Alstroemeria

Mtengo waku South America wa nthangala yotentha Alstroemeria (Alstroemeria), wotchedwanso Alstroemeria, kapena Alstroemeria, ndi membala wa banja la Alstremeria. Chomera chamtengachi chimatchulidwanso "kakombo wa Inca", kapena "kakombo wa ku Peru." Banja ili ndi mbadwa zake adatchulidwa pambuyo pa wophunzira wa Karl Linnaeus - Baron Klas Alström: anali wazachipembedzo wa ku Sweden, wogulitsa mafakitale komanso wazachipatala yemwe adakhala m'zaka za zana la 18, ndiye amene adabweretsa mbewu zamitundu iwiri ya alstroemeria kwa mphunzitsi wake Linnaeus. Nthawi zambiri m'mabuku chotere chimatchedwa "alstroemeria." Mwachilengedwe, amapezeka ku South America konse. Mitundu iyi imagwirizanitsa pafupifupi mitundu 50-100. Zambiri mwa izo zimalimidwa kwambiri ngati maluwa okongoletsera maluwa, omwe amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito podula.

Zambiri za Alstroemeria

Alstroemeria ili ndi mizu yooneka ngati zipatso. Mphukira zimasunthika komanso zowongoka, kumtunda, motsatizana, zimayikidwa pang'onopang'ono zoonda zazing'ono zopindika zokhala ndi mawonekedwe. Chikhalidwe choterocho chimakhala ndi padera limodzi - kuyambiranso: mu masamba a petioles amapindika kwambiri madigiri a 180, chifukwa chake, kutsogolo kwa mbale kuli pansipa, ndipo mbali yolakwika ili pamwamba. Maluwa amatha kupaka utoto wachikasu, lalanje, pinki, ofiira kapena a lilac, mawanga nthawi zambiri amakhala pamwamba pawo. Kuphatikizika kwa maluwa kumaphatikizapo ma petals 6 a scapular kapena lanceolate mawonekedwe, omwe amayikidwa mumizere iwiri, pomwe mafulu amitundu iliyonse, monga lamulo, amasiyana mawonekedwe ndi mtundu. Pamwamba pa mapilowo pamakhala mipiringidzo yakuda yamtundu wina uliwonse, ikayandikira pakati imayamba kufupika komanso yofupikira. Masisitere amapezeka kumapeto kwa mizu yamkati. M'mizere iwiri muli ma stamens 6 okhala ndi ma anther of the end. Zomera zoterezi zimaphuka mu kasupe ndi chilimwe, ndipo ngati zimasamaliridwa bwino, ndiye kuti mitundu ndi mitundu yambiri imatha kuphuka mu Seputembala. Ma poloteu a maluwa a Alstromeria ndi ma hummingbird ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Chipatsocho ndi bokosi mkati mwake momwe muli mbewu za mawonekedwe. Chipatso chakucha chimang'ambika, ndipo njerezo zimawululuka zokha ndikufalikira popanda otetezereka.

Mbewu ikamakula pakatikati pa chisanu, nthawi zambiri chimazizira. Pankhaniyi, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muzilima kumadera otere mu wowonjezera kutentha, wowonjezera kutentha kapena kunyumba. Zomera zoterezi zimabzalidwa pokhapokha kum'mwera komwe kumakhala nyengo yofunda komanso yotentha.

Kubzala Alstroemeria poyera

Nthawi yobzala

Mutha kumera alstroemeria patsamba lanu kuchokera pambewu, koma mbeu zoterezi zimayamba kuphuka patangotha ​​zaka 1-2 kuchokera posachedwa kwa mbande. Ngati mukufuna kuwona maluwa kale chaka chino, ndiye kuti mugule mbande za chomera pamalo apadera.

Ngati mbewu yomwe yatoleredwa ndi dzanja imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofesa, tiyenera kudziwa kuti maluwa omwe atengedwa sangasunge mawonekedwe amtundu wa kholo. Pankhani imeneyi, njira yobala iyi ndi yoyenera kwa mitundu ya alstroemeria yokha. Mwa njira, kuchokera ku mbewu zotere mutha kuyesa kukulitsa zikhalidwe zamtunduwu watsopano.

