse, amafunika kuwunika kwabwino komanso kokulira. Kupanda kuyatsa kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu mu ma orchid: Zomera zam'maluwa zimakokedwa mwachangu, masamba amapeza utoto wobiriwira.
Izi mbewu ndizosavuta kutengera matenda aliwonse. Ndipo kudziwitsidwa mwachindunji ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa kumathandizira chikasu masamba awo.
Phalaenopsis orchid sangagwidwe ndi kachilombo ka virus. Matendawa amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a mawonedwe amtundu wa mawonekedwe pazithunzi za masamba ndi masamba a duwa. Mawonekedwe awa amatha kufanana ndi mizere, mabwalo, mivi. Mukaona chizindikiro cha matenda a mbewa mu orchid, iyenera kukhala yotalikirana ndi zomera zathanzi. Mwa njira zonse onetsani ma phalaenopsis omwe ali ndi kachilombo kwa katswiriyo, ngati palibe zotheka, ndiye kuti mutenge chithunzi. Pomwe malingaliro anu akatsimikiziridwa, ndiye kuti duwa limawotchedwa kutiletsa kugonjetsedwa kwamatchi athanzi.
Kuwaza pamasamba a mphukira kumayesedwa ngati chizindikiro choyamba chakuti orchid adayamba kudwala matenda oyamba ndi mabakiteriya. Monga lamulo, ndi mitundu ya Phalaenopsis yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kachilombo ka bacteria. Chilichonse chimachitika ndi chikasu cha masamba, omwe patapita nthawi amakhala ndi mtundu wakuda ndikukhala wokuluka kwambiri. Pambuyo masamba adakutidwa ndi zilonda zonyowa, zomwe zinthu zamadzimadzi zimatuluka. Kupulumutsidwa kumatendawa kumatha kudula masamba omwe ali ndi kachilomboka, ndipo mukufunikanso kupanga cauterization ya malo omwe ali ndi ayodini.
Pali mankhwala ena owopsa, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumachitika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Ngati patadutsa milungu iwiri palibe maluwa atsopano omwe adayamba kupanga maluwa, mbewuyo siyopatsirana, ndipo ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa popanda mantha pazenera ndi ena.
Anthracnose
Ndiwonso matenda wamba omwe amapezeka pamasamba a phalaenopsis. Choyamba kuwonekera mawanga ang'onoang'ono ozunguliridwazomwe zimayamba kuda patapita nthawi komanso zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Pakapita kanthawi, pamapezeka zithunzithunzi za pinki kapena zachikaso. Chomwe chimapangidwira anthracnose amawonedwa kuti ndi chinyezi cha mpweya wokwera, komanso kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali kwa madzi m'matumbo a masamba.
Pofuna kupewa mapangidwe a matendawa, nthawi ndi nthawi muyenera kuchita mothandizidwa ndi chipindacho. Chinyezi cha mpweya mchipindacho sichiyenera kupitirira 65%, koma osachepera 45%. Ndikofunikanso kufafaniza madzi omwe asungidwa m'machimo amiyeso. Mukadwala ndi anthracnose, masamba omwe ali ndi kachilomboka amachotsedwa, ndipo masamba omwe adadulidwawo amakhala ndi ayodini. Kufufuza mwa njira monga Skor, Ritomil, Mikasan kumachitika kale pamlingo wapamwamba wa matendawa.
Powdery mildew
Ichi ndi matenda ofala kwambiri fungal. Matendawa amawoneka ngati mawonekedwe a purse-yoyera yoyera pa masamba. Kunja, duwa limawoneka ngati chomera chowazidwa ndi ufa. Awa ndi matenda owopsa omwe angayambitse kufa kwa chitsamba. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimawonetsedwa ngati chinyezi cha mpweya wambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri, ndipo izi zimatsogolera pakuwotcha kwa mtengowo. Pazifukwa zodzitetezera, Phytosporin imalawa.
Chithandizo cha matenda amtundu wa phalaenopsis orchid amachitika ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi Skor kapena chisakanizo cha sulufule ya colloidal. Koma, choyamba, mbewuyo imafunika kuthiriridwa madzi mosamala, ndipo patatha maola ochepa mutha kuyambiranso mankhwalawo.
Dzimbiri
Nthendayi yokongola yachilendo ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus kwa orchid. Matendawa, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, amapatsira masamba a phalaenopsis. Monga lamulo, tchire ofooka amadziwika ndi matendawa. Dzimbiri limawoneka ngati mawanga mkati mwa masamba, omwe posachedwa limayamba kupindika. Zimadutsa mwa kuchuluka kwa bowa komwe kumakhala ndi tint ofiira, pomwe dzina lake limatupa dzimbiri.
Njira zamankhwala ndizofanana ndendende ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe tafotokozazi. Madera owonongeka ayenera kuchotsedwa, ndipo magawo omwe amathandizidwa ndi 25% yankho la mowa. Orchids amathandizidwa ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi Mikasan, Skor ndi Ritomil.
Bowa wakuda kapena sooty
Matenda a Orchid amathanso. Ndi awa: tizilombo tambiri, mealybugs, komanso nsabwe za m'masamba. Fangayi akuwonekera chikwangwani chakuda pa maluwa okoma. Tizilombo timeneti sitimalola kuti duwa liziwala pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha masamba.
Pakati pa oimira ena amtundu wamtunduwu, tizilombo ndi owopsa kwambiri. Tizilombo timeneti tili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndipo kukula kwake kungakhale pafupifupi 4 mm.
