Kugonjetsedwa kwa munda wamphesa limodzi ndi matenda ndi tizilombo toononga nthawi zambiri kumayipa kwambiri mpesa. Masamba akauma mphesa, mphukira zimafota ndikufa, chifukwa wofesayo amakhala wotayika kwambiri. Kawiri vuto lalikulu, mabrashi akamavutika, zipatso zimatha ndipo gawo lalikulu la mbewu limatayika. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyanika kumatha kuyamba onse atakhazikitsa zipatso, ndipo atakhwima kale, azikhala ndi zizindikiro zodziwika mu matenda achikhalidwecho, ndikupita popanda chifukwa.
Chifukwa chiyani zipatso zimawuma mphesa? Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masoka azitha kuchuluka. Nthawi zambiri, omwe amapanga viniga amawona matenda omwe amayambitsidwa ndi bowa wa pathogenic.
Poyambirira pakuvulaza pali udzu wokhazikika, womwe umakhudza osati crests ndi maburashi a mphesa, komanso masamba obiriwira, atsopano ndi osatha. Mafangayi, omwe amalowerera chomera, amalepheretsa kudya komanso chinyezi. Zomwe zimayambukiridwa ndi mpesawo, kuphatikiza ndi maburashi ndi zipatso zakupsa, ziume ndi kufa.
Mildew si vuto lokhalo lomwe limawopseza kuwonongeka kwa mbeu. Pali matenda ena a zipatso za mphesa, zithunzi zomwe zomwe mpesawo umayang'ana zimawonetsa kuwopsa kwake komanso kufunika kothana nazo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kuwononga mbewu, pamakhala ngozi yotaya zipatso komanso kusamalidwa bwino kwa mundawo.
Mphesa Zouma
Mafangayi adayitanitsa Eutypa lata Matenda ampesa ali ponseponse kumadera onse okhala ndi zipatso, pomwe nyengo yam'madzi imatha kutchedwa yofatsa, ndikuwononga kwakukulu mu mvula yamvula.
Popeza fungus ya pathogenic imatha kulowa mu tinthu timene timakhala osati mphesa zokha, komanso mbewu zina zambiri m'munda ndi zipatso, izi zimapangitsa kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi chiwonetsero cha matenda ndi kufalikira. Matendawa amakhudza osati mphukira ndi zipatso zokha, pa chithunzi cha matenda a mphesa, kusintha kwa nkhuni chifukwa cha bowa kumawonekera bwino. Makamaka, matendawa amakhudza zitsamba za mphesa zachikulire, kuyambira azaka 8, ndipo zizindikiro za kuyamwa zodziwikiratu zimadziwika pomwe mbewuyo imapereka kutalika kwa 20-25 masentimita kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe.
Zowombera ndi zotsalira zotsala, kukula kwake ndi mitundu yake zimasiyana ndi zaumoyo. Masamba amawuma pamphesa, kenako necrosis imakhudza mphukira zomwe zakhudzidwa. Zipatso zokhazikika zimawuma kapena kusiya kukula, ndikukhalabe zazing'ono mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yomera.
Mbale mphesa za Anthracnose
Chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe mphesa zouma zimatha kukhala anthracnose. Kuchuluka kwa matendawa ndi nthenda yayikuluyi kumachitika munthawi yonyowa, ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwira osati nyengo yofunda, koma osiyanasiyana 2-30 ° C
Kuwonetsedwa kwa anthracnose nthawi zambiri kumakhala kolakwika pakuwonongeka kwamakina kwa zipatso ndi mphukira zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi matalala. Koma nyengo ilibe kanthu.
Malo omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino omwe ali ndi malire a bulauni wakuda ndi malo olowera bowa owononga. Malo oterowo amatha kuphatikiza, zouma zomwe zimakhudzidwa mkati mwake zimawonongeka, ndipo masamba ang'onoang'ono owuma pamphesa amawoneka otenthedwa.
Matendawa amapatsira ziwalo zonse zobiriwira zakumtunda, kuphatikizapo burashi. Matenda a mphesa, pachithunzichi, amapereka chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa zipatso zisanayambe maluwa, pomwe bulashi lonse limakhudzidwa, komanso zokolola zisanapere. Matendawa akamakula, mawonekedwe amtunduwu amapezeka m'mimba ndi zitunda, pambuyo poti burashi limazirala lonse kapena mbali yake.
Kubzala mpesa
Verticillosis, yomwe ndi causative wothandizila matendawa, fungusgen fungus Verticillium dahliae, imalowa m'mizu ndi dothi, ndikuchulukana, imalepheretsa kupezeka kwa chinyezi ku mphukira ndi maburashi a mphesa. Matenda a mphesa, monga pachithunzichi, nthawi zambiri amakhudza kwambiri mbewu zazing'ono, ndipo mawonekedwe ake akunja amatha kuwonekera chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri chitadwala.
Munda wamphesawo ukuvutika kwambiri ndi katundu wambiri pamtchire. Nthawi zambiri izi zimadziwika ndi kusowa kwa chinyontho, kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa mpweya ndi chiyambi cha kucha zipatso. Choyamba, masamba omwe amawoneka ngati awotcha mphesa, ndiye kutembenuka kwa mphukira ndi Magulu amabwera. Maburashi omwe amapezeka kumapeto kwa otsika owuma, zipatso pa mphesa zowuma, mtembo, ndipo mawonekedwe awa amakhalabe pamipanda.
