Petunia - Mfumukazi ya maluwa

Ma Petunias ndi anthu ofunikira kwambiri mabedi amaluwa, mabedi amaluwa, rabatok, malire, mipando, makonde ndi mawindo. Amapereka maluwa owala onunkhira bwino amitundu yonse ya utawaleza kuyambira nthawi yachilimwe mpaka chisanu; nthawi zina maluwa amaphimba masamba ndi mphukira.

Petunia © Ballet Queen2013

Petunia kapena petunia, Chilatini - Petunia kuchokera ku fr. petun - fodya. Zomera za herbaceous kapena semi-shrub za banja la Solanaceae, kuchokera 10 cm mpaka 1 mita kukwera. Anthawi zakale ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zachikhalidwe. Amachokera ku madera otentha ku South America, makamaka ku Brazil, ndipo amakula mwachilengedwe ku Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina ndi Uruguay. Mtundu umodzi wa petunia, Petunia parviflora, umapezeka ku North America.

Zimayambira za petunia ndi zowongoka kapena zokwawa, zopindika. Masamba amakonzedwa motere kapena mbali ina (kumtunda), yofewa, yonse. Zimayambira ndi masamba ake amakhala ndi tsitsi losavuta komanso losalala. Maluwa ndi oyera, ofiirira kapena ofiira, amodzi, ofiirira kapena axillary, pamafupi azithunzi, osavuta kapena apawiri, osasintha kapena osasangalatsa. Chipatsochi ndi bokosi la mpikisano wokhala ndi nthangala zazing'ono kwambiri.

Ma Petunias atapachika maluwa. © Ceil Hoffer

Zoyenera kwa petunias

Kuwala: Petunia ndiwofatsa komanso wodabwitsa. Imakula bwino m'malo otentha dzuwa. Mitundu yayikulu yamaluwa imakhala yotentha kwambiri kuposa yaying'ono-yoyenda, nyengo yofunda ikasiya maluwa.

Kuthirira: Osalimbana ndi chilala, komabe, kusakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali kumafunika kuthirira. Imalekerera chinyezi cholimba dothi, koma imakumana ndi madzi osayenda.

Dothi: Petunia amakonda dothi loyesi kapena lamchenga, koma amatha kumera pa chilichonse, chonde. Zimayankha bwino pakuyambitsa kwa humus kapena kompositi m'nthaka, koma osati manyowa atsopano, chifukwa zimathandizira kugonjetsedwa kwa mbewu ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Pokonzekera dothi la petunia m'malo okhala dothi lamankhwala acid (pH yochepera 5.5), laimu iyenera kuwonjezeredwa. Masika akamafukuta dothi, feteleza wovuta amawonjezeramo.

Mavalidwe apamwamba: Nthawi imodzi m'masabata awiri ndi feteleza wophatikiza ndi michere mu kasupe ndi nthawi yotentha.

Kukula petunia

Kubzala mbewu za petunia

Petunia amafalitsidwa makamaka ndi mbewu. Kunyumba, kukulira mbande za petunia kumakhala kovuta chifukwa chopanda kuwala, choncho muyenera kutengera mbewu ndi kufesa kwakukulu. Mbeu zikafesedwa, mbewuzo zimaphuka msanga. Ngati nkotheka kupangitsani mbande kumveketsa, ndiye kuti nkotheka kubzala mu February. Munthawi yabwino, ndibwino kufesa theka lachigawo la Marichi. Vuto lina lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukula kwa mbewu za petunia ndi dothi momwe adzaikemo ndikuisunga chinyontho chake cholimba. Mbeu zotere zimafunikira dothi lotayirira, lopepuka komanso yopatsa thanzi. Ndikofunika kupukuta pamtunda wapamwamba pafupifupi 1 cm kuti mbewuzo zigonere moyenerera panthaka.

