Chomera cha Pushkinia (Puschkinia) ndi nthumwi ya genus subfamily hyacinths, mabanja a katsitsumzukwa, koma m'malo ena duwa limaphatikizidwa mu banja la kakombo. Duwa ili adatchedwa a Musin-Pushkin, yemwe anali mineralogist ndi chemist ku Russia, komanso membala wa Royal Society of London, ndiye woyamba kusonkhanitsa zambiri kuchokera kwa oimira mbewu padziko lapansi ku Ararati. Pushkinia nthawi zina amatchedwa hyacinth wocheperako, chifukwa mbewu izi zimafanana kwambiri, chifukwa ndi abale apamtima. Mitundu iyi imangophatikiza mitundu iwiri yokha ndi mitundu ingapo. Mwachilengedwe, amatha kupezeka ku Near East ndi Asia Minor, komanso ku Caucasus, pomwe Pushkinia imakonda kumera m'mapiri a mapiri, pakati pa zitsamba komanso pamiyala.
Zolemba za Pushkinia
Pushkinia ndi imodzi mwabwino kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thengo kumasiyana kuyambira 15 mpaka 20 cm. Chomera cha herbaceous chotere ndi ephemeroid; mababu ake ovoid amaphimba masikelo oonda akunja a mtundu wa bulauni. Pansi pa tsinde pali mbale ziwiri kapena zitatu zakuda zamtambo zokhala ngati lamba wooneka ngati lamba. Ma inflorescence a mawonekedwe a genemose amakhala ndi maluwa ooneka ngati belu oyera kapena oyera a buluu, okhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa. Kutulutsa maluwa nthawi zina kumayamba patadutsa masiku angapo pambuyo poti masamba awoneka. Chipatsocho ndi bokosi lamadzimadzi, mkati mwake muli nthanga zofiirira zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira.
Ngakhale chomera ichi sichingatchulidwe kuti chachikulu, chili ndi mawonekedwe okongoletsa kwambiri. Pushkinia imawoneka bwino m'miyala, komanso m'minda yaying'ono yaminda, yodzalidwa ndi primroses kapena perennials.
Kubzala Pushkinia poyera
Nthawi yofesa
Ngati mungasankhe kukula primrose kuchokera ku mbewu, ndiye muyenera kukhala oleza mtima. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pofalitsa ndi njira ya mbewu, Pushkinia amayamba kuphuka mchaka chachinayi cha moyo. Ngakhale mbande zoyambirira zimabereka patatha masiku 30 mutabzala. Koma njira yachilengedwe ya kubereka sikugwiritsanso ntchito. Zofesedwa panthaka mutakolola, ndipo nthawi ino, monga lamulo, zigwera pa June. Komanso kufesa kutha kuchitika kuyambira hafu yachiwiri ya Seputembala mpaka pa 20 mwezi wa Okutobala, koma muzochitika izi, mbewu zatsopano zomwe zatulutsidwa zidzafunika kuziyika pa firiji zisanachitike kufesa, ndipo chisamaliro chimayenera kutengedwa kuti zisaziumitse.
Zojambula
Ngati kufesa mbewu kumachitika mu nthawi yozizira, ndiye kuti adzatha kuyeserera kwathunthu mwachilengedwe, ndipo izi zimakhudza bwino kukula, Kukula ndi thanzi la mbewu. Koma musanayambe kubzala, muyenera kukonzekera malowa. Kuti tichite izi, tiyenera kuonetsetsa kuti pamakhala ngalande zabwino, ngati dothi ndi loonda kwambiri, mchenga, peat kapena tsamba humus limawonjezedwamo kuti limasule. Pofesa mbewu, mutha kusankha dera loyatsidwa bwino kapena labwinobwino pang'ono. Mbewuzo ziyenera kuyikidwa munthaka ndi mainchesi osachepera 5, kenako nthawi yachisanu pamwamba pamalowo ziyenera kuphimbidwa ndi mulch (peat).
