Katsabola (Anethum) ndi mtundu wodziwika bwino wazomera zamtundu wa herbaceous wa banja la Umbrella (Umbelliferae- yokhala ndi mawonekedwe amodzi - Katsabola wotsekemera, kapena Katsabola wamunda (Anethum manda) Kuthengo, katsabola amapezeka kumwera chakumadzulo ndi pakati Asia. Monga chomera cha m'munda, katsabola ndiofalikira padziko lonse lapansi.
Latin dzina la chomeraAnethum manda amachokera ku dzina lachi Greek lachi Greek la katsabola - anethon komanso kuchokera ku Latin manda - kununkhira mwamphamvu. Dziko lokhala ndi katsabola limadziwika kuti Southern Europe, Egypt, Asia Little, komwe limadziwika kuyambira kale.
Fennel onunkhira bwino, kapena kuti katsabola wa m'munda (Anethum manda). © ecos de pedraMayina a katsabola mdziko lapansi
Anthu aku America chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu zaka zam'matchalitchi ataliatali, adapereka ana awo kutafuna kadzala kuti asagone - osachepera, akatswiri ena azilankhulo amafotokoza limodzi la mayina aku America kuti akwaniritse nthanga za katsabola - "kusonkhanitsa mbewu".
Komabe, bukuli limatsimikizidwanso ndi dzina lina la Chingerezi (komanso Chijeremani, Chinorishi ndi Chisweden) lotchedwa dill, lomwe nthawi zambiri limagwirizanitsidwa ndi liwu lakale lachi Greek "dilla -" bata, pacation ".
Komanso, katsabola kalekale amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athetse ululu wokhudzana ndi mpweya mu makanda, kotero mwina Oyeretsa amapatsa "mbewu zosonkhanira" kwa ana awo pazifukwa zosiyana.
Palinso mtundu wina wosavuta wosachokera ku mawu akuti katsabola - kuchokera ku Germany Dolde - maambulera (inflorescence).
Koma katsabola wa ku Russia dzina lake makamaka ndi chifukwa chakuti ku Russia masamba ake ankadulidwa bwino kwambiri ndi "kuwaza" iwo asadatumikire. A Max Fasmer, wolemba Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language, amagwirizanitsa ndi mawu akuti kuwaza, ndipo Dahl mu mtanthauzira wake amatchulanso tanthauzo lakale lachi Russia loti dill ngati "chida cha tchalitchi chomwe chimasunga madzi oyera" (kenako “kuwaza” ndi okhulupirira )
Kuphatikiza apo, madzi otentha ndi madzi otentha amatchedwa "katsabola" kumwera kwa Russia, motero "kuthira katsabola" kumatanthawuza kuyeretsa; Mwa njira, m'chigawo cha Pskov "katsabola" amatchedwa teapot.
Anthu amatchulabe katsabola mosiyanasiyana - coper, kopita, chimphona, mbewu, kutulutsa, fennel, chitowe, dac.
Katsabola ndi fungo. © lily lucioleMbiri yakale ya katsabola
Oddlyly, pazifukwa zina zosadziwika, pafupifupi madokotala onse otchuka, kuphatikizira Avicenna wamkulu, adaganiziranso kugwiritsa ntchito dill koopsa kwa ubongo ndikuti mapangidwe ake akuluakulu amachititsa kuwonongeka kwa mawonedwe, mwina chifukwa cha mfiti zakale samangogwiritsa ntchito chomera ngati njira yothandizirana ndi diso loipa, komanso yowonjezera pafupifupi chikondi chonse.
Modabwitsa, mbewu, masamba, zimayambira ndi inflorescence za katsabola ku Europe zinayamba kuwonjezeredwa ku sosi, marinade, pickles ndi ma pickles pokhapokha zaka za zana la 16. Mwachiwonekere, tsankho limachokera pazotsatira zoyipa. Mlingo wake waukulu umachepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi, komwe kumayambitsa vuto la hypotonic, komwe kumadziwoneka ngati kukomoka, kuwonongeka kwakanthawi kowonekera, komanso ngakhale kutaya mphamvu wamba. Pofuna kuthana ndi zovuta zake, madokotala akale adalimbikitsa kutenga katsabola ndi uchi, cloves kapena sinamoni. Komabe, azungu anzeru a ku Europe omwe adakumana ndi katsabola nthawi imodzimodzi ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa zambiri adaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zomwe ali nazo mu "zizindikiro zochotsa," kutanthauza kungokhala kovuta.