Mbewu za Petunia zosakanizika ndi mchenga wouma zimathiridwa pamadzi otayika bwino tsiku lisanafese. Kenako wosefukira, wokutidwa ndi galasi ndikusiya kutentha kwa 20 - 23 ° C. Pa 5 - tsiku la 7, mphukira zazing'ono zimawoneka zomwe zimafuna chisamaliro chapadera. Tsopano amafunika kutsanuliridwa tsiku ndi tsiku komanso osachepera kawiri patsiku (m'mawa ndi madzulo) kutembenukira ku kuwala. Pakadali pano, mbande zimafunikira chinyezi chambiri, koma zochuluka chinyezi m'nthaka zimawapangitsa kufa ndi "mwendo wakuda". Mbewu za petunias zitakula ndi tsamba loyambilira, galasi limatha kuchotsedwa. Mbewu zikayamba kufa, zimafunika kukonkhedwa ndi mchenga wouma, kuchepetsa kuthirira komanso kuthothoka mwachangu. M'mwezi wa Epulo, mbande za petunia zimasamukira ku greenhouse. Kuyika pamalo osatha kumapangidwa kumapeto kwa nyengo yachisanu. Kubzala mbewu kumeleredwa bwino.

Maluwa amtundu wamtundu wa petunia wamaluwa yaying'ono amapezeka patatha masiku 70-75 mutabzala, mitundu yayikulu-maluwa-patuwa patadutsa masiku 10-15.

Kufalikira kwa petunias ndikudula

Mitundu yokhala ndi maluwa ophatikizika awiri ikamadzalidwa ndi njere imangopereka 40-50% yazomera zodutsa, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala kufalitsidwa ndi odulidwa, odulidwa kuchokera ku zakumwa za amayi, zomwe zimasungidwa nthawi yozizira m'malo obiriwira kutentha kutentha kwa 10-12 ° C, komwe kumakhala chinyezi komanso mpweya wabwino. Pambuyo pozika mizu, zodulidwazo zimasulidwa mu miphika 9 cm.

Mtanda wopendekera ndi petunias. © Mary Stuart

Kubzala mbande za petunia

Petunia adabzala m'malo otseguka pakati pa Russia m'chigawo chachiwiri cha Meyi. Ngakhale kuti chikhalidwechi ndi chozama kwambiri, mitundu yamakono ndi ma hybrids (makamaka ochokera ku gulu la multiflora) zitha kulekerera kuzizira mpaka kutentha pang'ono komanso ngakhale zazifupi pang'ono. M'mizinda yayikulu, mbande zamaluwa za petunias zingabzalidwe pamabedi amaluwa, duwa la maluwa ndi makonde kumapeto kwa Epulo - Meyi woyamba.

Mbande za Petunia ndizabzyala bwino m'masiku opanda mitambo kapena madzulo, mutathirira mapoto ndi mbewu bwino. Mtunda pakati pa mbewu zimatengera mitundu ndi mtundu wobzala. Kwa petunia wokhala ndi maluwa ambiri pakubzala kwamaluwa, ndi 15-20 masentimita, kwa maluwa akulu - 20-25 masentimita, kwa zochulukirapo - 25-30 cm.

M'mabokosi a khonde, mumbale, miphika, mtunda pakati pa mbeu ungachepetsedwa kamodzi ndi theka. Mukabzala, mbande zimathiriridwa (ngati dothi silinanyowe), ndipo dothi lozungulira mbewuzo limayatsidwa ndi peat kapena humus. Mulching amalola dothi kuti lisungidwe chinyezi nthawi yayitali komanso limateteza mbewu nthawi yozizira.

Mbande za Petunia zimabzalidwa mumiphika ndi m'miyala maka kwambiri - pafupifupi 70 mbewu pa mita imodzi. Ma Surfinia ndi magulu ena a ampelous (ndiye kuti, opachika, zokwawa) petunias, komanso calibrachae, nthawi zambiri amakulitsidwa m'mabasiketi opachikika, makokedwe a balcony ndi mipweya yayitali. Kuti akwaniritse kukula kwakukulu komanso maluwa ambiri mu mbewuzi, ayenera kuthiriridwa madzi ndi kuwaza madzi (m'nthawi yotentha, yowuma - katatu patsiku), kudyetsedwa kamodzi pa sabata, kusinthana mavalidwe apamwamba ndi osazika mizu (kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi masamba). Ngati kukula ndi maluwa zikulephereka chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta ya nyengo, chithandizo chothandizira pakukula (Epin-Extra kapena Zircon) chimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino.

