Mu nyengo ya Russia, Belarus ndi Ukraine, palibe mbewu zambiri zazikulu zamabulu zomwe zimatha kubereka bwino komanso kubala zipatso. Chitsanzo cha chikhalidwe chosasinthika nyengo yachisanu ndi actinidia, kubzala ndi kusamalira komwe, ndikusankha koyenera kwa mitundu, kumapereka zotsatirapo zabwino.
Mwa zabwino za actinidia sikuti kungokhala kupirira kwa nyengo yozizira komanso kukula kwa nthawi yayitali osasinthika, kukonza mwangwiro ngodya yanuyo, komanso mwachangu kubweretsa zipatso zokoma ndi zopatsa thanzi. Kubwera kwa mitundu yolimba ya kuswana kwanyumba, kupeza mbewu zokhazikika kudatha zigawo zikuluzikulu za dzikolo, komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo, komanso pantchito ya Actinidia ku Siberia.
Chikhalidwechi chili ndi zabwino zambiri, kuchuluka kwa mafani kumakulirakonso, koma musanasankhe malo okhala "m'mundamo" wamundawo, muyenera kuphunzira zina zake pamtengowo komanso za momwe udabzala.
Onse akatswiri olima ndi odziwa zamaluwa akhala akukangana kwa zaka zambiri zokhuza kudzikhulupirira kwa Actinidia. Kuyang'ana m'minda yamphesa ndikokwanira kuzindikira "jenda" la mtundu winawake. Paku mungu maluwa achikazi, mungu umafunika, womwe umanyamulidwa ndi tizilombo taimuna kapena mphepo. Chifukwa chake, kuti mupeze mbewu, muyenera kukonzekera kubzala kwa mabanja angapo kapena angapo nthawi imodzi.
Mutha kumva kuti mbewu za feminidia zimabala zipatso ngakhale osabereka patali, koma izi sizina. Kuti mudziwe chimodzimodzi "kugonana" kwa mmera, ndikofunikira kulumikizana ndi malo omwe atsimikiziridwa kapena malo ogulitsira pa intaneti chifukwa chobzala zinthu za Actinidia.
Kubzala anemones ndi kusamalira mmera
Nthawi yachikhalidwe yodzala actinidia ndi masika. Popeza mbewu zomwe sizimawopa kuzizira kwa nyengo yozizira zimadzuka ndikukhala ndi moyo mwachangu ndikutentha, zimatha kuvutika ndi chinyengo cham'madzi chakuthengo pafupifupi kulikonse pakati komanso kumpoto. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti mbande zitha kulowa m'nthaka isanayambe kukula, kutanthauza kuti mu Epulo kapena patapita nthawi pang'ono, ikafika kubzala actinidia ndikuyisamalira ku Urals, kum'mawa kapena kumpoto chakumadzulo.
Masika ndi nthawi yabwino kukhazikika m'malo okhala ndi zomera zazing'ono, mpaka zaka 3, ndikuyika zodziwika zazikulu. Ngati kubzala kwa Actinidia mu April pazifukwa zina kwalephera, nthawi yoyenera ikupezeka. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kusankha mphindi yoyenera, apo ayi mbewu yomwe sinakhale ndi nthawi yozika mizu imadulidwa kuchokera ku zakudya, ndikuyamba kulowa m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Osangokhala kuti sanakonzekerere bwino nthawi yozizira, mu Marichi ndi Epulo amasinthika pafupipafupi a thaw ndi chisanu. Chifukwa chake, chiwopsezo ndichachikulu chakuti mtengo wa mpesa ungathe kuundana kapena ngakhale kufa.
Kuti muchepetse chisamaliro chotsatira cha actinidia, ndikwabwino kukonzekera kufikira kwa masabata 3-4 asanafike nthawi yayitali yozizira.
Kusankha malo oti mubzale actinidia
Mitundu yamtundu wamtambo wa actinidia amitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachilengedwe imakhazikika pansi pa mitengo ndi kukwera mitengo ikuluikulu ndi nthambi zikamakula. M'munda wamtunduwu, muyenera kusankha malo kuti chomera chazaka zambiri chikuperekedwe:
- malo okukula;
- thandizo lodalirika;
- kuteteza mphepo yozizira;
- dothi lotayirira losavomerezeka kapena pang'ono acidic.
