Matenda a chilimwe a mabulosi ndi mbewu za zipatso

M'zaka zaposachedwa, nyengo ya chilimwe m'madera ambiri ndi yosatsimikizika, yomwe imakhala ndi vuto lalikulu pakukonzekera ndi zipatso zamunda ndi mabulosi ndi mbewu zam'munda. Pofuna kuteteza chuma chanu, njira zoteteza ziyenera kuyambitsidwa kuyambira nthawi yophukira ya chaka chatha, ndipo azibwera, poyamba, kumayendedwe agrotechnical. Mundawo ndi mabulosi obzalidwa ndi mitundu yosemedwa, mwachangu kuyeretsa namsongole ndi zinyalala zina, kuthiratu madzi ndikudyetsedwa, kukana kuyambika kwa matenda ndikusintha kwanyengo nyengo yamvula (mvula yotalikilapo, kuzizira koopsa, matenda a epiphytotic, ndi zina).

Chithandizo cha munda wachilimwe cha matenda. © zachilengedwe365

June umalumikizidwa ndi kukula kwa thumba losunga mazira, mapangidwe a mbewu ndi chiyambi cha kucha zipatso zoyambirira ndi zipatso. Chifukwa chake, nyengo yamvula ndi yamvula nthawi imeneyi imachulukitsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa matenda osiyanasiyana. Mu Juni-Julayi, matenda osapatsirana komanso opatsirana amalandira chitukuko mwachangu.

Zosagwirizana ndi matenda omwe samasinthira kuzomera ndi zikhalidwe zina. Mukamachotsa gwero la nthendayo, mbewuzo zimapuma popanda kuwonongeka kwa mbewu zina. Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda osagwiritsa ntchito ndi kuperewera kwa michere, kusowa kwa zinthu zofunika, kufufuza zinthu, njira yothirira ndi ena.

Matenda opatsirana (opatsirana) amadziwika ndi kuthekera kosintha kwa mbewu zina, nthawi zina ndikusintha kwa eni, kuchulukana mwachangu, kuvulaza mbewu zingapo, kuwononga mbewu zomwezo ndi mbewu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi iwo munthawi yochepa.

Matenda a viral pamasamba rasipiberi. © Michelle Grabowski

Zizindikiro zofala zamatenda oyamba ndi fungus

Matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi amayamba chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa yolakwika yomwe imalowa mu ziwalo zamkati mwa mbewu ndikusintha ntchito zawo zachilengedwe machitidwe a thupi, omwe amachititsa kufa kwawo. Fungal spores amafalitsa, omwe amakula limodzi ndi mycelium kudzera mkati mwa mbeu. Kunja, nthendayo imadziwoneka ngati masamba amdima, mawonekedwe a chifuwa pamasamba ndi mphukira zazing'ono, mawanga amitundu yosiyanasiyana, omwe pang'onopang'ono amaphatikizana. Masamba amatembenukira chikasu, kusandulika, kuduwa. Matenda opambana kwambiri amafika mu June-Julayi. Zimakhudza ziwalo zonse za mbewu, kuphatikizapo zipatso. M'chilimwe, chimafalikira ndi ma conidiospores panthawi yanyengo komanso mvula yambiri.

Anthracnose pa mphesa. © omafra Powdery Mildew, kapena Gooseberry Powdery Mildew (Sferotek). © Dorling Kindersley Cercosporosis, kapena bulauni wowoneka pa masamba a masamba a Mizuna. © Scot Nelson

Matenda oyamba ndi mabulosi amaphatikiza zoona ndi zabodza ufa wowuma, library library (ufa wowuma) Seporia (kuyera) anthracnose, cercosporosis (malo owonera bulauni) ndi matenda ena oyamba ndi mabakiteriya.

Zambiri mwa mabulosi ambiri okhala ndi anthracnose, cercosporosis, septeriosis, powdery mildew ndi matenda ena ofesedwa ndi fungus ena zimakhudza ma currants ofiira, jamu, rasipiberi, mabulosi akutchire. Mbali yodziwika bwino ya matenda oyamba ndi mafangayi pakukula koyambirira ndikuwonongeka kwa masamba mu mawonekedwe amtundu wachikasu, ndipo pambuyo pake - bulauni ndi mawanga ena. Pang'onopang'ono, matendawa amapitilira kwa petioles ndi mapesi. Masamba amangokhala kumapeto kwa nthambi. Mphukira zobiriwira zimakutidwa ndi zilonda zofiirira.

Zomera za zipatso (mitengo ya apulo, mapeyala, mapichesi, yamatcheri ndi zina) zimakhudzidwa nkhanambo, phylosticosis, cococycosis, moniliosis (zipatso zowola) tsamba, ufa wowuma, dzimbiri, khansa wamba ndi matenda ena oyamba ndi fungus.