Bedi lamaluwa ndi petunias

Chisamaliro cha Petunia

Mitundu yayitali-yamaluwa imafunikira kwambiri kutentha, chinyezi ndi zakudya zofunikira kuposa zazing'ono zotuwa. Kuvala kwapamwamba ndiye vuto lalikulu la maluwa ambiri, choncho mbewu zimadyetsedwa pafupipafupi, kuyambira sabata mutabzala mpaka Ogasiti pakadutsa masiku 7-10. Maluwa ochulukirapo a petunias amaperekedwa ndi feteleza wathunthu, makamaka ndi potaziyamu yambiri. Kuphatikiza feteleza wa organic, kuphatikiza kulowetsedwa kwa mullein, komanso feteleza wa humic, kumapereka zotsatira zabwino. Mavalidwe apamwamba pafupipafupi amapitilira mpaka maluwa atha.

Kusamalidwa kuyenera kuthandizidwa mosamala kwambiri kwa mbewu za petunia zobzalidwa m'mbale zazing'ono: makatoni, mapoto amaluwa, mabokosi a khonde, makamaka mabasiketi opachikika. Nthaka kuti iwo athe kukonzekera kukhala yopatsa thanzi, yophatikiza ndi humus, peat, turf kapena tsamba lamchenga ndi mchenga. Maperesenti azinthu izi amatha kukhala osiyana; chinthu chachikulu ndikuti osakaniza ndi otayirira komanso nthawi yomweyo osagwira chinyezi. Kutukuza magawo ake, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera perlite ndi hydrogel osakaniza. Maimu amawonjezeredwa kusakaniza ndi acidity yowonjezera. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthana pang'onopang'ono feteleza wama mineral azofunikira akuyenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi dothi losakaniza ndi akasinja ang'onoang'ono. Mukadzaza mabokosi ndi zotengera zosakaniza, dope (miyala, dongo lokwanitsidwa, ndi zina zambiri) ziyenera kuthiridwa pansi ndi wosanjikiza osachepera 5 cm.

Chovulaza chachikulu kwambiri paz mitundu yokongoletsera ya petunias ndi mvula. Ndi mvula yamphamvu ya chilimwe, madzi amatsitsa mafuta osalala, ndikupangitsa maluwa kukhala osavomerezeka, ndi mbewu - zosalala. Ndikakhala ndi mvula yayitali, mbewu zimatha kutayiratu kukongoletsa kwake ndikulekana kutulutsa. Chifukwa chake, mvula isanachitike, miphika ndi mabasiketi okhala ndi petunias ziyenera kusunthidwa pansi. Kuthirira petunia wotumphuka kumafunikiranso kukhala mosamala, pansi pa muzu, kusamala kuti musawononge maluwa.

Ampelic petunias ndi calibrachae amatha kuvutika kwambiri ndi mphepo, kotero mabasiketi ndi ma duwa amayikidwa m'malo otetezedwa ndi mphepo.

Mumitundu yambiri yamtundu wa petunia, makamaka wamitundu-yayitali komanso yamtundu wamtundu wamaluwa, maluwa osyanasiyana amatha kuwononga mawonekedwe. Zikuwoneka ngati zazitali kwambiri, koma zimawonekera bwino m'maluwa, m'malo amaluwa ndi m'mabedi ang'onoang'ono maluwa pafupi ndi njira. Kupititsa patsogolo kukongoletsa kwa kubzala, maluwa oterowo amachotsedwa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa petunias pakupanga kwamunda

