The causative wothandizila matendawa ndi bowa c, yemwe ali ndi chidwi kwambiri. Zimathanso mitundu yambiri yazomera.
Kugawa
Ku Russia ndi maiko ena a CIS, S. sclerotiorum imapezeka kulikonse. Chowonetsera chachikulu cha matendawa chimawonedwa ku Central Black Earth Zone ndi North Caucasus ya Russia, m'nkhalango-steppe Ukraine ndi Moldova. M'malo awa, ma epiphytot of oyera zowola mu ulimi amatenga nthawi 3-4 mzaka 10.
Zizindikiro
Kuwala kwa pamwamba pa mbewu ndikuwola kwa m'munsi pa tsinde. Masamba am'munsi omwe akukhudzidwa amayamba kusungunuka, kukhala madzi, nthawi zina yokutidwa ndi zokutira yoyera. Mapangidwe akulu akuda amawonekera pagawo la tsinde - sclerotia la bowa. Nthawi zina amapangika pamwamba pa tsinde. Matenda amatuluka kudothi, pomwe pathogen imalowa m'munsi mwa zimayambira. Matendawa amadziwoneka bwino kwambiri pamtunda wotsika wa 12 (12-15 ° C) ndikusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa kutentha pamwambiri.
© Rasbak
Kupewa
White rot imakonda chinyezi chambiri, kotero chiopsezo cha matenda a fungus chikuwonjezeka ndi chinyezi chowonjezeka. Sungani chinyezi chokwanira kwambiri. Fungal spores imatha kupatsidwira phokoso, ndiye kuti pamakhala chiwopsezo cha matenda opezeka m'nyumba yotseguka ndi mpweya wabwino. Pakakhala nyengo yanyinji pachilimwe, tengani ziweto zanu kunja kwa mpweya. Kuphatikiza apo, mabowo ambiri amapezeka m'nthaka, kotero kuti amawayika musanagwiritse ntchito. Zovala zosakhala muzu zingagwiritsidwe ntchito: zinc sulfate - 1g, sulfate yamkuwa - 2g, urea - 10g pa 10 malita a madzi - amalimbitsa mbewuzo ndikuletsa matenda.
© Rasbak
Zosiyanasiyana
Matenda a bowa omwe amatha kuthana ndi mitundu yambiri ya mbewu. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa zikhalidwe zamunguu pa zimayambira, petioles ya masamba ndi zipatso, nsaluyo imafewa ndikuwola, ikakutilidwa ndi zokutira loyera (mycelium). Pambuyo pake, mycelium amawongolera, kuyamba kukhala yoyera, kenako kupangika wakuda (sclerotia) kukula kwa mtola, nthawi yachisanu pazinyalala zam'mera. Matendawa amakula ndi chinyezi chambiri m'malo obiriwira.
White zowola ndi matenda wamba kabichi, makamaka pa dothi lo loyoo. Mukukula, kabichi imayambukiridwa makamaka ndi khosi mizu ndi masamba otsika. Zilonda zakhudzidwa zimasinthidwa, kukhala zamadzi, ndikufundidwa ndi mycelium yoyera thonje. Pofika nthawi yophukira, mycelium amawongolera, ndikusandulika kukhala sclerotia yakuda yamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
White zowola zimakhala zovulaza kwambiri panthawi yosungirako kabichi. Kugonjetsedwa kumayamba ndi masamba akunja kumunda, makamaka nyengo yamvula. Masamba amawola ndikukhala mucous. Pakati pa masamba, pali mycelium yambiri imayamba, yomwe ma sclerotia ambiri amapanga. Pamitu ya kabichi, mafangayi samakhala obalalitsa. Matendawa amaperekedwa mosavuta kwa atsogoleri oyambira kabichi.. Kukula kwa zowola zoyera mu storages kumakondedwa ndi kuphwanya boma losungirako komanso chinyezi chambiri.
White rot ndiinso chifukwa chachikulu cha kutaya kwa kaloti panthawi yosungirako ndi kufa kwa ma testes panthawi yakula. Mwa mbewu zina zazu, parsley ndi udzu winawake zimakhudzidwa. Mycelium yoyera imapangidwa pamizu yazomera, pomwe pambuyo pake wakuda sclerotia wa fungus. Chovala chimafewa, chimatembenukira zofiirira, ndi mizu yolima bwino.
