Actinidia - khola la m'munda

Actinidia ndiomwe amakhala ku Russia Far East, Central ndi East Asia. Zomera zobiriwirazi zidakhalako kuyambira kalekale, pomwe nyengo yakunyumba kwawo idali yotentha, idapulumuka pakukokomeza komwe kudayamba kuzungulira kontinentiyo ndikusintha momwe chilengedwe chikuvutikira.

Actinidia (lat.Actinídia wa ku Greek. Ακτινιδιον - ray) ndi mtundu wamipesa yamatabwa ya banja la Actinidia (Actinidiaceae). Odziwika kwambiri ndi zipatso zamitundu ina kuchokera ku mtunduwu - kiwi, kapena actinidia wokoma.

Zipatso za pachimake actenidia. © Hiperpinguino

Actinidia - mitengo ya shrub yokhala ndi masamba akugwa. Impso ndizobisalira masamba kapena masamba. Masamba ndi osinthika, athunthu, okhala ndi zigawo za serrate kapena seranced, zopanda mawonekedwe. Maluwa a masikono osiyanasiyana (okhala ndi mulifupi mwake 1-1.5 mpaka 3 cm) amasonkhanitsidwa m'makomedwe am masamba, atatu kapena amodzi. Perianth pawiri, 4-5-mzed. Corolla imakhala yopanda chikho, nthawi zambiri yoyera, komanso palinso maluwa achikasu achikasu kapena lalanje. Mitundu yambiri, maluwawo ndi onunkhira, koma, mwachitsanzo, amitala ya mitala, amakhala onunkhira.

Androecium imayimiriridwa ndi stamens zaulere 10. Columns 8-15, ali mafilimu, opakidwa pansi ndi kuwerama chakunja (ichi ndichinthu chofunikira mwandondomeko). Chipatsochi ndi mabulosi obiriwira, achikasu obiriwira, kapena lalanje owoneka bwino, mwa mitundu ina imatha kudyedwa.

Actinidia amakongoletsa kwambiri. Ubwino wawo wopindulitsa ndi kusiyanasiyana, mtundu wake ndiwosowa kwambiri pamtunda wotentha. Ndibwino kuti muzitha kulima malo a arbor, verandas, makoma a nyumba, trellises, pergolas, mipanda.

Kuchokera pa zipatso za Actinidia, ma compotes, kupanikizana, kupanikizana, marshmallow, marmalade amakonzedwa, amathanso kudyedwa mwatsopano. Amaposa mavalidwe osavomerezeka mu mavitamini. Zipatso zouma ndi zouma zamtundu wokoma zimafanana ndi zoumba zonse maonekedwe ndi kukoma.

Tikufika

Actinidia amakonda malo abwino otentha ndi madzi otayirira komanso nthaka yopumira, koma amalola mthunzi wosakhalapo. Mizu yake imakhala yakuzama masentimita 20 mpaka 40. Sakonda chinyezi chakuthambo ndi mpweya wouma.

Actinidia mitala, kapena mitala, kapena nosy, kapena pachimake (Actinidia polygama). © Clivid

Nthawi yofikira yabwino kwambiri ndi zaka khumi zoyambirira za Meyi. Kukhazikitsidwa - mu mzere umodzi mtunda wa 2-2.5 mamita. Khosi la mizu siliyikidwa m'manda. Mbewu zabwino zokhala ndi mizu yotsekeka zimazika mizu. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya "akazi" asanu kapena asanu ndi awiri amafunika "mamuna" m'modzi.

Mukabzala, dzenje lozama komanso lakuya masentimita 60 limakonzedwa mmera uliwonse.Ikani pansi kuchokera pa njerwa zosweka ndi miyala yakuya mpaka masentimita 10 mpaka 1998.Dothi lofunikalo limasakanizidwa ndi manyowa owola (8-10 makilogalamu), phulusa la nkhuni limawonjezeredwa (300-400 g), superphosphate (200-300 g), ndi pazidutswa zazingwe zambiri zisa za mchenga. Acidity ya osakaniza ayenera pH 6-7.