Kusintha kwapadera kwa petunia muzochitika zosiyanasiyana zaulimi, dothi ndi nyengo, kuphweka kwa ukadaulo waulimi, nthawi komanso mawonekedwe owala maluwa zidapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazikhalidwe zomwe amakonda kulima maluwa ndi kutulutsa maluwa. Pakadali pano, petunia ndi amodzi mwa malo oyamba kutchuka pakati pa ntchentche, ndipo pofika magulu atsopano ndi ma hybrids, chidwi chake chikukula. Mulimidwe wake wolima ndi wokulirapo - kuchokera ku malo otentha kupita ku Arctic ndi Alaska, kubzala kwake kungapezeke m'maiko onse, kupatula, mwina, Antarctica.

Maluwa ndi petunias. © Kor! An

Kutchuka kotere kwa petunias kwakhala chifukwa komanso chifukwa chomwe kuyesera kwakukulu kwa akatswiri a majini, opanga mankhwala ndi obereketsa padziko lonse lapansi kuli ndi cholinga chopanga mitundu yatsopano, yophatikiza ndi magulu am'munda. Iliyonse ya magulu awa imawoneka m'njira yake ndipo imakhala malo ena kutchera.

Pachikhalidwe, maluwa, mabedi a maluwa ndi malire amapangidwa kuchokera kwa petunias, obzalidwa pamakhonde. Chifukwa cha mizu yamphamvu, ma hybrids amakono amakula bwino m'matumba okhala ndi voliyumu yocheperako (muli, mapoto amaluwa, mabasiketi opachikika ndi mipika). Mitundu ya mabulosi ndi ma hybrids ndizabzalidwe bwino m'malo otetezedwa ndi mphepo ndi mvula yambiri: pamakhonde, pamayala otseguka, m'matanda, m'mbale ndi pafupi ndi nyumba. Mitundu yomwe imakula mwachangu yaumauni opatsa mphamvu imakupatsani mwayi kuti mutseke malo opanda kanthu mu chosakanikirana kapena mutakolola mababu.

Othandizira

Mitundu yonse yamitunduyi ndi yokongola pazokha komanso kuphatikiza ndi mbewu zina. M'mabedi ogulitsa matambula, amabzalidwa pafupi ndi maluwa opanga maluwa nthawi zonse, lobularia, zokongoletsera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana: coleus, cineraria, areresin, ndi ena.Mabedi az maluwa, amawoneka bwino kwambiri pafupi ndi mbewu zambiri zamalimwe, monga verbena, snapdragons, briche, marigolds, marigolds, celosia, ager rudbeckia, levkoy ndi ena oyenera mu utoto ndi kutalika kwa mitundu iyi.

Chakumapeto kwa kasupe komanso kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, petunias amawoneka bwino kwambiri pafupi ndi pansies, primroses, komanso mababu - tulips, hyacinths, hazel grouse, ndipo pambuyo pake - ndi maluwa ndi maluwa. Pafupi ndi dziwe komanso malo amthunzi, amapanga kampani yabwino kwambiri ndi makamu, masana, ma tradescantia opangira zakudya komanso mbewu zodzikongoletsera.

M'maluwa ndi m'mbale, petunias ndi caliberhoas adzaphatikizidwa ndi zonal pelargonium, fuchsia, lobularia, peticholare gelichrysum, chlorophytum, basamu, ndi msuzi wokoma. Mu mabasiketi opachikika ndi mabokosi a zenera, amathanso kubzala mitengo yambiri, monga lobelia, ivy, zelenchuk, mucous budra, verbena, mucous pelargonium ndi ena.

Petunias. © a Caroline Mulley

Matenda ndi Tizilombo

Mwendo wakuda

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: bowa wa nthaka kuchokera ku genera Olpidium, Pythium, Rhizoctonict, makamaka Pythium debaryanum ndi Rhizoctonia solani.

