Tomato - izi zimadziwika ndi aliyense - amakhala m'munda uliwonse, ndipo nthawi zina malo ofunika amapatsidwa kwa iwo. Tomato amakula poyera komanso m'nkhokwe. Zaka zina, wosamalira mundawo amatha kupeza mbewu yabwino kwambiri ya tomato, komanso nyengo zina, pafupifupi zipatso zonse zomwe zili panthambizo zimayamba kuvunda mwadzidzidzi, zikuwoneka kuti wolima dimba akuchita zonse bwino, koma vuto limapitilirabe. Chifukwa chiyani izi zikuchitika komanso zoyenera kuchita nazo, lero tiyesera kudziwa.
Chifukwa chiyani tomato amawola panthambi?
Kodi matenda a zipatso za phwetekere amawola bwanji?
Zikuwonekeratu kuti tikulimbana ndi zowola, ndipo zowola sizowopsa za nyengo yatsopano: spores nthawi yachisanu bwino m'nthaka ndipo imatha kudziwonetsa mu chaka chamawa, ndipo kuvunda pamazipatso kudzayambanso, mwina kubwezera.
Nthawi zambiri, kuwola kwa phwetekere kumachitika chifukwa cha matenda monga malemu woyipa, alternariosis, vertex zowola, komanso ma bacteriose osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, matendawa amatsutsa zipatso za phwetekere, koma pali zosankha zina pomwe matendawa angakhudze tsamba, ndikupereka kuwombera kawiri - kuletsa photosynthesis, ndipo nthawi zina matendawa amafika pachimake cha chomera, ndipo amatha kufa kwathunthu patapita masiku.
Nthawi zambiri bowa amachokera mosavomerezeka pamtunda womwe uli ndi kachilombo, amatha kupatsirana ndi mpweya, komanso nthawi yobiriwira pogwiritsa ntchito tchire, pomwe, osagwiritsa ntchito chida ndi mowa, wosamalira mundawo amayenda kuchoka pachomera chodwala kupita nacho chamtundu wathanzi, potero amazipatsira.
Zikuwonekeratu kuti mbewu zomwe zimamera panthaka yosauka, zikusowa chinyezi kapena mtundu wina wa michere m'nthaka zimayamba kupweteketsa msanga kuposa wina aliyense, ndiye kuti, chifukwa chokhala ndi chitetezo chochepa chokwanira. Makamaka, mbewu zomwe zimamera panthaka, pomwe pali kuchepa kwakuthupi kwa zinthu monga calcium ndi potaziyamu, komwe kasinthidwe ka mbewu sikumawonedwa, kapena malamulo oyambira aukadaulo waulimi, amakhudzidwa ndi zipatso zowola.
Phytophthora - chifukwa chachikulu cha zowola za phwetekere poyera
Chifukwa chachikulu ndikumachedwa kuvutikira. Poyamba, zazing'ono, nthawi zina ngakhale zosaoneka ndi maliseche akuda zimatulutsa zipatso za phwetekere, ndipo zimatha kuwonekera pamasamba ndi thunthu, ndipo pomwepo pamasamba, thunthu ndi tomato.
Masiku angapo pambuyo pake, pamunsi pa chipatso cha phwetekere, zidzakhala zosavuta kuzindikira ndi maliseche malo amdima, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni, zikukula tsiku lililonse, kwenikweni pamaso pathu, kuphimba gawo lalikulupo ndi lalikulupo.
Pakupita masiku angapo, banga ili lidzasanduka lakuda izi zikadzachitika, ndibwino kutaya chipatsocho pachifukwa chosavuta chomwe zowola zafika mkati mwake ndipo zowola zamkati zayamba kale.
Phytophthora ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chowola zipatso zamatata m'malo otseguka.
Kodi vuto lakumapeto limayamba liti?
Phytophthora amagwira ntchito makamaka mumnyengo kapena magawo akukulira, pomwe chinyezi cha mpweya ndi nthaka ndizambiri, imatha kugwa kangapo pa sabata, ndipo kutentha sikukwera kuposa madigiri makumi awiri.
Pali zochitika zotsutsana: ngati nyengo yonyowa komanso yonyowa ikasintha mwadzidzidzi kuti ikhale youma ndi yotentha, ndiye kuti vuto lakumapeto limachepetsa kwambiri kuti lisatukuke mopitilira, ndipo madera a zipatso za phwetekere atha kutulutsa nkhumba.
