Kodi matenda a parasitic ndi athanzi?
Matenda onse a zipatso ndi zipatso amatha kugawidwa mu parasitic komanso zokhudza thupi. Zoyambazo zimadziwika ndi mawu oti "zowola", zimapangidwa chifukwa chakugwira ntchito kwa mafangasi osiyanasiyana, zomalizirazi ndi zotsatira za kusokonezeka mu ntchito zofunika za thupi: kuteteza khungu kapena zamkati la apulo, vitreous. Matenda a parasitiki ndi owopsa kwambiri, chifukwa zipatso zowola kapena zipatso zimayamba kukhala zosatheka. Komabe, mwa kuyeretsa komanso kusunga bwino, kuwola zipatso kumachepetsedwa. Matenda akuthupi amakhudza mawonekedwe a zipatso ndi zipatso ndipo ndi owopsa kwambiri kwa mitundu yomwe yakonzedweratu. Ndikovuta kwambiri kulimbana ndi matenda awa.
Ndi matenda ati fungal omwe amakhudza zipatso ndi zipatso?
Mafangasi osiyanasiyana komanso mabakiteriya amatha kuyambitsa zipatso ndi zipatso. Komabe, amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi matenda otsatirawa.
Zipatso zowola maapulo (moniliosis).
Amayamba kumera zipatso asanazisankhe pamtengowo. M'mundamo, zimawoneka ngati zowuma - zofiirira kapena zofiirira, m'malo osungirako zimakhala bulauni. Pakakhala chinyezi chachikulu, malo owola amaphimbidwa ndi zokutira oyera oyera. Spons za bowa zimapereka zipatso ndi khungu lowonongeka kapena kukhalapo chinyezi. Kutenga kachilombo kuchokera kwa mwana wosabadwa ndikotheka ndikulumikizana mwachindunji ndi athanzi omwe amawonongeka makina. Zipatso zowola ziyenera kumenyedwa m'mundamo. Ndikofunikira kusunga zipatso zathanzi kuti zisungidwe ndikuzizizira mofulumira.
Trichoseptoriasis
Pakhungu la mwana wakhanda yemwe wakhudzidwa, khosi lachiberekero limapangidwa mozungulira limozi, pang'onopang'ono koma likukula. Pa chinyezi chokwera kwambiri, mipira yaying'ono yoyera yokhala ndi tsitsi imawoneka pamalopo ndi mainchesi oposa 1 cm.
Zowola zipatso zowola.
Pazomwe zili, ndizofanana ndi matenda akale. Zimasiyanasiyana poti khungu la mwana wosabadwa limasweka ndikugundika, mtundu pakati pa malopo ndi wakuda. Pofuna kuthana ndi matendawa, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muwononge matendawa m'mundamo - kudula nthambi zouma ndi zouma, kuwononga zipatso zosemphana ndi namsongole, kutsanulira mitengo nthawi yakukula ndi madzi a Bordeaux. Kugwiritsa ntchito pokonzekera kututa (mphindi 5) za zipatso ndi madzi ofunda (48-50 ° C).
Gray zowola.
Zimakhudza zipatso zakupsa za sitiroberi, rasipiberi. Choyamba, pamawoneka malo okhala ndi bulauni, omwe amakula msanga. Nthawi yomweyo, zipatso zobiriwira sizimakula, zimakhala zofiirira, zowuma, komanso zokhwima zimayamba kukhala madzi, osakhazikika. Ngati nyengo ndi yonyowa, ndiye kuti zipatso zodwala zimakutidwa ndi utoto wocheperako wa imvi, womwe umakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa bowa. Matendawa amawononga kwambiri zipatso ndi zipatso zonse. Kuchepetsa kutaya, kuperewera koyipa kwa zipinda zosungiramo ndi zotengera, kutetezedwa kwa zipatso ndi zipatso kuti musakhudzane ndi dothi ndi udzu, kuchotsedwa kwakanthawi ndi kuzirala kwa zipatso kumalimbikitsidwa. Zotsatira zabwino zimapezeka pothira mbewu musanakolole ndi 0,2% kapena kukonzekera kukolola zipatso ndi zipatso ndi 0,3% benlat.
Mochedwa.
Zimakhudza sitiroberi, maapulo ndi mapeyala. Ndikotheka kuchepetsa kwambiri kutayika kwa matendawa mothandizidwa ndi njira zopewera.
Momwe mungathane ndi zipatso zowola panthawi yosungirako?
Gwero lalikulu la kufalikira kwa matenda a fungus ndi mundawo. Zipatso zosungira ziyenera kuyikidwa bwino, popanda kuwonongeka kwamakina. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kutsatira njira zonse zowongolera tizirombo ndi matenda m'mundamo. Kuphatikiza apo, mkangazi wowonongeka uyenera kuchotsedwa ndikuwonongedwa tsiku ndi tsiku. M'dzinja, muyenera kutola zipatso zotsala pamtengowo ndi nthaka, kumayambiriro kwa kasupe - chotsani ndikuwononga masamba owuma. Kukhomedwa kwamtundu uliwonse, kusanja masankhidwe, kuchotsa zipatso zowola nthawi yosungirako, kupha tizilombo ta makina ndi malo ndi gawo lofunikira pakusunga chipatso posungira. Njira yabwino kwambiri yosungira ndi yothandiza kwambiri kupewa matenda.
Ndi matenda ati akuthupi omwe amakhudza mwana wosabadwayo?