Zizindikiro: choyambira cha tsinde chimakhala chamadzi, chidetsa ndi ma roti. Zomera zimagona ndikufa. Mycelium ya fungal imafalikira mwachangu limodzi ndi gawo lapansi pakukula, nthawi zambiri, ozungulira, akukhudza mbande zatsopano. Bowa amakhudza mbande, kuyambira masiku oyamba amoyo. Matendawa ndi apadera: nthawi zina, ngati simungatengere njira zodzitetezera komanso zochizira, mutha kutaya mbande zonse.

Zofunikira pakufalikira kwa matendawa: mbewu zochuluka kwambiri, nthaka yayitali komanso chinyezi cha mpweya, kutentha kwambiri (pamwamba pa 20 ° C), nthaka yayitali.

Kuteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (kuthekera kwa matenda): m'nthaka komanso zinyalala za mitengo.

Njira zoyendetsera: chisamaliro chachikulu chikuyenera kuperekedwa popewa: musakufutitseni mbewu, musagwiritse ntchito gawo lolemera kapena acidic (mulingo woyenera wa nthaka m'thupi la petunia ndi pH 5.5-7), madzi pang'ono, pewani feteleza wa nayitrogeni, chotsani mbande zodwala ndi gawo la gawo loyandikana nalo. Pokonzekera gawo lokhala ndi mbande, ndikosafunika kugwiritsa ntchito dimba kuchokera ku dimba kapena wowonjezera kutentha, koma ngati palibe dziko lina, liyenera kukhala lotentha kenako zopangidwa ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tomwe tikuthana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (Agat-25 K, Fito-sporin, Trichodermin, etc.). Pazolinga zodzitetezera, mutha kuthirira dothi ndikakonzekera sulfure (Sulfur colloidal, Cumulus, Tiovit Jet - 40 g / 10 L madzi).

"Mwendo wakuda" utawonekera, ndikofunikira kupopera mbewuzo ndikuthirira dothi poyimitsa kukonzekera komwe kuli mancozeb, metalaxyl kapena oxadixyl (Ridomil MC, Phindu, Ridomil Gold MC, etc. - 20-25 g / 10 l yamadzi).

Maluwa a maluwa ndi maluwa. © Luanne Panerotti

Gray zowola

Pathogen: bowa wopanda ungwiro bothrytis cinerea. zimakhudza mbewu zambiri.

Zizindikiro: Amawoneka masamba obiriwira kapena masamba otumphuka, masamba ndi maluwa, omwe amakutidwa ndi duwa lotuwa lomwe limatulutsa timadzi tambiri. Zomera zomwe zimakhudzidwa zimayamba kumera, kenako ndikuvunda, ndikusintha kukhala bulauni lamaso ndi imvi. Nthawi zina mafangayi amayamba kupangika m'mimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbali ya chomera yomwe ili pamwamba pa chotupa. Ngati zotupa zikula, chomera chitha kufa. Mafangayi amapatsira petunia gawo lililonse - kuyambira masamba a cotyledon kupita kucha.

Zofunikira pakufalikira kwa matendawa: mbewu zokulirapo ndi kubzala, chinyezi chambiri, kutentha pang'ono (pansi pa 14 ° C), feteleza wa nayitrogeni, kusowa kwa kuwala. Mafangayi nthawi zambiri amakhudza minofu ya chomera kudzera m'mabala, amatha kulowa mkati mwa duwa.

Kusungidwa kwa patathogen: m'nthaka komanso zinyalala za mitengo. Bowa amatha kuzizira pamiyala yamatabwa obiriwira.

Njira zoyendetsera: kupewa - Kubzala ndikubzala kwambiri, kuthilira mopitirira muyeso, kutentha kwambiri kuyenera kupewedwa. Kukula kwa matendawa kumayima kutentha kwambiri (25-27 ° C) ndikuchepa kwake chinyezi mpaka 80% kapena kutsika. Ndikofunikira kuchotsa pafupipafupi mbali zam'mera zomera ndi zotsalira, zomwe zimagwiritsanso ntchito matenda, komanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa feteleza wa phosphorous ndi potaziyamu pakuvala kwapamwamba.