Popeza ma actinidia ndi amabodza, ndibwino komanso kosavuta kwa iwo kuti akule mu chikhalidwe chokhazikika pamtunda. Pazida za trellis, mitengo zingapo ziyenera kukumbidwa osachepera 2 m kutalikirana kwa 2m kuchokera wina ndi mzake, ndipo pakati pawo atambasule mizere ingapo ya waya kapena waya patokha. Trellis iyenera kuchokera kummawa kupita kumadzulo.

Chisamaliro

Chisamaliro cha Actinidia chimabwera posachedwa kumera, kumasula nthaka ndi kuthirira.

Zaka 2-3 zoyambirira za Actinidia samadyetsedwa. Ndiye chaka chilichonse, kumapeto kwa Epulo, amapatsa 30 g ya ammonium nitrate, 15 g a superphosphate iwiri ndi potaziyamu imodzi pa 1 sq. Km. m, ndipo nthawi yachilimwe amamwetsa madzi ndi yankho la "Kemira" (20 g pa 10 malita a madzi). Kumapeto kwa Seputembala, 20 g ya superphosphate ndi mchere wa potaziyamu amawonjezeredwa ku chomera chilichonse kuti akumbe.

Kudulira kumachitika masamba atagwa, theka lachiwiri la Seputembala, ndipo patangotha zaka zitatu mutabzala. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yophukira komanso koyambilira kwa kasupe, madzi akamasamba akayamba kuyenda, ma actinidia sangadulidwe, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amatha kutha ndi maselo ("kulira" ngati mitengo ya birch), amatha kufooka ndikufa. Kudulira kwamasika kungachitike kumapeto kwa Meyi - koyambirira kwa June. Zomera zazikulu, mphukira zimafupikitsidwa pachaka ndi theka mpaka kutalika kwake ndipo nthambi zomwe zimakulitsa korona zimadulidwa. Kudulira kwa ukalamba kumachitika pofika zaka 7 - 7, kudula mbewuyo kukhala chitsa 30 mpaka 40 cm.

M'nyengo yozizira, zaka 2-3 zoyambirira mutabzala, mipesa imachotsedwa pamiyala, imayikidwa pansi ndikufundidwa ndi peat, masamba owuma ndi nthambi zinthambi. Zomera zazikulu nthawi yozizira popanda pobisalira.

Maluwa a Actinidia colomict, kapena Amur jamu (Actinidia kolomikta). © Bff

Actinidia pafupifupi samadwala tizirombo ndi matenda. Nthawi zambiri samakhudzidwa ndi tsamba la tsamba ndi zipatso zowola. Koma achinyamata a actinidia amakhala ndi mdani wosayembekezereka - amphaka, omwe amakopeka ndi zinthu zonunkhira zomwe zimakhala m'mizu ndi nthambi zosweka. Mphaka akafuna kudya mphukira zingapo - zili bwino, koma mukafika kumizu ... Ndiye mbewu zazing'onoting'ono zimayenera kukhala ndi mpanda wachitsulo. Amphaka sakhala owopsa kuzomera zakale.

Kuswana

Chikhalidwe ichi ndizosavuta kufalitsa, ndipo mutha kukulitsa zitsanzo zanu zachikazi kapena zachimuna. Actinidia mmera amateteza kugonana kwa mbewu yomwe idamera. Ngakhale mawonekedwe onse a mitunduyo amasungidwa. Zomwe zimachitika ndi kubereka kwa actinidia ndi mbewu ndizovuta kwambiri. Pangopita nthawi pokhapokha mutazindikira kuti ndi mmera uti womwe ungagonane, zomwe ndizosiyanasiyana zomwe zingasungidwe, zomwe sizili. Koma pali ma pluses: mbewu zomwe zimamera pamera sizivuta kulekerera nyengo zosiyanasiyana, ndizolimba. Mbande zomwe zimamera zipatso mwakukolola zimayamba kubala zipatso mchaka cha 3 - 4, ndipo zomwe zimakula kuchokera mu nthangala nthawi zina zimabala zipatso mchaka cha 7.