Buffalo circadian
Palibe zovulaza monga bowa za pathogenic, minda ingachitike ndi njati cicadas, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawononga minda yamphesa.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timadya pamadzimadzi a chomera, pa mphukira ndi zitunda, timapanga kuvulaza kooneka ngati mphete mpaka sentimita yayitali, chifukwa chake zipatso zamphesa zomwe sizikudyedwa, mphukira zimafota ndikufa.
Nyengo, tizilombo timatengera m'badwo umodzi. Pamwambowo, mphutsi za ma cicadas zimakhala ndipo zimadyetsa udzu wokhala pansi pa zitsamba za mpesa, kenako tizilombo tokulirapo timakwera mpesa ndikuyamba ntchito zawo zoyipa.
Kufalikira kwa tizilombo kumayendetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwamasamba ambiri pafupi ndi tchire la mphesa. Njira yothanirana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuwonjezera kawiri pazomera zomwe zili ndi benzophosphate. Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kuyenera kuchitika mu June, komanso, kuchotsa namsongole ndikubzala mabedi anyezi ndi anyezi ndi adyo m'munda wamphesa womwe ungathe kuthana ndi cicada.
Curl bending pa mabulosi kucha
Fotokozani chifukwa chomwe zipatsozi zimapsa mphesa zimatha kukhala masamba akhwima okha, omwe kulemera kwake kumawerama, kupezeka kwa chinyezi ndi michere kumasokonekera, ndipo zipatso zimafota.
Kuopsa kwa kuchepa kwa mbewu pazifukwa izi ndikokulira kwa mitundu ndi ma hybrids omwe amapanga masango akuluakulu.
Mutha kupewa kuthyola zitunda ndi mphukira zokhala ndi burashi ngati mutakulitsa chitsamba chokhazikitsidwa ndi chipilala. Manja atakhazikika pansi saumitsa ndipo amakula bwino, ndipo nthambi zimakumana ndi yunifolomu ndipo sizigwada.
Kuyanika mphesa
Ngati palibe zoyambitsa, mwachitsanzo, zisonyezo zamatenda a mphesa, monga pachithunzichi, ndipo manja sadzaza, zipatsozo zitakonzedwa, mwina tiyenera kukambirana za kuyimitsidwa kwa zitunda.
Zodabwitsazi, zomwe zidazindikira koyamba zaka zana zapitazo, sizidaphunziridwe mokwanira, zimangopezeka kuti mtundu wakufa ziwalo, womwe umatsogolera pang'onopang'ono kapena kuima pakubala kwa masango, umalumikizidwa ndi kusokonezeka kwa metabolic ndipo umakhala wachilengedwe. Matendawa alibe matenda opatsirana, sasinthidwa kuzomera zina ndipo amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi kuphwanya kwamphamvu chinyezi kudzera m'chiwiya chonyamula zipatso. Inde, ndi munthawi yowuma pomwe ziwindi, zomwe zimatsogolera pakuuma kwa zipatso za mphesa, zimawonetsedwa nthawi zambiri.
Zizindikiro zidayuma kale, mwa malo a bulauni akuda m'malo opangira nthambi, zimayamba kudziwika nthawi yakucha, pomwe zipatso zimasonkhana kuchokera 7 mpaka 12% shuga.
Tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono timene timakhudzidwa ndikukula kwa masanjidwe angapo a maselo, ndipo chinyezi chimalimbikitsa chithunzicho ndipo necrosis imakhudza madera atsopano. Ngati malowo atsegulidwa, kutuluka kwa burashi komwe kuli pansi kumayima, ndipo mphesa zokhazokha ziuma, zimafota, ndipo zimasiya kukoma ndi kugulitsa.
Kuumitsa kwa zigawo za mphesa ndizowopsa osati kutayika kwa mbewu, komanso chifukwa bowa ndi tizinthu toyambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamalo omwe akhudzidwa, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda oyambanso a mbewu.
Palibe ubale wapadera pakati pa pafupipafupi kuyanika kwa zitunda, dera la kukula ndi mitundu ya mphesa zadziwika. Koma tinayesera kuti titha kudziwa kuti tchire lokhala ndi mizu silingakhudzidwe ndi nthenda iyi ya mphesa, monga pachithunzichi, kuposa zometanitsidwa, makamaka pamatangadza ataliatali.
Chithandizo cha zitsamba zopuwala ndi fungicides kapena mankhwala ena oteteza chomera sizothandiza. Nthawi zina, mphesa zikauma, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi yankho la 0,75% ya magnesium chloride kapena 3% ya magnesium sulfate kumathandiza. Kupewa kumatenga pafupifupi mwezi umodzi isanayambike ziwalo, kenako kuphukira kwina kumachitika ndi masiku 10.
Monga njira yothandiza kupewa, zipatso zikayamba kupeza mtundu ndikupeza madzi, masango ndi malo ozungulira amathandizidwa ndi njira yayikulu peresenti ya magnesium sulfate.
Komabe, wamaluwa amawona kutsatira malamulo aukadaulo aulimi ngati njira yofunika kwambiri yothanirana ndi kuyanika kwa mphesa. Ndi kupangidwa koyenera ndikudulira kwa mpesa, kugwiritsa ntchito mavalidwe oyenera, kuphatikiza ma magnesium ndi kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, komanso kuthirira madzi okwanira m'munda wamphesawo limodzi ndi kukonza ndi mapuloteni, titha kulankhula za kuphatikizidwa kwa ziwalo za zitunda ndi kusungidwa kwa mbewu.