Mwa zithandizo zomwe zilimo kwa amateur wamaluwa, wina atha kutchulanso zinthu zachilengedwe Integral (25 ml / 1 l yamadzi), mankhwala Skor (2 ml / 10 l yamadzi) ndi Maxim (2 ml / 1 l yamadzi). Komabe, mankhwalawa onse ndi osagwira ndikukula kwamatenda.

Zola zowola

Pathogen: Marsupial bowa Whetzelinia sclerotiorum (tanthauzo la Sderotinia sclerotiorum).

Zizindikiro: kuwoneka kwa mabala a bulauni, m'malo otentha, ophimbidwa ndi zokutira zoyera za mycelium, zimakhala zomwe zimakhudzidwa zimasinthidwa ndikuyera. Mycelium yoyera imapangidwa pamtunda komanso mkati mwa tsinde, pomwe wakhungu sclerotia, ziwalo zoberekera za bowa, zimayamba kupanga. Ndi kusasitsa kwa sclerotia, m'malovu amadzimadzi amapangidwira pa iwo, ndikuwunikira kwambiri kuwala. Mibango yomwe ili pamwamba pa gawo lakhudzidwa imafa. Mafangayi amatha kuwononga mbali zonse za mbewu.

Zofunikira pakufalikira kwa matendawa: Kutentha kochepa komanso chinyezi chachikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, dothi lokhala ndi acidic, malo obisika kwambiri komanso kuchotsa mwadzidzidzi mbali zina zam'mera zimathandizira matenda.Zomera zimayamba kudwala chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa tiziwalo, koma mafangayi amatha kulowa mkatikati mwa mmera, motero zimafalikira mosavuta m'munda wamaluwa m'manja ndi zovala za munthu posamalira mbewu.

Kusungidwa kwa patathogen: m'nthaka komanso zinyalala za chomera monga mawonekedwe a sclerotia, omwe sataya kutalika kwa zaka zitatu. Mycelium ikhoza kusungidwa.

Njira zoyendetsera: kukumba kwakukuru ndikuchepetsa dothi, kusamalidwa kwa njira zoyenera zaulimi, kuchotsedwa kwazinthu zofunikira za mbewu. Zotsatira zabwino zimapezeka pobweretsa Trichodermin (2 g pa chitsime) mu zitsime mukamadzala mbande. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa zitawoneka, chithandizo chachilengedwe (Integral - 5 ml / 1 l madzi, Fitosporin-M - 4-5 g / 1 l madzi) kapena mankhwala (Maxim - 2 ml / 1 l madzi) kukonzekera ndikofunikira.

Pazowoneka bwino kwambiri, poyambira matenda, ndikofunikira kuyeretsa madera omwe akhudzidwa, ndikuwawaza ndi utomoni kapena makala. Ndikofunika kuwaza dothi lozungulira mbewuzo ndi phulusa kapena makala ophwanyika. Izi zimalepheretsa kukula kwa matendawa, koma osachotsa mankhwalawo pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kapena mankhwala.

Zowola

Pathogen: Rhizoctonia solani.

Zizindikiro: pagawo la timapepala ta cotyledonary, matendawa amakula ngati "mwendo wakuda" (onani pamwambapa). Kuyambira pagawo loti azikula mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yokulira, tizilomboti timayambitsa kukhazikika kwa mizu, masamba amawonekera ndikukhwinyata, ndikupeza mtundu wobiriwira wokhala ndi mthunzi kutsogola. Malo owoneka bwino a bulauni kumapeto kwa khosi lomwe limakutidwa ndi bulawuni wokutira wa bowa wa mycelium. Pambuyo pake, sclerotia yaying'ono yakuda imawonekera pa mycelium. Matenda odwala amatsalira kumbuyo, amatembenuka chikaso ndikuwonekera. Mafangayi amatha kukhudza mbewu pachaka chilichonse.

Zofunikira pakufalikira kwa matendawaKubzala kwakuya kwambiri, komanso dothi lokhala ndi madzi komanso madzi. Wothandizirana ndi causative safuna chilengedwe ndipo atha kukhala kutentha kwa 3-25 ° C, ndi chinyezi cha nthaka 40-100% ndi acidity pH 4.5-8.