Kubwezeretsedwa kwa Actinidia ndi arc zigawo

Iyi ndi njira yosavuta. Chapakatikati, pomwe thukuta limatha ndipo masamba achichepere amatengedwa, amatenga mphukira yolimba, yayitali. Pamwambapo mpirawo umangokhazikitsidwa pansi ndikukhazikika kuti kumapeto kwake kumakhala kwaulere ndikukwera pamwamba pa dothi. Ndondomeko iyi, hairpin yopangidwa kuchokera ku ntchentche kapena waya. Malo othamangirawa amakutidwa ndi dothi masentimita 10-15 ndikuthirira. Pamwamba pa chitunda pali mulingo wa utuchi kapena humus.

Zipatso za Actinidia colomictus. © Linsouciant1

Kenako amaonetsetsa kuti mtundawo sudzaza namsongole, kumanyowetsa nthaka nthawi zonse, ndipo mphukira yomwe ikung'ambika nthawi zambiri imathiridwa madzi. Chaka chamawa kapena chakumapeto, zodulidwa, zolekanitsidwa ndi chomera cha amayi, zimabzalidwe pamalo okhazikika.

Kuti mupeze magawo angapo kuchokera pa mphukira imodzi, idulani pamwamba kenako ndikudula pansi. Pamene mphukira zazing'ono zakula kuchokera ku masamba kutalika 20 cm, zimadulidwa kawiri ndi nthaka yachonde. Kenako yang'anani zofanana ndi zomwe tafotokozazi.

Kufalikira kwa Actinidia podulidwa

Kufalikira kwa Actinidia ndi zodula zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa mitundu yamtengo wapatali ndikupeza mbande zambiri.

Zidutswa zobiriwira zimachitika mu June, pomwe zipatso zimayamba kukula mwachangu, ndipo mphukira zotsika zimasanduka zofiirira. Dulani mphukira m'mawa kapena m'mawa, ndikusankha nthambi zamphamvu za pachaka 0.5 - 1 mita. Kenako malekezero a mphukirazo amatsitsidwa m'madzi ndikuwasamutsira kuchipinda, komwe amagawika magawo 10 - 15 cm. impso zitatu ndi ma internodes awiri. Gawo lotsika limapangidwa kukhala oblique, pomwepo pansi pa impso, ndipo chapamwamba ndikuwongoka, 4-5 masentimita kuposa impso. Masamba otsika ndi petioles amachotsedwa. Izi zikuyenera kuchitika mosamala kuti zisawononge impso. Pa pepala pamwamba muyenera kusiya theka la tsamba. Simungalole kuti akonzekawo adule, mukangodula amayikidwa m'chiwiya ndi madzi, kumiza m'munsi.

Wodula wobzalidwa mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena wowonjezera kutentha, atakonzera malo podzalamo. Sakani dothi mosamala, ndikuwonjezera mchenga ndi mitsinje mumtsinje wa 2: 2: 1 kapena perlite (1: 1). Onjezerani feteleza wama mineral (kokha popanda chlorine!) Pamlingo wa 100 g pa 1 m2. Zomwe nthaka zimachita siziyenera kulowerera kapena pang'ono acidic. Yikani bwino pansi pamalopo, pang'onopang'ono pang'ono, madzi ambiri, onjezerani mchenga wopanda mitsinje wokhala ndi masentimita 3-4, kenako madzi.