Chifukwa cha vuto lakachedwa, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides yomwe yovomerezedwa ndikuvomerezedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pakadali pano ya zipatso za phwetekere.
Musaiwale kuti spores yamatendawa imasungidwa nthawi yayitali m'nthaka, chifukwa chake thiranani ndi fungicides ngakhale musanadzalemo mbande pamalowo.
Phytophthora kupewa
Musanayambe kulimbana ndi vuto lakumapeto, mutha kuyesetsa kuti zisawoneke pazomera zanu. Mwachitsanzo, prophylaxis yabwino kwambiri ndikuchiza ndi bio-fungicides a mbewu zobzalidwa patatha masiku 12-14 kupita kumalo okhazikika.
Mwachilengedwe, sititha kuiwala za madzi a Bordeaux, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito yankho lake la 1% ndikuyamba kuwachotsa patatha masiku 10 kuchokera pozungulitsa, kenaka - masiku 20 mutabzala.
Mafani azithandizo zachilengedwe amagwiritsa ntchito kulowetsedwa kwa adyo, chifukwa mumtsuko wamadzi muyenera kuthira kapu ya adyo okhala ndi adyo komanso 0,5 magalamu a potaziyamu permanganate. Kuphatikizikaku kuyenera kuloledwa kupweteka kwa tsiku limodzi, kenako kupsinjika, kuchepetsa kawiri ndi madzi ndipo mbewu zitha kuthandizidwa kamodzi pa sabata mpaka chiwopsezo cha matendawa chitha.
Munthawi yomweyo ndi mankhwalawa, ndikofunikira kudyetsa mbewu zomwe zimadziwitsidwa m'madzi ndi potaziyamu sulfate komanso superphosphate wophatikizidwa bwino m'madzi mu ndende ya 5-6 g pa ndowa imodzi yamadzi. Superphosphate m'madzi sichisungunuka bwino, choncho iyenera kuyamba kusungunuka m'madzi otentha, kenako ndikutsanulira madziwo.
Kuti alimbikitse kwambiri kusakhazikika kwa mbeu, nthawi ndi nthawi, kamodzi pa sabata, amafunika kuthandizidwa pokonzekera mtundu wa Epina.
Muthana ndi vuto lakumapeto kwa zipatso za phwetekere?
Ngati phytophthora alipo kale, ndikofunikira kutola zipatso zofiirira ndikuziyala kuti zipse, ngati sizinakhudzidwe, motero, ndikuyesera kupulumutsa omwe akhudzidwa pochiza ndi 1% Bordeaux yamadzimadzi, kuyesera kufikira mdera la matenda.
Kukonzanso kumachitika bwino madzulo, litatha tsiku lotentha. Bordeaux madzi, mwa njira, angagwiritsidwe ntchito masiku atatu chipatso chisanatenge, fungicides ina itha kukhala ndi nthawi yayitali yochitira, muyenera kuwerenga izi pamaphukusi.
Pafupifupi palibe chomwe chimanenedwa za bio-fungicides: mwachitsanzo, mwayi wawo ndikuti alibe nthawi kapena yochepa kwambiri yodikirira kuchokera kukonzedwa mpaka kumamwa.
Ku kukonza tomato motsutsana ndi choipacho.
Vertex zowola - chifukwa chachikulu cha zowola za zipatso za phwetekere mu wowonjezera kutentha
M'malo obiriwira, zowola zam'mimba ndizovuta zenizeni za zipatso za phwetekere, zimayambitsanso kuzola kwa zipatso za phwetekere muzambiri mwa mbewuzi.
Choyamba, mawanga a brownish osawoneka bwino amabala zipatso za phwetekere zobiriwira nthawi zonse, amakula tsiku lililonse, ndikukula ndikukula kwa zipatso zomwe. Ngati mungasankhe chipatsochi ndikugwirizira m'manja, ndikanikizana ndi zamkati, ndiye kuti pansi pa khungu mudzamva kufewa kwambiri komwe sikukhala kwa chipatso cha phwetekere - izi zikutanthauza kuti zawola zonse kapena zambiri ndipo sizoyenera kudya. Zimangowataya basi.
Mwa njira, zipatso za phwetekere zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuvunda kwapang'onopang'ono nthawi zambiri zimawonetsera kuti nthawi yakutenga kupita nayo ku zinyalala: ndi matenda amphamvu, amawonetsedwa pamtengo nthawi yayitali zipatsozo zisanakhwime.