Kugula mbande kumathanso kukhala kovuta chifukwa chakuti ogulitsa sadzakhala ndi mitundu yomwe mumangofunika. Koma njere zitha kugulidwa kuchokera ku mtundu uliwonse, mawonekedwe a munda ndi wosakanizidwa. Pankhani imeneyi, ngati dimba lanu silikhala ndi duwa lotere, ndibwino kugula mbewu za alstroemeria kuti zilimidwe koyambirira.

Kufesa mbewu zitha kuchitika mwachindunji panthaka. Amachita izi mu Epulo-Meyi, pomwe mbande zoyambirira zimayenera kupezeka patatha pafupifupi masiku 20. Koma odziwa zamaluwa amalangizidwa kuti azikula izi pogwiritsa ntchito mbande. Kufesa zinthu zofesedwa mbande m'masiku otsiriza a February kapena oyamba - mu Marichi.

Malamulo akumalo

Mbewuyo imafunikira thumba loyambira, chifukwa imayikidwa kaye mu minofu yonyowa ndikumachotsa kwa masabata anayi pafiriji yopangidwira masamba. Pambuyo pake, zimafesedwa mu dothi losakaniza ndi michere, zimayenera kuyikidwa m'manda ndi 10 mm yekha. Chidebe chomwe chili pamwambapa chimakutidwa ndi filimu kapena galasi, kenako mbewu zimatsukidwa m'malo abwino (pafupifupi madigiri 18). Simuyenera kuchita kuthirira. Popetsa mbande, alstroemeria iyenera kubzalidwa m'mikapu imodzi, koma ndibwino kuti muthe mapoto a peat, chifukwa mbewu zimabzidwa mwachindunji mwa izo.

Mbewu zoyambirira zimayenera kuonekera patatha masiku 20-30. Mbeu za Alstroemeria ziyenera kusamalidwa chimodzimodzi ndi mbewu zina za maluwa. Ayenera kupereka kuthirira moyenera, ndipo asanadzazidwe ndi dothi lotseguka amafunika kudyetsedwa kawiri kapena katatu. Pakapangidwa tsamba loyambirira la masamba, mbande ziyenera kudyetsedwa ndi yankho lofooka la mullein (1:20). Kachiwiri chomera chikudyetsedwa ndi yankho la magalamu atatu a nitrate, magalamu 6 a superphosphate, magalamu atatu a potaziyamu ndi mapiritsi a madzi angapo. Izi ndi zokwanira kudyetsa mbewu 10.

Mukukula mbande kwathunthu, kuwanyamula makapu amodzi kumachitika pakumanga kwa tsamba lachitatu lenileni, ndipo kuyenera kudyetsedwa kachiwiri masiku 5 atatha njirayi. Hafu ya mwezi usanalowetse mbande dothi lotseguka, iyenera kuyamba kuumitsidwa. Kuti muchite izi, imasunthidwa mumsewu tsiku lililonse, pomwe nthawi yopanga mbewu mu mpweya watsopano imayenera kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Muyenera kukhwimitsa mbewuyo mpaka atakhala mumsewu mozungulira wotchi. Pakulimbitsa, ngati mukufuna, chovala chachitatu chapamwamba cha mbewucho chitha kuchitika, pogwiritsa ntchito kusakaniza kwofanana kwa michere kachiwirinso. Kubzala mbande panthaka kumachitika mu theka lachiwiri la Meyi, pomwe msewu uyenera kuti uzifunda kale, ndipo zipatso zobwerera masika ziyenera kutsalira. Muyeneranso kuganizira kuti alstroemeria imabzalidwa m'nthaka yotentha mpaka madigiri 20.