Nthawi yomweyo, actinidia salola kuyandikana kwa madzi apansi panthaka, imavutika ngati mizu yake ndi zigawo zotsika za thunthu zitasefukira kapena kumizidwa mu dothi lowuma popanda mpweya.
Pofuna kuti tisawononge nthawi yoteteza mbewu ku chisanu, kuwotcha dzuwa kapena kuwotcha, kuyendetsa chisamaliro cha actinidia, amayesa kubzala m'chigawo cha Leningrad ndi madera ena kumpoto chakumpoto kapena kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa nyumba ndi mipanda. Apa, a liana amatsegula masamba pang'ono, koma sichikhala ndi mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kutentha komwe kumayambira dzuwa.
Kum'mawa, matalala amasungunuka mwachangu. Chifukwa chake, kale pakati panjira, komanso podzala ndikusamalira Actinidia ku Ukraine, Kuban yaku Russia ndi Crimea, zoletsa pakusankha malo ndizochepa. Chikhalidwe sichimawopa kutentha kwa dzuwa chilimwe, zipatso zimafunikira dzuwa kapena kuwala pang'ono, ndikuziteteza ku mphepo ndikofunikira kwa mbande zazing'ono.
Mungu wa Actinidia ukhoza kunyamulidwa pamtunda wotalikirapo, ndipo ndibwino kubzala mbeu zachimuna ndi zachikazi moyandikana, koma osachepera mtunda wa mita imodzi ndi umodzi.
Ngati mukuyenera kupanga khoma lamoyo kuchokera ku colomict actinidia, limaloledwa kubzala patali pafupifupi masentimita 60. M'minda yayikulu, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mizere yochokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera. Pakutero, mbewuzo zimalandira chinyezi chambiri pakusungunuka ndipo zimayatsidwa bwino.
Kubzala Actinidia ndi kusamalira mbande
Kudzala maenje a actinidia amakonzekera milungu iwiri asanafusire mbande pansi. Kwa mbewu zokhala ndi zaka ziwiri, maenje okhala ndi kuya ndi kupingasa kwa osaposa theka la mita ndi okwanira. Pansi pake, ndikofunikira kupatutsa ngalande zadongo zokulitsidwa, njerwa zosweka kapena miyala yaying'ono. Kuti Actinidia adakula msanga atasinthika, dothi limasakanizidwa ndi humus wosankhidwa bwino kapena peat yosakanikirana ndi feteleza wosavuta wothandizidwa ndi nayitrogeni, potaziyamu ndi phosphorous. Dzenje lofikira lingafune:
- 8-10 makilogalamu a humus;
- 200 magalamu a superphosphate;
- 50 magalamu a ammonium nitrate;
- 80 magalamu a potashi feteleza pitani makapu awiri a phulusa la nkhuni.
Simungagwiritse ntchito mankhwala okhala ndi chlorine omwe amalepheretsa kukula kwa Actinidia, manyowa atsopano ndi laimu. Nthaka, makamaka pamaso pa peat, ndi yofunikira kutha.
Ngati tsamba lokhazikika litakonzedwa, samalirani kanthu ka Actinidia pothana ndi mizu yake. Mizu ya mbewuyi imakonda kuyanika, chifukwa chake mukachotsa mbali zakufa kapena zowonongeka, ndibwino kuziviika munthawi yonyowetsa dongo.
M'dzenje lobzala, mmera umayikidwa pamiyala ya dothi yodzala ndi michere. Mizu yowongoka imawongoleredwa, kuthandizira ndikuyika pafupi ndi iyo, yomwe imayamba kulemera mpesa womwe ukukula. Pambuyo pa izi, mmera umakonkhedwa mosamala kuti mizu ya mbeuyo isapite pansi pa nthaka. Malo Otsatsa:
- opangidwa kuti atsimikizire kukokana kwa Actinidia ndikuchotsa kumalephera pambuyo kuthirira;
- khalani ndi madzi ambiri ofunda;
- mulch ndi peat-humus kusakaniza.
Mtsogolomo, pamene achinyamata a actinidia akula, adzafunika thandizo lamphamvu, mwachitsanzo, trellis kapena arch, mpanda kapena khoma la nyumbayo.