Pali mitundu iwiri yomwe nyongoyi imakhudza phalaenopsis:
- Nyongolotsi ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tokhala ndi maonekedwe owoneka ofiira ndi mawonekedwe owundana ndi mawonekedwe oundana oyera.
- Nyongolotsi wa Ziphuphu. Awa ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala ndi utoto wosiyana ndi lalanje mpaka lakuda, koma nthawi zambiri ndimakhala utoto wofiirira. Kukula kwakukulu kwa thupi kumatha kufika 6 mm.
Nyongolotsi ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, koma ilibe visor. Mitundu yonseyi imasunga padi - zotsekemera zotsekemera zomwe zimateteza ku zinthu zakunja. Nyongolotsi ndi vuto lovutitsa, ndipo ngati sipachitike njira yake kutiichotse, maluwawo amatha kufa.
Nyongolotsi ndi zovulaza ku chomera kotero kuti zimatha kuyamwa madzi onse kuchokera pamenepo, komanso nthawi yomweyo amawonjezera poyizoni. Izi zimafooketsa chitsamba, zomwe zimatsogolera kugwa kwa masamba kapena chikasu.
Kupangidwa kwa m'malovu owumirira ndi masamba oyera oyera pa masamba ndichizindikiro choyamba kuti mphutsi yayamba pa maluwa.
Chimagwira ma orchid ofooka okha, omwe amakula mosakwanira bwino pamtengowu. Nthawi zambiri, tizirombo tomwe timapanga tchire timadzadza ndi nayitrogeni. Monga lamulo, nyongolotsi imalowetsa maluwa nthawi yozizira, pomwe nthawi masana masana amafupikitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo maluwa alibe kuwala kokwanira. Komanso, tizilombo titha kuwoneka mwa inu ndikupanga maluwa atsopano. Chifukwa chake, pogula maluwa, muyenera kukhala osamala kwambiri komanso osamala.
Kwa prophylaxis, chida pomwe maziko ake mafuta a mtengo wa neem. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa, chifukwa mankhwalawa ndi mankhwalawa sawonetsa zotsatira zabwino.
Muthanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosamba. Tanthauzo la njirayi ndikuthirira orchid ndi madzi ofunda 45-55 gr. Popeza tizirombo timafa pamtunda wopitilira 40 magalamu, njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri pochiza mbewu. Alonda omwe ali ndi zipsera nthawi zambiri amapatsanso maluwa.
Matenda a fungal ndi fungal a phalaenopsis amatha kubweretsa kupangika kwa zowola. Ntchito yowola mizu, komanso masamba azomera zimachitika. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuwola zimatha kuchuluka chinyezi komanso kutentha.
Mankhwalawa amakhala mobwerezabwereza chithandizo cha mizu ndi nthaka 0,3% maziko ake kapena 0.2% yokhala ndi osakaniza a benlat. Ndikofunikira kutsitsa kwathunthu maluwa. Nthawi yayitali pakati pamagawo ayenera kukhala osachepera milungu iwiri.
Zoyota
Matenda ofala a phalaenopsis ndi imvi zowola. Izi zowola zimadziwoneka pa masamba amtundu wa bulauni ndi mawanga akuda okhala ndi mawonekedwe opangika. Chomwe chimapangidwira zowola chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chinyezi chamagetsi, ndipo kupewa, ndikulangizidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito Kendal kuthirira. Zimawonjezera kukana kwa mbeuyo matenda osiyanasiyana. Ngati matenda a orchid ndi zowola, ndikofunikira kuchita utsi wakufa. Ndi chovala chachiwiri, amalangizidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito fungi wina, chifukwa zowola zimayenderana ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.
- Kupanga kwa zowola zakuda kumachitika pazomera zomwe zayamba kale kudwala ndi tizirombo ndi matenda. Kuti muwononge chomera chonse, muyenera kuchotsa madera ndi masamba omwe akhudzidwa, ndikuthira malo odulidwa ndi sulufule ya colloidal.
- Fusarion zowola zimalowa m'masamba a chomera, pakapita kanthawi amayamba kutembenukira chikasu ndi kupindika. Masamba amatuwa. Mankhwalawa amachitidwa ndikumiza kwathunthu orchid mu osakaniza 0,3% ya maziko a msingi. Njirayi ikufunika kuchitika mkati mwa masabata awiri.
- Chizindikiro chazovunda zofiirira ndi matenda a achinyamata masamba a maluwa. Zovota zimawoneka ngati mitundu yazowoneka ngati zofiirira zomwe zimamera msanga ndikupeza ubweya wonenepa. Njira zolimbana ndizofanana ndendende ndi mitundu ina ya zowola. Ndipo kupewa, mutha kuwaza ndi kuwunikira kwa vitriol osaposa kamodzi masiku 30 aliwonse.
Mwachidule, titha kunena kuti pamtunda wokwezeka komanso chinyezi chambiri ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa chipindacho pafupipafupi, osayika ma orchid mwamphamvu kwambiri pakati pawo, onetsetsani kuti madziwo alibe masamba nthawi yayitali. Kuthirira ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndikofunikira kumayambiriro kwa tsiku. Ndikofunika kuyika zimakupiza m'chipinda chambiri komanso chodzaza ndi mbewu ndikulisiya kuti lizigwira ntchito ngakhale nthawi yotentha kwambiri. Izi zitha kuthandiza kupewa mavuto ambiri ndi mitundu mitundu ya matenda.