Tikufika

Kukula chikhalidwe chotere m'munda wanu ndizosavuta. Pakubzala mbande, ndikofunikira kusankha malo omwe ali ndi chitetezo chodalirika ku mphepo komanso kukonzekera, ziyenera kuwunikiridwa ndi dzuwa mwina m'mawa kapena madzulo patatha maola 16. Kuteteza tchire ku kunyezimira kwa dzuwa masana, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuwabzala pamtunda wotseguka mitengo kapena zitsamba. Nthaka iyenera kukhala yotayirira, yovomerezeka kumadzi, yodzaza ndi michere, acidic pang'ono kapena osalowerera ndale. Dothi lamchenga kapena dongo ndiloyenera kubzala duwa loterolo. Ngati dothi ndi lolemera, ndiye kuti tsiku limodzi musanabzalire, muyenera kukumba ndi ufa wophika, womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati masamba humus (kompositi), manyowa owola (humus) kapena peat yamahatchi.

Mbande zibzalidwe mwanjira zonse. Mukabzala pamalo otseguka pakati pa tchire, muyenera kuchoka mtunda wa 0,3 mpaka 0,5. M'mimba mwake, maenje akufikira ayenera kufika 0,35-0,5 m, ndipo kuya kwake kuyenerane ndi 0.25-0.35 m. Tizikumbukira kuti mu maenje okonzekera, mizu ya chomera iyenera kumalumikizana limodzi ndi mtanda. Dziwani kuti mukamakulitsa mphamvu zambiri zomwe mukubzala, mabowo anu azikhala akulu, komanso mtunda pakati pawo. Pansi pa fossa yotsetserayo, dothi lizikhala ndi ngalande, chifukwa, 1 dongo lodzaza dongo kapena mwala wosweka umathiridwa mkati mwake, kenako umayalidwa ndi manyowa, womwe ukulu wake uyenera kukhala kuchokera 70 mpaka 80 mm. Pokhapokha chimbwe chomwe chimasungidwamo ndikuyika dothi kapena chodzalidwa poto pang'onopang'ono ngati mmera udakuliramo. Malo opanda kanthu mu dzenje ayenera kuphimbidwa ndi dothi lachonde. Pamwamba pa dothi pozungulira tchirepo timapindika, kenako timathiriridwa bwino.

Kusamalira Alstroemeria M'munda

Kuti mukule alstroemeria pamunda wanu wamaluwa, ndikofunikira kuthirira, kudyetsa, udzu, kumasula nthaka padziko lapansi mozungulira tchire munthawi yake, komanso mbewu yotere iyenera kutetezedwa ku tizirombo ndi matenda, ngati kuli kotheka, komanso kukonzekera nyengo yachisanu. Kukula chikhalidwe chotere, tizikumbukira kuti dothi lozungulira tchire liyenera kuphimbidwa ndi mulch.

Nthaka ikayamba kutentha mpaka madigiri 23 kapena kupitilira apo, tchire limayamba kupanga mizu mwachangu, ndipo duwa limavutika ndi izi. Kuti tchire likhale lowoneka bwino komanso losilira, dothi la dimba liyenera kuyikiridwa ndi ma organic (peat, utuchi kapena makungwa a mitengo), makulidwe awa ayenera kukhala osachepera 10 mm. Izi zithandiza kuti nthaka isamatenthe. Kupalira komanso kumasula dothi kumatha kuchitika kudzera mu mulch popanda kuchotsa.

Nthawi yamaluwa, ndikofunikira kutulutsa maluwa omwe ayamba kumera. Mwadongosolo amayenera kuwonda tchire, pokhapokha akakhala kwambiri wandiweyani. Pakachepetsetsa alstroemeria, ndikofunikira kudulaonda, kufooka ndikukula mkati mwa chitsamba.