Kodi mwazindikira kuti nkhaka yakuwala, yoyikiriridwa bwino ndi katsabola, imathandiza "dzulo"? Nachi chifukwa cha kutchuka kwambiri kwa ma pickles a Chingerezi obaya - nkhaka zosakanizidwa kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi zimapatsidwa nsomba zoswedwa ndi mchere, zokhwasula-khwasula nyama, komanso ma hamburger ndi ng'ombe yokhala ndi chimanga. Ngakhale amodzi mwa mayina aku Germany a dill Gurkenkraut (kwenikweni: "masamba a nkhaka") akuwonetseratu kuti akukhudzidwa ndi zipatso - zipatso ndi ma pickles akhala akukondedwa ku Germany. Mapeto ake, ndipo sit ndife otsika kuposa "Ma busurmans" mutha kutola nkhaka.
Kutanthauzira kwa Botanical
Katsabola ndi chomera chamtundu wotchedwa Umbrella, kapena banja la a Celery, okwera masentimita 40 mpaka 2020. Tsinde ndi limodzi, nthambi, limodzi ndi masamba ofunda kapena atatu; lobules la tsamba ndizolunjika, zotsika pa petioles, m'munsi zomwe zimakulitsidwa mu vaginas otchuka kwambiri, mpaka 2 cm; chapamwamba msuzi kumaliseche, yaying'ono, yowoneka ngati ulusi, yopanda zinthu. Mtengo wa inflorescence uli pamutu pa zimayambira ngati ambulera yovuta mpaka 15 cm kudutsa. Chipatsochi ndi mbande za masamba obiriwira, zomwe zimamera mu June-Julayi.
Katsabola wamaluwa. © ecos de pedraMawonekedwe a katsabola okula
Kwa amadyera, mbewu zimafesedwa mumtundu wochepa m'masiku 10-15. Ali ndi zaka 25-30 masiku, mbewu zikafika kutalika kwa 10-15 cm, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Pa zonunkhira, katsabola mumakula masiku 55-60 (musanafike maluwa ndi kupangika kwa mbewu: panthawiyi ndizonunkhira kwambiri).
Kubzala m'mphepete mwachangu ndikotheka, chifukwa kumera kumayamba kale pa kutentha kwa 3zaC, ndi kukula kwa mbewu pa 5-8zaC. Komabe, kutentha 16-17zaC.
Ngakhale chimakhala chosakulirakulirakulira, katsabola amafunika kuthirira ndi feteleza wopangidwa ndi malonje (yopera 6 kg pa 1m)2), komanso nayitrogeni (20 g), phosphorous (30 g) ndi potashi (20 g pa 1 mita2).
Kukonzekera dothi - monga radish. Pakubzala pamasamba, ma kanjira amayenera kukhala pambuyo pa 15cm, ndi zonunkhira - pambuyo pa masentimita 45. Mbewu zobzalidwa mpaka akuya ma 1.5-2 cm. Akuwombera tsiku 14. Ngati njere zanyowetsedwa musanafesere kwa masiku awiri, ndiye kuti zimamera mwachangu; ndikofunikira kusintha madzi tsiku lililonse. Pa zonunkhira, kubalalitsa kubzala kwa katsabola pazomera zamasamba kungayikidwe. Pankhaniyi, mutamasulira, ndikofunikira kusiya mbewu yabwino.
Zosiyanasiyana za katsabola
Pakadali pano mitundu yoposa 20 yotchuka ya katsabola imadziwika ku Russia. Nawa ena a iwo omwe adadzitsimikizira kuti ali bwino:
- Dill "Gribovsky" - Mitundu yodziwika bwino, yochenjera, yopanda chidwi komanso yolimbana ndi matenda. Nthawi yochokera ku zipatso zakututa ndi masiku 32-35. Ili ndi fungo lamphamvu.
- Dill "Grenadier" - Mtundu woyambirira kucha womwe umapangidwira amadyera ndi maambulera onse. Nthawi yochokera ku zipatso zakututa ndi masiku 3540. Zomera zamitunduyi zimapitilira kupanga mapangidwe a inflorescence.
- Dill "Richelieu" - Zosiyanazo ndi nyengo yapakatikati. Nthawi yochokera ku zipatso zakututa ndi masiku 40-42. Wofunika masamba obiriwira obiriwira okhala ndi fungo lamphamvu.
- Dill "Kibray" - Zosiyanazo sizachedwa kucha, motero tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tifesere tchire ndi kukula pamalo otetezedwa. Masamba ndi okongola, otakata, koma amaganizira kusintha kwamwadzidzidzi kwa kutentha.
Mbewu za mphero. © Andreas BalzerZipangizo zopangira mankhwala
Zipangizo zovomerezeka zamankhwala ndizopera. Pazakudya zachikhalidwe ndi zakudya, udzu umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zipatso zimakhwima, zouma, zimagawika magawo awiri, ovoid, elliptical, ndi poyambira. Kutalika kwa zipatso 3-5, makulidwe 2-3 mm. Kunja kwa chipatso kuli nthiti zisanu: zokulirapo ndizitali m'mapiko ambiri, zobiriwira zobiriwira, zokhala ndi fungo labwino.