Kuwonetsera kwakunja kwa matendawa kumayamba ndi masamba, masamba, kupitirira mphukira zazing'ono, zipatso. Ziwalo zodwala zimasintha mtundu wamasamba, kuphimbidwa ndi fluff kumunsi kenako mbali yakumapeto kwa masamba, kuwonekera kwa masamba kumatuluka, koyamba mawonekedwe a mitundu yaying'ono ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi malire, kenako kuphatikizidwa malo amodzi. Masamba amagwa. Zipatso zimakometsedwa kapena kuvunda.

Masinthidwe onsewa a mabulosi ndi mbewu za zipatso amawonetsa fungal kapena bacteria wa m'magazi komanso kufunika kwa chithandizo chomera.

Coccomycosis yamatcheri. © michaelld2003 Phyllosticosis, kapena wowonera masamba. © uky Matenda a chisa cha Mycoplasma pa honeysuckle. © Jocelyn H. Chilvers

Njira Zoyang'anira Matenda Akulimbana ndi Matenda

Mankhwala

Kukonzekera kokhala ndi Copper komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza pakatha masiku 25-30 musanakolole, chitani zinthu moyenera pa matenda a fungus. Chepetsa makonzedwe osakanikirana ndi tanki molingana ndi malingaliro ndikuwapopera m'magawo omwe awonetsedwa phukusi kapena zolembedwa: Abiga-Peak, Profilactin, Bordeaux fluid, Topaz, Oksikhom, Profit.

Posachedwa, mankhwala awonekera pamsika wa kukonzekera kwamankhwala othandizira matenda oyamba ndi fungus, omwe, kuwonjezera pa chitetezo, kupanga anti-spore - Ordan, Profit-Gold, Acrobat MC, Skor, Previkur ndi ena.

Mankhwala amafunika kusamala kuti agwiritse ntchito, chifukwa amawononga thanzi la anthu, nyama, mbalame ndi tizilombo. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito, kudikirira nthawi yayitali kuyenera kukumbukiridwa, motero, mankhwala angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa mbewu zoyambirira (raspberries, currants, gooseberries, irgi, yamatcheri oyambira ndi ena) kokha masika, asanafike maluwa.

Zachilengedwe

Ndikofunika kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achilengedwe kuchokera kumatenda osiyanasiyana aukadaulo ku kanyumba kapena m'deralo. Amapangidwa moyenera, osati kuphwanya thupi la munthu. Nthawi yodikirira siyidutsa masiku 3-5, ndipo kukonzekera kwina kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale pakukolola ndi kusasitsa pang'onopang'ono.

Mwachilengedwe, zida zoteteza zachilengedwe ku matenda zimakhala ndi nthawi yofupikirapo yotenga kachilomboka ndipo zimafuna kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, koma kuthekera kwokhala ndi thanzi ndikukhala ndi zogulitsa zachilengedwe kulipira kwathunthu nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mbewu zambiri. Dziwani kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe (biofungicides ndi bioinsecticides) ndizosakanikirana ndizosakaniza tank, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa chithandizo.

Scab pa masamba ndi zipatso za peyala. © Julayi

Mwa zinthu zachilengedwe, fungal ndi bacteria biofungicides zatsimikizira bwino. M'madera omwe ali ndi chilimwe chambiri komanso chonyowa, biofungicide "Fitodoctor" imathandiza kuteteza mbewu ku zipatso ku khansa ya bakiteriya, nkhanambo, cococycosis, kuzunda kwa mizu. Bacterofit Bactofit, Phytocide, Planrin, Pseudobacterin ndi chilengedwe cha biopreparation Haupsin, zomwe zimateteza moyenerera zipatso, zipatso, minda yamphesa, minda, mavwende ndi minda yazipatso kuchokera ku matenda oyamba ndi bakiteriya. Haupsin samangowononga matendawa, lilinso ndi katundu wolimbikitsa kukula.

Matenda a virus

Matenda a viral chaka chilichonse amakulitsa mavuto awowo pa mabulosi ndi zikhalidwe zam'mera: tsitsi lopotana ndi masamba mosaic, kufalikira, matenda a mycoplasmal (ma ufiti a mfiti) ndi ena ena sangathe kuwononga mankhwala. Chitetezo ku matenda oyamba ndi ma virus chimatsikira ku chiwonongeko chakuthupi cha matenda omwe ali ndi matenda.

Tsamba lopindika. © Robyn Mello

Pakati pazachilengedwe, Pentafag-S yachilengedwe yogulitsa idagulitsidwa. Ili ndi ma virus mabakiteriya ndikuwononga osati fungal ndi bacteria bacteria, komanso ma virus. Mankhwalawa, monga zinthu zina zachilengedwe, ndi otetezeka kwa anthu, njuchi ndi nyama yamagazi ofunda. Mankhwala omwe ali pamwambawa adayesedwa kale ndipo adatsimikizira okha pakulimbana ndi matenda a mbewu zamalonda ndi zipatso.

Chaka chilichonse, njira zatsopano zotetezera zipatso ndi mabulosi ku kuwonongeka kwa matenda zimapezeka pamsika wazinthu zachilengedwe. Mutha kuwadziwa bwino pamabuku apachaka a kukonzekera kovomerezeka koteteza mbewu ku matenda.