Momwe mungamwere ndi kudyetsa

Thirirani mbewuyo kuti izikhala yochepa komanso yolongosoka. Ngati mvula nthawi yamvula nthawi yachilimwe, ndiye kuti muyenera kuthirira tchire kamodzi masiku 7. M'nyengo yadzuwa, kuthilira alstroemeria ndikofunikira nthawi zambiri, mwachitsanzo, 2 mu masiku 7. Dothi lamtopopo liyenera kukhala lonyowa nthawi zonse. Mukathirira chomera kwambiri, ndiye kuti mizu yake imatha kuvunda, ndipo ngati ilibe madzi, chitsamba chija sichitha kuoneka bwino. Mukathirira, dothi pafupi ndi tchire liyenera kumasulidwa, kwinaku likuthothola udzu wonse.

Kuti amadyera ali tchire azitha kukhala ndi utoto wambiri, komanso kukulitsa maluwa, ma alstroemeria amayenera kudyetsedwa pafupipafupi katatu m'milungu 4, chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito feteleza kapena michere. Pa kukula kwazipatso, chomera chimafunikira nayitrogeni yambiri. Ndipo kupanga mapu ndi maluwa kuyamba, alstroemeria adzafunika phosphorous yambiri. Mwadongosolo pansi pa tchire muyenera kumwaza phulusa.

Alstroemeria kuswana

Kufalitsa chikhalidwe chotere ndikosavuta. Momwe kukula mmera wotere kuchokera pambewu akufotokozedwera pamwambapa. Ngati dimba lanu lili kale ndi alstroemeria, kamodzi mu zaka zingapo mutha kufalitsa pogawa nthambizo. Izi zimachitika pambuyo poti chitsamba chinazimiririka. Tamba lochotsedwa mu dothi liyenera kugawidwa mbali zingapo ndi mpeni wosawilitsidwa, ndipo gawo lirilonse liyenera kukhala ndi zimayambira zingapo zamphamvu ndi gawo la nthambizo. Delenki yayikulu iyenera kubzalidwa nthawi yomweyo m'maenje, yoyenera kukonzekereratu, zisanachitike, musaiwale kukonza malo omwe mabowo amaphwanyidwa. Nthawi yomweyo, Delenki yaying'ono iyenera kubzalidwa mumiphika, kenako imatsukidwa pazenera kapena mu wowonjezera kutentha kuti ikule. M'mwezi wa Marichi kapena Epulo, ngati pangafunike, ma Delenki angapo amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi tchire ndipo nthawi yomweyo amabzala dothi lotsegulira, pomwe chomera sichokha chomwe chimakumbidwa. Komabe, njira yobala iyi ndioyenera ma tchire amphamvu.

Zisanu

Maluwa amakhala pafupifupi miyezi ingapo. Maluwa atatha, mivi imayenera kudulidwa pafupi ndi maziko momwe zingathere. Chakumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, zimayambira zifupikitsidwe mpaka 0,5 m. Pomwepo mbewuyo izikhala yokutidwa ndi nthambi zokulirapo kapena masamba owuluka, iziphimbidwa ndi filimu pamwamba, ndipo idakutidwa ndi dothi la m'munda, yomwe iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi humus. Shikaho, atela kutachikiza kanawa vihande vyamakuli.

Matenda ndi tizirombo

Alstroemeria imalimbana kwambiri ndi tizirombo ndi matenda. Koma ngati tchire limathirira madzi ambiri, ndiye kuti amatha kudwala imvi. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matenda ngati izi zitadziwika, ndiko kuti, kuyimitsa kwamtundu wa imvi kumawonekera pamtunda wa chitsamba, chithandizo chomera chiyenera kuyamba. Zigawo zomwe zakhudzidwazo ziyenera kudulidwapo, ndipo ziyenera kumalizidwa ndi kukonzekera kwa bowa ndi nthaka yozungulira. Zomera zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka ndizofunika kuzikumba ndi kuwononga, chifukwa chake nthendayo imafalikira kuzidutswa zapafupi.