Kusamalira mundawo
Muyenera kuyang'anira Pushkin momwemonso maluwa ena akamera m'mundamo. Chifukwa chake, pamafunika kuthiriridwa mwadongosolo, kumasula nthaka, kuchotsa udzu, kudyetsa nthawi, komanso mwachangu kuchotsa inflorescence komwe kwayamba kufota. Kuti muchepetse kuthirira, kumasula komanso kumasula, ndikofunikira kuti mudzaze tsambalo ndi mulch (peat). Kuti maluwa awa atukule bwino komanso akhale ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, muyenera kuwasamalira moyenera komanso mwadongosolo, mwachitsanzo, ngati simuchotsa udzu munthawi yake, ndiye kuti "umaphwanya" mofooka pang'ono fluffy.
Kuvala kwapamwamba kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa masika. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito feteleza wathunthu wamafuta (mwachitsanzo, nitrophosphate), womwe umagawidwa pamalowo, kuchokera pa magalamu 50 mpaka 60 a chinthu chilichonse pa mita lalikulu. Pankhaniyi, kuvala pamwamba kumayenera kuchitika ngakhale pali matalala. Nthaka ikadzayamba mu Epulo ndipo mphukira zitawonekera, pakhala kofunikira kumasula timipata.
Ngati kasupe adayamba kukhala wouma, ndiye kuti Pushkin adzafunika kuthiriridwa, ndipo ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti imafunikira kuthirira makamaka panthawi yamphamvu ya masamba a masamba. M'nyengo yotentha, ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kupalasa kwakanthawi komanso kumasula kwa mzere. Ngati chitsamba chinasanduka chikaso chisanayikidwe kapena chakhudzidwa ndi matendawa, chimayenera kukumbidwa ndikuyenera kuwonongedwa.
Ndiosavuta kukula Pushkinia, pomwe idzakupatsirani chisangalalo chochuluka pakupanga maluwa mchaka.
Kufalikira kwa Pushkinia
Kukula Pushkinia, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti amafunika kumuika mwadongosolo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti bulb wamkulu imakula pafupifupi ana a 5-7 azaka zosiyana zaka zopitilira 4-5. Zomera izi zimadzaza kwambiri, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kukongoletsa kwawo. Pakudula, ana amasiyanitsidwa ndi babu a mayi. Chifukwa chake, kufalikira kwa masamba Pushkinia kumachitika. Za momwe mungafalitsire m'njira yopanga (mbewu), yomwe tafotokozazi. Chisa cha mababu chimayenera kukumbidwa ndipo ana ayenera kupatulidwa ndi babu a kholo. Kenako zimasungidwa kuti zizisungidwa, ndipo ikayamba nyengo yophukira zimabzalidwa pamalo okhazikika, pomwe mainchesi 10 ayenera kuyang'aniridwa pakati pa mababu. Akatswiri amalimbikitsa kugawa mababu nthawi 1 muzaka 5 kapena 6.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kukumba mababu ndikofunikira pa nthawi yake. Mababu omwe anakumba tsiku lisanafike sanasungidwe bwino. Akachotsedwa m'nthaka mochedwa kuposa tsiku lomwe akhazikitsidwa, ndiye kuti ana ambiri amakhalabe pansi, chifukwa nthawi imeneyi amathyoledwa mosavuta pa babu la mayi. Nthawi yomwe muyenera kuyamba kukumba chitsamba imayikidwa ndi boma la masamba ake. Akangowuma, azisinthana ndikugawa. Mababu ayenera kuchotsedwa m'nthaka ndikuikamo mthunzi kuti uume, ndikuchotsa dothi lomwe latsala ndi mizu yakale. Ana olekanitsidwa ayenera kusanjidwa ndi kukula. Mababu akulu amatha kubzalidwe panthaka pamalo okhazikika kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuphukira muzipinda. Mababu ang'onoang'ono amafunika kubzalidwa pabedi lophunzitsira kuti akule. Mababu onse osanjidwa amayenera kuyikamo dothi lonyowa kapena peat ndikusungidwa m'chipinda chotsekeramo bwino. Iyenera kusungidwa mpaka ikwere.