Matenda achilengedwe a chipatsocho atha kubzala molakwika komanso malo osungira bwino.
Kuwona modekha (kuzungulira kowawa).
Imadziwoneka yokha ngati malo ang'onoang'ono osindikizidwa ndi mulifupi wa 2-3 mm, wamdima kuposa utoto wakuda, wowonekera ngakhale utachotsedwa. Nthawi zambiri zimawonekera kumtunda kwa mwana wosabadwayo mozungulira calyx, nthawi zambiri mbali imodzi yake. Pakasungidwa, mawanga amasanduka bulauni, minofu yomwe imakhudzidwa ikafa, imakhala ya bulauni, yofota, nthawi zina imakhala ndi zowawa. Chomwe chimapangitsa kukula kwa matendawa ndikuchepa kwa calcium m'm zipatso. Pankhaniyi, tikulimbikitsidwa kupopera mitengo ndi 0,8% yankho la calcium chloride kapena mphindi 1 kumiza maapulo mu 4% yankho la calcium chloride, ndikutsatira kuyanika. Zipatso zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Renet Simirenko, Zima Banana, Aport, Renet Orleans, Zailiysky, California.
Kukutira kwa zamkati kuchokera pakucha kwadzala (plumpness, mealy).
Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira, mnofu wa mwana wosabadwayo umataya kachulukidwe, umakhala wouma, wopanda pake, wosalala, wodera pang'ono. Vutoli limatchulidwanso m'mitengo yayikulu ikachedwa kutola ndi kusunga, zochulukitsa feteleza wa nayitrogeni, m'nthaka. Omwe angathe kutenga matendawa ndi maapulo a Mekintosh, Jonathan, mitundu ya safiro ya Pepin, Antonovka vulgaris.
Kutsekemera kwa zamkati nthawi yozizira.
Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa ndi kutentha kosungirako pansipa kopitilira muyeso wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana (ndipo kumatha kukhala kwakukulu kuposa 0 ° C). Kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, maapulo amawoneka athanzi kunja. Pambuyo pake, khungu limataya chibadwa chake, chimakhala chamadzi, chamdima komanso chowala. Popewa matenda, zipatso zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zizisungidwa pa kutentha kwambiri komanso chinyezi chochepa. Maapulo amitundu yonse amakhudzidwa.
Mtima kugunda pa ukalamba.
Imadziwoneka yokha mwa mawonekedwe owuma a bulauni ndi ufa wa zamkati pakati pa carpels (nthawi zina kupitirira). Amawonedwa ndi kusungidwa kwotalikirapo ndipo kumachitika kalelo pamatenthedwe okwera. Maapulo omwe amakhudzidwa nthawi zambiri ndi Mekintosh, Pepin safironi, Renet Simirenko, Jonathan.
Kuyatsa (khungu la khungu, kutentha).
Chimodzi mwazofala kwambiri. Khungu limasanduka lofiirira mu calyx. Ndi kukula kwamphamvu mu zipatso zina, zigawo zamkati zimakhudzidwa, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwawo mwachangu. Kuchepetsa kukula kwa matendawa, zipatsozo zimayenera kuchotsedwa kumayambiriro kwa kukhwima ndikuchotsa mwachangu kuti kutentha kwambiri. Matenda omwe atengedwa kwambiri ndi maapulo a Antonovka vulgaris, Golden Delves, Renet Simirenko, Boyken, Rosemary yoyera, chipale chaku California, London Pepin.
Mtima wofiirira kapena wamadzi.
Zimatengera kuwonongeka kwapang'onopang'ono, kumakhala pa kutentha kwa 2 ° C. Kunja, kuwonongeka sikuwoneka, kachulukidwe kamasungidwa. Gawolo likuwonetsa kusunthika kwa zamkati m'mtima, minofu imadzaza ndi madzi. Maapulo amayenera kuchotsedwa pa nthawi yoyenera ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikuisunga, mosamala kuyang'anira kutentha. Zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zipatso za mitundu Pepin safironi, Mekintosh.
Kutsanulira zipatso (vitreous).
Matendawa amawonekera pamtengo. Zidutswa zamkati zimakhala zowonekera, "zopanda pake." Mukasungidwa, kudzaza kofooka kumatha kutha, kolimba - choyamba kumapangitsa kuti kubowola, kenako - kuvunda kwa zamkati. Chifukwa chimodzi ndi kusowa kwa calcium. Komwe matendawa amapezeka kawirikawiri, mitengo iyenera kuthiridwa ndi yankho la 0.8% ya calcium chloride. Maapulo a mitundu ya Mekintosh, Antonovka vulgaris, Renet Bur-hardta, Renet Landsberg atenga matendawa.
Kufota chipatso.
Chifukwa chocheperako chocheperako chokha m'malo osungira. Khomalo lanyinyirika, zipatso zimataya mwayi wawo. Zipatso zazing'ono, komanso kuchotsedweratu, zimakutidwa ndi "ukonde", zimakhudzidwa ndi nkhanambo, zimazimiririka mwamphamvu. Maapulo oterewa amalimbikitsidwa kuti azisungidwa mu pepala lamafuta. Makamaka omwe atenga matendawa ndi zipatso za mitundu ya Golden Delicious, Wellsie, Mantua, Zarya Alatau, Renet Burhardt.
Source: ABC ya wam'munda. M: Agropromizdat, 1989.