Muyenera kudziwa, komabe, kuti zowola zapamwamba za phwetekere siziri matenda opatsirana, monga ambiri amakhulupirira, nthawi zambiri matendawa amapezeka chifukwa cha zolakwa ndi kuthilira mbewu za phwetekere, komanso kutentha kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, mudafika pa dacha tsiku limodzi lokha ndipo mudazindikira kuti dothi lomwe limalimidwa ndi tomato lidali louma kwambiri, mwina linasweka. Kodi mungatani? Zachidziwikire, nthawi yomweyo, zochuluka, momwe zingathere, thirani dothi pansi pa tchire kuti mubwerere momwemo chinyezi. Simungachite izi m'magulu: kuchokera ku chinyezi chakuthwa kwambiri, zipatso zimatha kukula msanga, peel yake pamwamba singayime ndikuwoneka, matenda agwera pomwepo ndipo zowola zimayamba.
Zachidziwikire, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a tomato okhala ndi zowola zapamwamba sizingakhale zolima konse, mwachitsanzo, mbewu zomwe zimamera pamtunda wa saline kapena acidic, panthaka pomwe pali kuchepa kwa kashiamu kapena, mutero, yowonjezera ngati chinthu cha nayitrogeni, imadwala.
Vertex kuvunda pa zipatso za tomato.
Kulimbana ndi Vertex zowola pamatomati
Pofuna kuthana ndi zowola zoyambirira zoyambirira, ndikofunikira kuthana ndi mbewu kangapo ndi calcium nitrate, wothira mu ndende ya 0.4%. Pankhaniyi, calcium sulfate imakhalanso yoyenera. Iyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa 8 g mumtsuko ndi kuthiriridwa bwino pachomera chilichonse, kubwereza mankhwalawo pakatha sabata.
Mwachilengedwe, musaiwale za kasinthidwe kazomera, kuti mbewu zisakhale zokhuthala, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yokhayo yomwe ili ndi chitetezo chokwanira, ndiye kuti, kukana matenda.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kuvunda ndi tomato wowonjezera kutentha, komanso malo otseguka
Alternariosis
Chifukwa chofala kwambiri choti tomato pa nthambi m'mera womwe umamera panthaka komanso wowonjezera kutentha ayamba kuvunda ndi alternariosis. Matendawa ndi matenda, ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timangotulutsa kutentha kambiri, pomwe matenthedwe kunja kwazenera amasungunuka pafupifupi madigiri 26 mpaka 31 kuposa ziro.
Mwa njira, matendawa nthawi zambiri amakhudza tomato omwe amakulira kum'mwera kwa dziko lathu, komabe, zimapezekanso zaka zingapo m'chigawo chapakati. Alternaria imayamba makamaka mkati mwa Russia pakakhala mame opezekapo komanso ochulukirapo, ikagwa mvula pang'ono koma kwanthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti, mlengalenga umadzazidwa ndi chinyezi pomwe ukuwoneka kuti ukulendewera mumlengalenga.
Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa zimatha kupezeka pa zipatso za phwetekere zobiriwira kwathunthu. Mmodzi amayenera kuyang'anitsitsa malowo paphesi, monga momwe mungazindikire poyamba pali tating'onoting'ono kwambiri, kenako ndikukulira kukula, malo amdontho akuda. Ngati mvula ili nthawi imeneyi ndipo chinyezi chakwera kwambiri, ndiye kuti mutenga chipatso cha phwetekere m'manja mwanu, mutha kumva kuti ndi velvet, ngati pichesi. M'malo mwake, chipatsochi chimaphimbidwa kwathunthu ndi maluwa, omwe akakhwima ndi mphepo yowala, imawuluka mosiyanasiyana, kupatsira zipatso za phwetekere yoyandikana.
Nthawi yomweyo, mawanga pamasamba omwe amapezeka pansi pazomera za phwetekere amatha kuzindikirika. Choyamba, mawanga omwe ali pamasamba ochepa amakhala ochepa, kenako amawonjezeka tsiku lililonse ndipo nthawi zambiri amaphimba masamba ambiri, akumasokoneza zochita za photosynthesis ndikupangitsa kuti masamba ndi masamba aphulike.