Anyezi oyera ndi adyo nawonso amavutika ndi zowola zoyera.. Zomera zimakhudzidwa nthawi yonse yomwe mukukula komanso nthawi yosungira. Tikagulitsidwa m'munda wazomera zazomera, masamba amasintha chikaso, kuyambira pamwamba, ndikufa. Zomera zimafota msanga ndi kufa. Mycelium yoyera imapangika pamizu ndi sikelo za mababu, ma clove a adyo amakhala amadzi ndi ovunda. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timene timawoneka pa minofu yomwe yakhudzidwa. Mafangayi amakula bwino pa kutentha kwa 10-20 °. Masamba mu mawonekedwe a sclerotia m'nthaka komanso posungira mababu omwe ali ndi kachilombo.
White zowola ndi owopsa phwetekere. Matendawa amawonekera kwambiri ngati, m'malo obiriwira, nthawi yodzala mbande za phwetekere pansi, kutentha pang'ono (12-15 °) komanso chinyezi chachikulu (95%). Zizindikiro zofanana ndi phwetekere yoyera ikufuna kupendekera pamtengowo ndi kuvunda kwa gawo lakumunsi la tsinde. Gawo loyambira la tsinde limafewa, nthawi zina limakutidwa ndi bulangeti yoyera. Masamba akulu akuda amawoneka pachigawo cha tsinde. Nthawi zina amapangika pamwamba pa tsinde. Monga lamulo, zowola zoyera zimawonetsedwa ndi foci ndipo zimayambitsa kuukira kwa ochepa mbewu.
Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa nkhaka, matendawa amatha kumera mbali zonse za mbewu - mizu, zimayambira, petioles, masamba ndi zipatso. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa ziwalo zapansi, minofuyo imakhala yofewa, pang'ono pang'ono, yophimbidwa ndi mycelium yoyera, momwe wakuda sclerotia kenako. Zomera zimatha, masamba amasiya kutulutsa, kuwuma.
Matendawa ndi ovulaza pomwe, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chokhazikika cha nkhaka, matenda amadziunjikira m'nthaka, komanso m'malo obisalamo omwe mulibe kutentha kapena mpweya wabwino. Gawo loyamba la matendawa limawoneka ndi kutsika kwakutentha kwa kutentha kwa kutentha kwa 14-16 ° ndi chinyezi chachikulu (95-98%). Wothandizirana wa zowola zoyera amazidutsa mlengalenga mothandizidwa ndi zidutswa za mycelium, komanso zimangosamutsidwa mwaukadaulo (m'manja ndi zida).
Zola yoyera ndiyowopsa kwa nandolo ndi nyemba. Zimayambira makamaka nyemba za mbewuzi zimakhudzidwa. Zizindikiro zamatendawa zimafewetsa komanso zimayeretsanso minyewa yomwe ikukhudzidwa, mapangidwe a mycelium oyera oyera pansi komanso mkati mwa tsinde ndi nyemba. Pambuyo pake, m'malo mwake wakuda wakuda wakhungu wazomwe zimapangidwira. Matendawa amatha kudziunjikira chaka ndi chaka m'nthaka m'njira ya sclerotia, makamaka ndikulima pafupipafupi kwa mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi zowola zoyera mdera lomweli: nkhaka, kaloti, letesi, parsley, ndi zina zotero.
Njira zoyendetsera
Ngati kuwonongeka kwa zola yoyera ya dzungu mbewu, ndikofunikira kukhalabe olamulira hydrothermal boma wowonjezera kutentha; kuwaza minofu yomwe yakhudzidwa ndi malasha kapena choko; sansani madera omwe akhudzidwa ndi phala la pinki (choko chosakanizika ndi potaziyamu permanganate ndi madzi); kudula gawo la matenda ndi kulanda kwa wathanzi gawo; kuthirira mbewu madzulo ndi madzi ofunda.
Mavalidwe osakhala muzu wapamwamba amalimbikitsidwanso.: zinc sulfate - 1 g, vitriol - 2 g, urea - 10 g pa 10 malita a madzi; yeretsani zinyalala zonse za dothi pofika pamtunda wa masentimita 2-3; sinthani chinyezi cha mpweya mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena wowonjezera kutentha pang'onopang'ono.