Kuphatikiza pa kuthandizira, mmera kumayambiriro kwa moyo umafunikira kutetezedwa ku amphaka, nthawi zambiri kukukuta kapena kungophwanya mbewu. Chifukwa chake, kuzungulira tsinde, mpanda umapangidwa ndi chitsulo kapena pulasitiki wolimba wa mita pafupifupi mita.
Chisamaliro cha Actinidia mutabzala
Kukongola kwakum'mwera kwa Actinidia, pobzala ndi kuchoka m'malo opezeka anthu ochepa ndi madera ena a dera lapakati, wakhazikitsa ngati chikhalidwe komanso malo osapindulitsa. Kuti mupeze kukula bwino komanso kukhazikika kwa Actinidia, muyenera:
- kuthirira, ndi nyengo yotentha ndi kukonkha;
- katatu kuvala pamwamba;
- kuwumba ndikudulira mwaukhondo;
- Kupalira ndi kugwetsa nkhope kwa mitengo ikuluikulu.
Chikhalidwe sichimalola kuyanika kuchokera mu mizu, komwe chimatha kuyankha ndi masamba akugwa, maluwa ndi mazira, motero, mu nyengo yotentha, mipesa imathiriridwa pamlingo wa malita 60-100 pa chomera chilichonse.
Kuthirira ndi kuwaza kumachitika m'mawa kapena madzulo, kuti dzuwa lisanafike, masamba amawuma ndipo osakutidwa ndi banga la moto.
Feteleza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito katatu:
- kasupe, kukhalabe Actinidia pambuyo pa dzinja ndi kukonzekera kwake maluwa;
- M'chilimwe, pomwe mphukira zimakutidwa ndi thumba losunga mazira;
- koyambilira kwa nthawi yophukira mutakolola, kukonza mbewuyi nthawi yozizira.
Mavalidwe apamwamba a kasupe amayenera kukhala ndi magawo awiri a feteleza wa nayitrogeni ndi gawo limodzi la potashi ndi phosphorous zina. M'chilimwe, zachilengedwe ndizofanana, koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumachepera. Mukugwa, kuti ma liana achepetse kupangidwa kwa masamba, mphukira zatsopano ndikulimbitsa nthambi zomwe zilipo, zimapatsidwa potaziyamu ndi phosphorous popanda kuwonjezera nayitrogeni.
Feteleza Actinidia mutabzala kumaphatikizapo kokha mu kugwa. Muyenera kuyembekezera zipatso zoyambirira kuchokera pachomera mutatha zaka 3-4. Kubereka kokhazikika kumabwera pokhapokha zaka 6 komanso ngati korona adakonzedwa bwino.
Monga lamulo, Actinidia samadwala matenda ozizira. Ndi mphukira zachabechabe zomwe zimatha kuzizira, motero, amazidulira mu kugwa, ndipo nthambi zomwe zimapanga kuchuluka kwambiri, zimayambitsa kufalikira kwa bowa, zowola, tizirombo touluka, zimachotsedwa.
Kudulira kwa malimwe kumachitika ndikututa, pomwe nthawi yakukula yayandikira. Mu kasupe, njirayi imachitika molawirira kwambiri, mpaka chomera chimadzuka, apo ayi mphukira zimatha ndi misuzi.
Mukabzala ndikusamalira actinidia ku Moscow Region, Urals ndi madera ena, nthawi zambiri mapangidwe a chitsamba amatengedwa ndi mphukira ziwiri zazikulu. Kumwera, komwe nthawi yachilimwe imakhala yotalikirapo komanso yochepa pangozi yozizira kwa achinyamata, mutha kuyesa kukulitsa fanizo lamphamvu kwambiri. Mutha kusintha kuphukira kwa mphukira mwa kuzikhomera pang'onopang'ono pambuyo pang'onopang'ono.
Mipesa yaying'ono mu kugwa imachotsedwa ku chithandizo ndikukutira pansi, yokutidwa ndi peat, nthambi za spruce kapena zinthu zina. Kusamalira koteroko kwa Actinidia mutabzala kupitirira Urals, ku Siberia komanso kumpoto kwa gawo la ku Europe kumathandiza kuteteza mbewu kuti zisazizire. Zoyerekeza za achikulire zimangodulidwa, kuchotsera mitengo yokhazikika komanso yowonongeka.