Zodula mukabzala mosakakamira, ngodya ndi dothi imapangidwa kwina madigiri 60. Mtunda wozungulira ndi mzere wa 5 cm, pakati pa mizere ya 8 - 10 cm .. Ndikofunikira kuzama kuti impso zapakati pazikhala dothi. Nthaka pafupi ndi kudulidwa kulikonse mutabzala. Ndiye madzi ndi yokutidwa ndi iwiri wosanjikiza wa gauze. Pamaso kuzika mizu, umapukutidwa ndi madzi nthawi 2-5 patsiku. Kwina patatha mwezi umodzi, mutatha kuzika mizu, chophimba chimachotsedwa pamvula m'mawa ndi madzulo, ndipo pakatha milungu 1 - 2 amachotsedwa kwathunthu. M'nyengo yozizira, zodula zimasiyidwa pamalo obzala, yokutidwa ndi masamba okugwa, ndipo kasupewo amakumbidwa ndikuwabzala pamalo okhazikika. Ndikwabwino kuchita izi masamba asanatseguke.

Kufalikira Actinidia pachimake. © Qwert1234

Zodulidwa zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ndizoyeneranso kufalitsa kwa Actinidia. Amakololedwa kumapeto kwa yophukira ndikusungidwa m'malo opumira mpaka kubzala kwa masika, ndikumangirira ndikuyika mu sandbox. Pamalo osungira, kutentha kuyenera kukhala kochepa (1 - 5 ° C). Mutha kukonzekera kudula kumapeto kwa dzinja, chakudya chisanayambe. Wodula wobzalidwa mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena wowonjezera kutentha ndi lotayirira nthaka yachonde, kuthirira kamodzi masiku awiri. Samalirani zodulidwa zofananira chimodzimodzi ndi zobiriwira.

Osakanizidwa odulidwa Actinidia zimayambitsa kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Amagwiritsa ntchito mphukira womwe ukukula chaka chino ndi gawo la nthambi yapachaka yoyandikana ndi maziko ake. Zodulidwa zimabzalidwa m'munda kapena mu wowonjezera kutentha panthaka. Pa nthawi yakukula, ayenera kukhala ndi mathunzi kuchokera ku kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kuthiriridwa tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndi njira iyi yofalitsira Actinidia, mizu imayamba bwino. Zodulidwa zimabzalidwa pamalo okhazikika kumapeto kwa chaka chamawa.

Kufalitsa mbewu za Actinidia

Mbewu zimatengedwa kuchokera kucha zipatso. Amakwiriridwa, ndiye, amaikidwa m'thumba la mesh, osambitsidwa bwino pansi pamadzi. Mbewu zosankhidwa zimayikidwa papepala ndikuziumitsa pamthunzi.

Actinidia colomictus, kapena Amur jamu. © je_wyer

Kukakamira kumayambira mchaka choyamba cha Novembala. Kwa masiku anayi, njere zimanyowetsedwa m'madzi kuti mawonekedwe ake asadutse masentimita 2. Tsiku lililonse, madzi amasinthidwa kukhala atsopano. Kenako njere za miyezi iwiri zimayikidwa mu bokosi lamchenga wonyowa, lomwe m'mbuyomu lidakulungidwa mu nsalu ya nayiloni. Bokosilo limasungidwa m'nyumba kutentha kutentha kwa 18 - 20 ° C. Mbewu zimatulutsidwa mumchenga sabata iliyonse ndikuyendetsa kwa mphindi 3-5, kenako ndikutsukidwa m'madzi othinitsidwa, ndikufutukulidwa ndi nsalu ndikuikidwanso mumchenga wonyowa. Chachikulu ndikuti mbewu sizifota.

M'mwezi wa Januware, bokosi la mchenga ndi mbewu zimakutidwa ndi nsalu ndikuwotchera chisanu. Denga la chipale chofewa liyenera kukhala lophatikizidwa bwino, osati osachepera mita 1. Nthawi iyi ya stratization imakhalanso miyezi iwiri.
Bokosilo limasamutsidwira kuchipinda komwe kumatentha kwa 10 - 12 ° C mu Marichi. Kutentha kukachuluka mbewu zimatha kulowa mu matalala. Ndipo nthawi ino amachotsedwa m'bokosi sabata iliyonse, mpweya wabwino ndikutsukidwa. Mbeu zikangowoneka zosweka kapena zosweka, zonse nthawi imodzi zimabzalidwa m'mabokosi okufesa odzazidwa ndi malo osakanikirana ndi mchenga. Zakuya kwakuya - zosaposa 0,5 cm.