Ndi chisamaliro chochepa, mbozi ndi nthata za akangaude zimatha kukhala pa alstroemeria. Ma acaricides amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa nkhupakupa, ndipo mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwononga mbozi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kuwononga pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga Aktara, Aktellik kapena Akarin. Komabe pamaluwa pamatha kukhazikika masamba omwe amadya masamba. Popewa tizirombo tambiri kuti tisakhazikike patchire, pamwamba pamalopo pakuyenera kukumbidwa ndi mitengo yayikulu yamatabwa, ndipo poyang'ana malowo, muyenera kukumba poyambira yomwe imadzazidwa ndi miyala, imakhala choletsa osagonjetseka.

Mitundu ndi mitundu ya alstroemeria yokhala ndi zithunzi

Wamaluwa amalima mitundu ingapo ya alstroemeria: psittacina, haematantha, nana, brasiliensis, aurea, aurantiaca ndi ena. Nthawi zambiri m'minda yamaluwa mumatha kukumana ndi hybrids ndi mitundu ya chikhalidwe ichi. Mitundu yomwe imadziwika kwambiri idzafotokozeredwa pansipa:

1. Alicia. Chosakanizira ichi chimakhala ndi maluwa oyera kapena ofiira. Maluwa amawonedwa mu June-September.
2. Kukongola. Kutalika kwa mbewu kumatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pa 1,3 mpaka 1.7 m, mphukira ndiowongoka komanso lolimba. Maluwa ndi lilac, nthawi zina amapeza ubweya wofiirira. Zomera zimatulutsa masika, komanso mu Seputembara.
3. Chisoni. Tchire lalitali lili ndi zimayambira zamphamvu, kutalika kwake kumatha kutalika pafupifupi 1.6 m.Maluwa amawoneka mu Epulo-Juni, ndipo amabwerezedwa mu Seputembu komanso isanayambe chisanu. Mtundu wa maluwawo ndi wamkuwa, ndipo pamaso pawo pamakhala mawonekedwe akuda.
4. Canaria. Kutalika kwa tchire ndi pafupifupi 1.5 m, mphukira zake ndizokulira. Maluwa amawonedwa mu Meyi-Juni, ndipo ngakhale mu Seputembala, komanso chisanu woyamba. Utoto wa maluwawo ndi wachikasu, ndipo pamtunda pawo pali kachinthu kena.
5. Kadinala wa Mfumu. Kutalika kwa tchire kuli pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka; mapesi a maluwa ndi ofooka. Ngati maluwa alibe kuwala kwenikweni, ndiye kuti akhoza kugona. Maluwa amatenga kuyambira kasupe mpaka nthawi yophukira. Mtundu wa maluwa ndi wofiira. Maluwa amafanana ndi maluwa.
6. Regina. Wosakanizidwa chotere ndi wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa wamaluwa. Masamba obiriwira odera obiriwira ndi lanceolate. Mtundu wa maluwa owoneka ngati utoto ndi pinki, ndipo pamaso pawo pali utoto wonyezimira. Umbilical racemose inflorescence imakhala ndi maluwa a 10-15. Zomera zimatulutsa m'masiku otsiriza a June, ndipo limamasula pakati pa Seputembala.
7. Mapiko oyera. Kutalika kwa tchire, komwe kali ndi mphukira zamphamvu, kuli pafupifupi masentimita 200. Masamba a masamba ndi akulu kwambiri. Maluwa oyera-oyera amakhala ndi mawonekedwe okongola. Maluwa amawonedwa nthawi yonse ya chilimwe ndikupuma kwamasabata angapo mu Julayi-August.
8. Virginia. Kutalika kwa tchire ndi pafupifupi mamitala 0.7. Zitsulo zamphamvu zimakongoletsedwa ndi maluwa akuluakulu achikuda choyera. Mphepete mwa miyala ya maluwa ndi wavy. Kuyamba kwa maluwa kumachitika mu Juni, ndipo kumatha ndi matalala oyamba.
9. Orange Queen. Kutalika kwa mtengowo kuli pafupifupi 0.7 m. Mtundu wa maluwa ndi apricot, ndipo mawanga a bulauni ali pamaso pawo.