Kabichi ikawonongeka, njira zolimbana ndi matendawa ndizofanana ndi zowola imvi. Kuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha mbewu kumathandizidwa ndi kufesa mbewu pambuyo pake ndikumadzaza mbande zomwe cholinga chake ndi mbeu, kuyeretsa maselo a mfumukazi chisanadze chisanu, kuyeretsa bwino komanso kusungunulira zinthu zosafunikira, kusunga malo abwino kwambiri osungira (kutentha kuyambira 0 mpaka -1 °), kuyeretsa kwa mitu yokhudzidwa ndi kutaya zinyalala koyenera , kusankha mosamala mayeso athanzi okha.
Chisamaliro makamaka chikuyenera kulipira kuti kasinthidwe ka mbeu kasinthidwe kazomera.. Zomwe zimayambitsa kabichi siziyenera kukhala kaloti, nkhaka, nkhomaliro, nyemba, zomwe zimakhudzidwanso ndi causative wothandizila matendawa.
Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa mizu mbewu - kaloti, parsley, udzu winawake - njira zingapo zikulimbikitsidwa. Zimaphatikizaponso zotsatirazi: kutsatira njira yolondola yakumpoto ndikubwezera kwa mizu m'munda wam'mbuyomu zaka zosaposa zaka 3 kapena kuphatikizidwa kuchokera kwa omwe adatsogolera mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi zowola zoyera ndi imvi (phwetekere, nkhaka, kabichi); kusankha zakumwa za mayi wathanzi musanayike malo osungira ndi kubzala m'munda, kudzipatula pakati pa chikhalidwe cha chaka choyamba ndi chachiwiri; matenthedwe ophatikizira mbewu pa kutentha kwa 45-50 ° kwa mphindi 30; kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa chaka chachiwiri ndi 1% ya Bordeaux madzi, kuyambira pomwe zizindikiro zoyambirira za matenda zimawonekera. Kusungidwa kwa mizu kuyenera kuchitika pa kutentha kwa 1-2 ° ndi chinyezi 80-85%.
Njira zoyeserera motsutsana ndi zowola zoyera ndi anyezi, ndi adyo zimaphatikizanso njira zomwezo monga zowola khosi. Choyamba, muyenera kupeza chobzala chabwino. Kukolola kwa babu kuyenera kuchitika pakukhwima kwathunthu, ndikutsatira kupukuta kwa mababu mu nyengo yadzuwa pamalo otseguka limodzi, mopumira - oyamba pansi pa denga, kenako kwa masiku 7-10 mkati pomwe mlengalenga mwatentha mpaka 26-35 °. Mukadulira anyezi ayenera kusiya khosi kutalika kwa 3-6 cm. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kusunga anyezi pansi pazabwino kwambiri: chakudya - pa kutentha kwa 1-3 ° ndi chinyezi cha 75-80%, mababu a uterine - pa 2-5 ° ndi 70-80%, kubzala - pa 18-20 ° ndi 60-70%.
Phwetekere ikawonongeka, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titimatha, mbewu ndi zipatso zowonongeka zimawonongeka. Kutentha ndi chinyezi m'malo obiriwira masamba ziyenera kukhala zokwanira.
Kugonjetsedwa kwa nkhaka, dothi lobiriwira limatetezedwa, ndipo mbali zomwe zakhudzidwazo zimachotsedwa. Kutentha kokwanira kwa mpweya mu wowonjezera kutentha kuyenera kukhala osachepera 18 °. Simungathe kulima nkhaka m'nthaka pomwe parsley ndi udzu winawake unkakulitsa.
© ibsut
Njira zazikulu zomwe zimachepetsa kuvunda kwa zowola zoyera za nandolo ndi nyemba ndi kusinthasintha kwa mbewu, kuchotsedwa kwa matenda omwe ali ndi matenda m'munda, makamaka m'minda yambewu, nthawi yofesa bwino komanso kufesa mbewu.
Ndipo mumalimbana bwanji ndi mliriwu? Kuyembekezera uphungu wanu!