Mbande zong'ambika nthawi zonse zimasinthidwa kuti zisasakanizidwe ndi dzuwa ndikuwazidwa ndi madzi. Mbande amazidulira mu wowonjezera kutentha pakati pa Juni, masamba a 3-4 akapangidwe. Kumeneko nthawi zonse amakhala udzu ndi kuthirira. Pambuyo pa zaka 3 - 5, pomwe mbande zimaphukira koyamba, kudziwa mtundu wawo, ndikuziika kumalo okhazikika.

Mosasamala za njira za kubereka, nthawi isanayambike nyengo yachisanu, mbewu zazing'ono zimaphimbidwa ndi masamba owuma ndi wosanjikiza pafupifupi 20 cm, ndikufundidwa ndi spruce pamwamba. Pogona amachotsedwa mu kasupe, ndipo dothi lozungulira mbandezo limazikiririka ndi utuchi wakale kapena manyowa.

Yoyamba zaka zitatu kwa achinyamata mbewu zimakhala zowopsa mochedwa masika pobwerera. Posakhala ndi masamba okwanira kupuma chifukwa cha kuzizira, mbande zitha kufa. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yachisanu, mbewu zimakutidwa ndi filimu.

Mitundu

Mitundu yoposa 30 ya actinidia imadziwika. Nthawi zambiri, sitimakumana m'minda, koma pamasamba ogulitsa - kiwi, kapena zipatso za Chinese actinidia. Pazinthu zachilengedwe, mitundu itatu imamera ku Russia - colomict actinidia, acute actinidia, ndi polytrophic Actinidia. M'minda yamaluwa mbewuzi sizidalandiridwepo kambiri.

Actinidia colomictus

Actinidia colomicta, kapena Amur jamu (Actinidia kolomikta), ndi decouous dioecious liana wokhala ndi wandiweyani, wopindika, wopunthwitsa 5 cm 10. Mwachilengedwe, kutalika kwake kumafikira 8-10 m.Mwachikhalidwe, kutalika kwa liana ndi 3-7 mamita, thunthu thunthu 2 -4 cm. Masamba amakhala obiriwira, nthawi zambiri okhala ndi mawanga, kutalika kwa 10-15 cm. Mu ma axel a masamba apansi pali maluwa - amodzi kapena amodzi. Amuna omwe atengedwa atatu mwachidule inflorescence. Chachikazi - chimodzi, chapinki kapena choyera, chokhala ndi fungo lamphamvu, chofanana ndi mandimu komanso kakombo wa chigwa, mpaka masentimita awiri. Actinidia colomict limamasula masiku 4-10. Maluwa amatulutsa ndi kufalikira kwa masamba - mu Meyi-June. Mtunduwu umakhala ndi katundu wosangalatsa: nthawi ya maluwa, masamba omwe akutuluka padzuwa amasanduka mitundu yambiri, atatha maluwa - pinki kapena rasipiberi, pakugwa kwawo amasandulika ofiira ndi ofiirira. Masamba okhala ndi masamba obiriwira amakhalabe obiriwira. Zipatso za Actinidia colomicta ndi zofewa, zosachedwa, 2-3 cm, zimakhala pamtunda wautali ndipo zimakumbukira bwino za jamu (chifukwa chake dzina lachiwiri la mbewu). Mtundu wawo ndi wobiriwira komanso wamtambo wachikasu. Muyenera kuyesa zipatso mosamala. Kusapsa (ndipo nthawi zina kukhwima) kumatha kubweretsa zowawa komanso kuwonda pamilomo.