Katsabola amachotsedwa pomwe mbeu 60-70% mu maambulera zafika mtundu wa bulauni. Kuyeretsa kumachitika m'njira ina. Zomera zodulidwa zimakulungidwa mu matumba, kuyimitsidwa mu chipinda chowuma kuti ziume, zikauma, zimatengedwa ndikupunthira ndi kuphatikiza kuti zithetse zipatso.
Kuti mupeze mafuta ofunikira, dill imakololedwa mu gawo la mkaka-sera wakucha wa mbewu mu ambulera yapakati pa inflorescence. Zomera zimadulidwa kutalika kwa 18-20 masentimita kuchokera panthaka ndipo zimakonzedwa mwatsopano ndi njira ya hydrodistillation.
Katsabola amatuta m'masamba mu June-Julayi (masanawa, pomwe kulibe mame). Zomera zimang'amba, kugwedeza pansi, kuluka m'magulu. Unyinji wobiriwira umayuma muzipinda zapadera zomwe zimakhala ndi mpweya wabwino. Sungani udzu mu chidebe chomata. Udzu wobzala umakolola mu Julayi ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati mankhwala achikhalidwe.
Zamoyo zomwe zimagwira ntchito
Malinga ndi gulu la pharmacognostic, zipatso za katsabola ndi zina mwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi furanochromony - visnagin ndi kellin.
Komanso zipatso za katsabola zimakhala ndi mafuta ambiri ofunika komanso mafuta. Zofunikira kwambiri zamafuta ofunikira ndi carvone (40-60%) ndi anethole (mpaka 50%). Zipatso za Fennel zilinso ndi zinthu zina: terpenoids dillapiol (19 40%), dihydrocarvone, carveol, dihydrocarveol, isoeugenol.
Mafuta ophatikiza amakhala ndi ma glycerides okwanira 93%, kuphatikizapo linoleic, palmitic, oleic, petroselin. Ma coumarins, phenolcarboxylic acid (chlorogenic, caffeic), flavonoids, sera, ma resins, mapuloteni (14-15%), zinthu za nayitrogeni, ndi fiber zidapezeka pazipatsozo.
Udzu wamphero uli ndi 0,56-1,5% yamafuta ofunikira okhala ndi mawonekedwe apansi a carvon (mpaka 16%) poyerekeza ndi mafuta a zipatso. Muli mavitamini C, B1, B2, PP, P, proitamin A, calcium, potaziyamu, phosphorous, mchere wamchere, folic acid, flavonoids (quercetin, isramnetin, campferol).
Pharmacological katundu wa katsabola ndi ntchito mankhwala
Dill kulowetsedwa ali antispasmodic kwambiri m'matumbo, amachepetsa peristalsis, kumawonjezera diuresis.
Mbewu ya katsabola imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kulowerera kwaulemu komanso monga expectorant. Supuni ya mbewu imathiridwa ndi kapu yamadzi otentha, wowumitsidwa kwa mphindi 10-15, kusefedwa, kutengedwa pakamwa supuni 3-6 pa tsiku kwa mphindi 15 asanadye.
Otsatiridwa pakuwonetsedwa kwa kuzungulira kwa kulephera.
Nthawi zambiri nthangala za katsabola zimatengedwa ngati diuretic yowala.
Pochita ndi katsabola, tikulimbikitsidwa kupuma pambuyo masiku 5-6 kwa masiku awiri.
Inflorescence a katsabola. © Martin PavlistaKugwiritsa ntchito katsabola pafamu
Katsabola amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zokometsera. Masamba ake amawonjezeredwa pamasaladi, sopo, msuzi, chinangwa, nyama, nsomba, masamba ndi masamba a bowa. Pophika, tengani katsabola ndi nsonga, ndiye kuti maambulera oyenda maluwa. Kuphuka kwa katsabola mu nthawi yamaluwa kumamvesa viniga. Mitundu imayuma kuphatikiza ndi zitsamba zina kuti mupeze zosakaniza zonunkhira.
Kudya wowotchera wobiriwira kumataya kununkhira kwake, ndikuyika msuzi wokonzeka, masamba ophikira, nsomba, masaladi a nyama. Zimayenda bwino ndi msuzi wamkaka ndi msuzi. Zimapatsa kununkhira kwapadera kwa mbatata zazing'ono, nyemba zophika, kukoma kwa zonunkhira tchizi, tchizi kanyumba, omelet; bwino kukoma kwa mbatata yokazinga, yophika yophika kabichi.
Mbewu za katsabola aromatize tiyi, viniga, marinade. (Ndikwabwino kupangira nsomba nawo.)