Mutha kuthana ndi alternariosis ndimadzi amodzimodzi a Bordeaux monga polimbana ndi choipachi. Koma ngati mukufuna kuti alternariosis isakhale pamalo anu, ndiye kuti muzisinthasintha, musamalize mbewu, kumenya udzu, manyowa m'nthaka ndikugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yatsopano komanso yamakono ya tomato yomwe yachulukirachulukira, chifukwa chake, kukana matenda ambiri .
Bacteriosis
Tiyeni tiyambire ndi necrosis ya bakiteriya, kapena hollow, kapena necrosis yapakati pa tsinde. Zonse zimayamba ndi zipatso zosapsa za phwetekere, ngati mutayang'anitsitsa kwa iwo, mutha kuwona ukonde woyera, ndipo zipatsozo zomwe zapsa kale, mutayang'anitsitsa, mutha kuwona mphete zingapo zofiirira pamalo omwe chipatsocho chinali chomata. Ngati chipatso choterocho chidulidwa, pamadzaza mitambo yambiri, ndipo, pamakhala mulibe lingaliro lamkati mkati.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti ngati mungogwira mwana wosabadwa, agwa nthawi yomweyo, nthawi zina zipatso zomwe zimayambukiridwa zimagwa ngakhale pang'ono kuwinduka. Zachidziwikire, zipatso zoterezi ziyenera kuchotsedwa pamalowo ndikuwotcha kuti kachiromboka asalowe mu dothi.
Nthawi yomweyo, masamba a mbewu zomwe zimakhudzidwa, nthawi zambiri kuyambira achichepere, omwe amapezeka pamwamba, amalimba, ngakhale nthawi zina osasintha mtundu. Ngati mutayang'anitsitsa, ndiye kuti pamtunda wa phwetekere pafupifupi kutalika pafupifupi 20 cm mutha kuwona malo otuwa. Pakangopita masiku ochepa, tsinde limang'amba ndi madzi ofanana ndi mafinya kapena ntchofu.
Mabakiteriya ndi matenda wamba a phwetekere komanso malo otseguka, ndi ma greenhouse.
Makamaka akuda
Matenda enanso omwe tomato amawola panthambi ali akuda bii, ndipo zilibe kanthu komwe mbewu zimamera pamalo otetezeka kapena otetezedwa.
Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa zitha kuzindikirika ngati mungasamale kwambiri, mwina ngati mungagwiritse ntchito galasi lokulitsa, lingalirani pang'ono mawanga obiriwira pamasamba. Zachidziwikire, ndi masiku ochepa okha omwe adzadutsa ndipo mawanga awa adzakhala ochulukirapo, kenako nkukhala akuda - zipseza conidia, okonzeka kuwuluka mtunda wautali ndikupatsira zipatso zapafupi.
Pazipatso, mutha kuwona kuti pobiriwira, ngati m'malovu amafuta, madontho okhala ndi mawonekedwe otsetsereka, ambiri amawona malo awa ngati chiwonetsero cha nkhanambo.
Kuti muchepetse kupezeka kwa matendawa, simungathe kukulitsa kubzala, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kasinthasintha wa mbewu. Matendawa amakula kwambiri nthawi yayitali komanso mvula yochepa kwambiri ndi mphepo, pomwe ziwunda zimawuluka patali.
Ngati bacteriosis yayamba kufika pamalowa, ndiye kuti kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa mbewu m'munda kumathandiza. Mu magawo oyambilira a chomera amatha kuthandizidwa ndi Oxychoma, amagulitsidwa pamapiritsi. Piritsi limodzi limakwanira ndowa, ndi yankho - lamasamba ambiri momwe mungatulutsire, mutawakonza kuchokera ku botolo lothira. Pakupita milungu ingapo, mankhwalawo atha kubwereza.
Zofunika: "Oksikhom" mutha kukonza zipatsozo pasanathe milungu itatu musanakolole.
Mukatha kutola mbewu zonse, nsonga zakale, masamba ndi zipatso zimayenera kuchotsedwa pamalowo.
Pomaliza Chifukwa chake, tidazindikira zomwe zimayambitsa zipatso za phwetekere pamitengo, komanso momwe tingapewere kutuluka kwa matenda, momwe tingachiritsire mbewu. Chaka chilichonse mankhwala owonjezera atsopano amawonjezeredwa polimbana ndi matenda ena, koma muyenera kusamala ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwawo, ndipo ngati zingatheke, gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala azitsamba.