Pushkin obzalidwa poyera m'dzinja. Kuzama kwa kubzala kumatengera kukula kwa babu ndipo kumatha kusiyanasiyana masentimita 5 mpaka 7, pomwe masentimita 10 ayenera kusungidwa pakati pa mabowo.
Duwa lotere limatha kufalitsa bwino mokwanira podzilimitsa. Njira yofalitsira cannabis ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yambewu, koposa zonse, musaiwale kuwongolera njirayi.
Tizilombo ndi matenda
Chomera chimatha kudwala matenda omwe amakhudza chaching'ono-babu ndi mbewu za babu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mawanga a bulauni adawoneka pansi pamtchire, izi zikutanthauza kuti amakhudzidwa ndi zowola imvi, zomwe ndi fungus wa botrytis. Ichi ndi matenda oopsa, chifukwa fungusyi ndi yopanda pake, ndipo imatha kupatsanso mbewu zina mwachangu. Monga njira yodzitetezera, adapendekera kuti akatswiri, akathilira chitsamba, ayesetse kuti madziwo asagwere pamtunda, asakuwaze ndi nitrogeni, ndikukumba ndikuwononga zoyerekeza zomwe zakhudzidwa posachedwa. Pachigawo choyambirira cha matendawa, monga: Champion, Bordeaux fluid, Topaz kapena Kuproksat amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athetse. Ngati fanizoli lakhudzidwa kwambiri, ndiye kuti Skor, Previkur kapena Fundazol amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera.
Choopsa china ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa mbewuyi ndi maola, pomwe bowa ndiomwe amachititsa matenda. Tizilombo tomwe tili ndi kachilomboka, m'munsi mwa masamba timasanduka chikaso, kenako matendawa amalowa ndi bulb pawokha, pomwe amawoneka akuda mawonekedwe ofiira. Izi zimatsogolera ku imfa ya babu. Matendawa amatha kukhalabe m'nthaka nthawi yayitali. Kuti apulumutse mbewuyi, iyenera kuthandizidwa pa nthawi yake ndi chida chomwe chili ndi mkuwa. Musanabzala bulb, iyenera kupendedwa bwino, ngati imayambitsa kukayikira pang'ono, ndibwino kuiwononga.
Pushkinia imapezekanso ndi matenda monga Achelenhoeids. Chifukwa chaichi, ma buluu anyezi amasanduka bulauni, kuwola mphete kumawonekera. Komanso pansi pansi pa bulb wotumbululuka bulauni necrotic mawumbidwe. Chitsamba chomwe chakhudzidwa sichimatha kukula komanso kutaya mawonekedwe okongoletsa. Anyezi onse omwe ali ndi matenda ayenera kuwotchedwa, ndipo asanabzalire athanzi, amizidwa nthawi yayitali m'madzi otentha pang'ono (pafupifupi madigiri 43).
Mababu a chomera amatha kuwononga mbewa kuti aziwathamangitsa, nyambo zapoizoni zimayikidwa pamalowo. Komanso kuopsa kwa duwa kumayimiriridwa ndi nkhupakupa za mizu, zomwe zimalowa mkati mwa bulb, ndikudulira pansi. Amadya miyeso yamkati, yomwe imatsogolera kuola kapena kuyanika mababu. Pazifukwa zodzitetezera, mababu amayenera kuthandizidwa pokonzekera asanalikire. Ngati pali chiopsezo chachikulu cha matenda, ndiye kuti Pushkinia amathandizidwa ndimankhwala omwewo pamalowo.
Pushkinia pambuyo maluwa
Mu yophukira, mutabzala mbewu kapena kubzala mababu panthaka, nthawi yayitali imawonedwa pa pushniya. Pakadali pano, chomera chimayenera kukhala chokonzekera nthawi yachisanu; chifukwa, malowa adaphimbidwa ndi humus (makulidwe ofunda kuyambira 20 mpaka 30 mm) kapena peat (wosanjikiza kuchokera 50 mpaka 70 mm). Mu nthawi ya masika kapena chilimwe, simuyenera kuchotsa mulch pamalowo, chifukwa amateteza mbewu ku udzu womera msanga komanso pakuuma.