Katsabola amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika mafuta a dill, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika kunyumba ndi confectionery.
Mafuta ofunikira amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga sopo.
Tizilombo ndi Matenda Osafa
Apa tikuwona matenda omwe amafala komanso tizirombo toyambitsa matenda.
Fusarium zowola za mizu ya katsabola - Matendawa ndi ponseponse pamtunda panthaka zolemetsa zamadzi ndikusokosera kwa madzi. Mafangayi amalowetsa muzu, amalowa mu tsinde kudzera m'mitsuko ya mbewu. Poyamba, mbewuyo imasimba kwambiri, kenako imatembenuka, kufiyira, kutembenukira bulauni ndi kuwuma. Matendawa amapitilira m'nthaka pamtundu wa zinyalala ndi mbewu zomwe zidatengedwa pamtengo wodwala. Koma nthawi zambiri, mbewu zopatsirana zimafa nthawi yayitali mbewuzo zisanakhwime.
Njira zoyendetsera:
- Kuchotsa zinyalala za mbewu.
- Culling anakhudzira mbewu.
- Kulima dothi lolemera, i.e. kuyambitsa kwa organic kanthu (kompositi, peat, inavunda manyowa).
Kutentha kambiri kwa katsabola - mawonekedwe a matendawa amadziwika pa chikasu, masamba akuola. Nthawi zambiri, matendawa amapatsira masamba kuchoka pamizu yomwe ili ndi kachilombo. Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa ndi zinyalala m'nthaka kapena mbewu zopatsirana. Malo amdima amdima amawonekera pamizu ya katsabola, minofu imafewetsa, kuvunda, kununkhira kosasangalatsa.
Njira zoyendetsera:
- Zofanana ndi Fusarium zowola.
Fomoz katsabola - matendawa amadziwoneka pamitengo, masamba, maambulera, mbewu zokhala ndi malo amdima amtali omwe ali ndi ma pcnids akuda ambiri. Matenda a mizu amakhala ndi chikhalidwe, kenako nkumafalikira ku tsinde. Ndi chinyezi chowonjezereka, kutuluka kwa chilimwe kumayamba, ndipo spores imafanana ndi mbewu yoyandikana nayo. Matendawa amapitilira m'nthaka pazinyalala za mbewu ndi mbewu zopatsirana.
Njira zoyendetsera:
- Culling anakhudzira mbewu.
- Kutolera ndi kuwononga zinyalala zonse za mbewu.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito njere kuchokera kuzomera zathanzi.
Katsabola. © VentilagoKaroti ndulu midge - kachilombo kakang'ono ndi mapiko amodzi. Imapezeka paliponse, kuchititsa mapangidwe ozungulira ndikutulutsa mawonekedwe a makulidwe amtundu wonse wa inflorescence wa katsabola kapena imodzi yake. Mkati mwa ndulu, mphutsi za lalanje zimakhala ndi kudyetsa; pamenepo, mkati mwa ndulu, iye amakokana.
Njira zoyendetsera:
- Dulani ndikuwononga inflorescence yonse ya katsabola ndi ma galls.
Njenjete - agulugufe amitundu yosiyanasiyana: mapiko akutsogolo amakhala abuluu kapena opinki ndi mikwaso yakuda ndi madontho oyera kapena akuda, - mapiko a kumbuyo ndi imvi. Wingspan - 21-30 mm. Amphaka amtundu wakuda kapena wamtambo-wakuda. Gulugufe amabisalira m'nyumba; kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June amayikira mazira pamera lamaambulera; mphutsi zimapereka masamba, masamba anga apakati, ndikuluma. Atakalamba, amasinthira ku inflorescences, zomwe zimakoloweka mumakalata; pafupifupi kudya maluwa ndi thumba losunga mazira. M'mwezi wa Julayi, mbozi zimakata m'matangadza ndipo zimasenda komweko. Mbadwo umodzi umakula nthawi iliyonse.
Njira zoyendetsera:
- Kudulira ndi kuwononga ma inflorescence onse a dill ndi mbozi.
Maulalo azinthu:
- Mlimi ndi wolima dimba wa Siberia: Krasnoyarsk: RIMP "Vita", 1994 - 496 p. - ndi 441.
- Turov. A. D., Sapozhnikova. E. N. / Zomera zaku USSR ndikugwiritsa ntchito. - 3rd ed., Yokonzedwanso. ndi kuwonjezera. - M: Mankhwala, 1982, 304 p. - ndi 171-172.
- Treyvas. L. Yu. / Kuteteza dimba. Matenda, tizilombo, zolakwitsa zaukadaulo waulimi. - M: "Mabuku a Kladez", 2007 - 123 p. - ndi 143-144.