Kusungidwa kwa patathogen: mawonekedwe a sclerotia ndi mycelium m'nthaka (pakuya mpaka 80 cm) mpaka zaka 5-6. Nthawi yonseyi amatha kutenga matenda.

Njira zoyendetsera: kupewa - ukadaulo wambiri waulimi komanso kuchotsedwa kwake kwa zomera zodwala; bakiteriya (Yogwirizanitsa - 5 ml / 1l yamadzi, Fitosporin-M - 4-5 g / 1 l wamadzi) ndi fungal (Trichodermin - 2 g ya mankhwalawa pachikhatho ndikuthandizira) mbande. Kuyimitsidwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi madzi okwanira mbande ndikufinya mbewu zofesedwa. Pankhaniyi, kapisozi ka tizilombo tothandiza amapangidwa mozungulira mizu.

Matendawa atawoneka, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi mankhwala kukonzekera ndikofunikira (Ridomil MC, Profit, Ridomil Gold MC - 20-25 g / 10 l yamadzi).

Maonekedwe a bulauni

Pathogen: Phyllosticta petuniae.

Zizindikiro: mawanga ofiirira amaoneka pamasamba, ozunguliridwa woyamba, kenako owala ndi madera ozungulira. Fruiting fruiting mitundu pa kuwala mbali ya mawanga. Masamba omwe akhudzidwa afota ndikufota.

Zofunikira pakufalikira kwa matendawa: kuwonongeka kwa makina, chinyezi chachikulu
mpweya.

Kusungidwa kwa patathogen: masamba agwa.

Njira zoyendetsera: kupewa - teknoloji yayikulu yaulimi. Kuti mupewe matendawa, komanso matendawa akangopezeka, matendawa amatha kupopera mafuta okhala ndi mkuwa womwe amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali ya masiku 7-10 (Carcocide - 50 g / 10 L yamadzi, mkuwa wa chloroxide - 40 g / 10 L wamadzi, Oksikhom - 20 g / 10 L madzi, ndi zina).

Mochedwa

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: Phytophthora cryptogea ndi Phytophthora infestans.

Zizindikiro: m'munsi mwa tsinde amatembenukira bulauni ndi kuvunda. Zomera zimafota kenako zimafa. Kugonjetsedwa kumatheka nthawi iliyonse, komabe, nthawi zambiri matendawa amakumana molingana ndi zovuta zakumaso za tomato ndi mbatata, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe a sayansi ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Zofunikira pakufalikira kwa matendawa: chinyezi chachikulu, usiku wozizira wokhala ndi mame olemera.

Kusungidwa kwa patathogen: mu nyengo yachisanu yozizira ya zinthu zomwe zimafalitsa matendawa (mwachitsanzo, tubers atadwala a mbatata zobzalidwa m'munda). Pali umboni wamphamvu kuti matenda m'nthaka komanso zinyalala za mbewu samapitirira.

Njira zoyendetsera: Mukukula mbande, ndikofunikira kuti mpweya wabwino wobiriwira usamayowetse mbewu. Pambuyo poika mbande mu nthaka, njira zodzithandizira pogwiritsa ntchito mkuwa zitha kuchitika (Kartotsid - 50 g / 10 l madzi, mkuwa wa chloride - 40 g / 10 l yamadzi, Oksikhom - 20 g / 10 l madzi, ndi zina), koma maluwa nthawi zambiri amawonongeka. , zomwe zimabweretsa kutaya kukongoletsa kwa masiku angapo. Chofewa kwambiri ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo a mancozeb, metalaxyl kapena oxadixyl (Ridomil MC, Phindu, Ridomil Gold MC, etc. - 20-25 g / 10 l yamadzi).

Kuphatikiza apo, alibe chitetezo chokhacho, komanso othandizira, kotero, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yomwe zizindikiro za matendawa zayamba kale.