Actinidia mitala

Actinidia wamitala, kapena mitala, kapena nosy, kapena pachimake (Actinidia polygama), ndiwotsika wa dececuous monoecious liana 4-6 mamita. Maluwa ndi akulu (2,5 cm), oyera kapena achikasu, onunkhira bwino kwambiri. Masamba achichepere ndi zoyera. Limamasula mu Julayi. Zipatso ndi cylindrical, 2-4 cm, lalitali opepuka, wokhala ndi "mphuno". Zosiyanasiyana - 'Yellow Spindle', 'Pepper', 'Canary', 'nkhope-Dzuwa'. Zipatso zatsopano sizikupezeka - kutsekemera kwa thupi kumaphatikizidwa ndi pungency pungency ndi fungo la tsabola. Zachilengedwe ndi kuuma zimatha pambuyo pa kuzizira.

Pachimake actinidia

Acute actinidia (Actinidia arguta) - woganiza wokwanira mpaka 25-30 m. Kukula kwa thunthu ndi 8-12, kawirikawiri masentimita 20. Chomera chachikulire ndi chofanana kwambiri ndi chingwe chomwe chimakutidwa chothandizira. Amakhala zaka zoposa zana. Makungwa ake ndi amvi kapena opepuka. Masamba amakhala obiriwira, obiriwira, mpaka 15 cm, kutalika pang'ono chikasu. Maluwa amakhala obiriwira, mpaka masentimita awiri, otsegulidwa mu June-Julayi. Zipatso zobiriwira kapena zachikasu zobiriwira ndi kununkhira kwa chinanazi, mpaka 3 cm kutalika, zipse mu Seputembara-Okutobala. 30-50 kg wa zipatso amatengedwa kuchokera mu mpesa umodzi. Mwayi wofunikira wamtunduwu ndi kucha kwa nthawi yomweyo. Kuyambira zaka zitatu mpaka zinayi, pachimake actinidia amayamba kutulutsa gawo la actinidia colomictus. Koma sikuuma. Zosiyanasiyana 'anyezi' - wosakanizidwa wa actinidia colomicta ndi pachimake Actinidia.

Zovuta

Ku gawo la ku Europe ku Russia, matenda ndi tizilombo tochita tinthu tosokoneza bongo titafalikira, komabe, amathanso kukhudzidwa ndi phylostictosis, powdery mildew ndi mafangasi ena a mafangasi, omwe nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati mawonekedwe a madontho, mawanga amitundu yosiyanasiyana pamasamba. Pankhaniyi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito madzi a Bordeaux, masamba omwe ali ndi zizindikiro za matendawa ayenera kusungidwa ndikuwonongeka. Zomera zazing'onoting'ono zizitetezedwa ku mphaka zomwe zimatchera makungwa ndi masamba a zipatso. Nthawi zambiri, kuti mutetezeke muyenera kukhazikitsa khoma lazitsulo mozungulira. Amphaka sakhala owopsa kuzomera zakale.

Chikhalidwe chilichonse chili ndi "zofowoka" zake, Actinidia ali ndi zitatu mwa izo: kusakhazikika mozizira kwambiri kwa masika, komwe kumatha kuwononga mphukira ndi maluwa, kucha ndi munthawi yake zipatso.Komabe, zolakwitsa izi sizofunika kwambiri, ngati tizingoganizira kuti chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa masamba ogona, liana limabwezeretsedwa mwachangu, litakutidwa ndi mphukira zatsopano ndi masamba, kucha kosaphatikizika kwa zipatsozo kumawalola kuti awonjezere kumwa kwatsopano, ndipo vuto lakung'ambika lingathetsedwe poyala pansi pa chitsamba. pepala kapena kanema. Posachedwa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Actinidia, monga Moma ndi Moskvichka, idapangidwa, yomwe zipatso zake sizibowola pomwe zapsa. Nthawi zambiri, zosonkhanazi zimachitika m'magawo angapo, ngati kuli kofunikira, mutha kuchotsa zipatso zolimba masiku angapo musanakhwime ndikuwakhwimitsa m'chipindacho mchipindamo, poganizira kuti zipatso za zipatsozi zimatha kuchepetsedwa ndipo zimatha kununkhira mosavuta.