Kutulutsa
Pushkinia ndi yabwino kuphukira kwamkati, ndipo maluwa ake okongola amatha kuwoneka kale m'nyengo yozizira. Kwa distillation, anyezi angapo amasankhidwa. Zabzalidwa mu Novembala mumphika wokhala ndi mainchesi 13 mpaka 15 masentimita ndi kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 7. Thirani dothi losakanizikirana, lomwe limaphatikizapo masamba humus, mchenga wamtsinje ndi nthaka ya sod, yotengedwa muyezo wa 1: 1: 2. Kukula kwa masabata 8-10 kumatsukidwa mu chipinda chamdima, komwe kutentha kwa mpweya sikuyenera kupitirira madigiri 10, komanso chinyezi - pafupifupi 85-90 peresenti. Kenako imatengedwera m'chipinda chowala bwino, chomwe sichiyenera kutentha kuposa madigiri 15, ndipo duwa lifunika kuthiriridwa. Pambuyo masiku 14-20, maluwa ayamba. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti musataye babu lomwe linazimiririka, chifukwa ngati lingasamalidwe bwino, lingakusangalatseni ndi maluwa ake osangalatsa mobwerezabwereza.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya Pushkinia yokhala ndi zithunzi ndi mayina
Amakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya Pushkinia: wonga nkhalango komanso wamtondo.
Pushkinia hyacinth (Puschkinia hyacinthoides)
Pansi pazachilengedwe, mtunduwu umatha kupezeka kumapiri a Eastern Transcaucasia ndi Northern Iran. Chomera chaching'ono chokongola kwambiri choterocho chimakhala ndi masamba a masamba autali omwe amafika kutalika kwa 15 sentimita ndi mainchesi. M'mimba mwake muli mabatani pafupifupi 20 mm. Mapesi amaluwa amphamvu amafikira masentimita 15 kutalika. Pamaso pawo pamakhala maluwa owala kwambiri, okhala ndi maluwa 12-30 otuluka buluu (pafupi ndi oyera), ofika mainchesi 15 mm, utoto wa utoto wofiirira utadutsa kumbuyo kwa mafulo. Mu babu la 1 wamkulu, mpaka ma peduncle anayi akhoza kukula. Kutalika kwa maluwa ndi masabata 1.5-3.
Pushkinia scaphoid (Puschkinia scilloides)
Mwachilengedwe, mutha kukumana ndi Pushkin wotere ku Turkey, Lebanon, Iran ndi Caucasus, pomwe umakonda kukula m'matanthwe ndi m'mphepete mwa nkhalango pakati pa zitsamba. Tchire lowoneka bwino limakhala ndi ma masamba awiri amtundu woyambira masamba ofikira, ofikira masentimita 12 mpaka 15, amakula nthawi yomweyo ndi ma peduncles, omwe kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi 20 cm. Mapesi a maluwa amakongoletsedwa ndi maluwa onunkhira owoneka ngati buluu, m'mimba mwake, omwe amasiyana ndi 15 mpaka 20 mm, mzere wa buluu umadutsa pakati pa gawo lirilonse la perianth. Kutalika kwa mtundu wocheperako wa mtundu wa inflemose kumafika masentimita 12. Maluwa amayamba mu Meyi ndipo amatha masiku 20.
Mtundu uwu wa Pushkinia uli ndi mitundu yotchuka ya Pushkinia Lebanonotica (Pushkinia Lebanon). Mosiyana ndi mitundu yayikuluyi, imakhala ndi maluwa akulukulirapo, magawo a korona omwe ali ndi mikono iwiri. Kubzala ndikukula zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kukhala zofanana ndi mitundu yayikulu.
