Popeza mitengo onunkhira a mitengo ya khofi yapambana padziko lonse lapansi, mbewuzi zalimidwa paliponse. Zachidziwikire, mukamakula nyumba ndi mtengo wa khofi, sizokayikitsa kuti mudzapeza zokolola zodzaza, koma chitsamba chamkati chimakhala ndi zokongoletsera zapamwamba kwambiri kotero kuti nthawi zonse imakhala mlendo wolemekezeka patsamba lililonse.
Chomera cha khofi kapena khofi (C coffee) ndi cha banja la Marena. Kwawo - kotentha kwa Africa.
Nkhani za nthano zabwera kalekale, zomwe zimati m'busa wina amadya mbuzi zomwe amadya zipatso kuchokera ku chitsamba cha khofi. Zitatha izi, mbuzi zija zidasilira usiku wonse, zidadzuka. Adauza motele m'modzi, yemwe nthawi zambiri amagona mzikiti. Mullah adaganiza zowona zipatsozi. Ndipo kwenikweni, zipatso zimathandiza mullah.
Mu 1591, dotolo waku Italiya Prosper Alpinus, akuperekeza kazembe waku Venetian ku Egypt, adadziwa zakumwa izi. Pobwerera, adabweretsanso nyemba zingapo za khofi ndikuyankhula za machiritso ake. Mu 1652, nyumba yoyamba ya khofi idatsegulidwa ku London. Madera ang'onoang'ono, okondweretsawa anafalikira mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti m'zaka zochepa chabe panali ena masauzande angapo.
Popeza m'masiku amenewo kunalibe chidziwitso chochuluka chomwe tili nacho m'nthawi yathu, anthu anasonkhana m'magulu kumeneko, ndikuphunzira ndikukambirana nkhani zaposachedwa, ndipo malonda osiyanasiyana anapangidwa kumeneko. Ngati akufuna kuphunzira za munthu, sanamufunse m'dera lomwe amakhala, komanso nyumba yomwe amapitako khofi. Ngakhale nyali zoyambirira zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mu mzindawo zidayikidwa pafupi ndi malo ogulitsa khofi.
Kofi, mtengo wawung'ono wobadwira ku Africa ndi Abyssinia, adapeza kwawo ku Brazil. Mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya khofi - Arabia ndi Kenyan - ndiwofunika kwambiri kuposa khofi wochokera kumaiko ena. Komabe, ku India, khofi imalimanso pamlingo wambiri.
Mwa mitundu yobzalidwa ya mtengo woyamba wa khofi woyamba ndi khofi wachiarabu, yemwe amakhala 90% ya malowa. Mtunduwu umakula bwino, pachimake ndipo umabala zipatso muzipinda.
Kodi mtengo wa khofi umaoneka bwanji: malongosoledwe azomera
Kofi ndi mtengo wobiriwira nthawi zambiri, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala chitsamba. Mtengo wa khofi ndi chomera chowoneka bwino, kunyumba ndi chisamaliro choyenera amakula mpaka 2 m kutalika.
Masamba ndi akulu, achikopa (10-15 masentimita), pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, chonyezimira, ndi petiole lalifupi, okhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira. Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira ndi chisoti cholunjika. Makungwa a thunthuwo ali ndi mtundu wa beige wopepuka.
Maluwawo ndi onunkhira kwambiri, oyera kapena zonona, omwe amasonkhanitsidwa mumapulogalamu amitundu 3-7 pamakono a masamba. Maluwa amakhala amitundu iwiri, amatulutsa fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala okumbukira.
Chipatsochi ndi mabulosi omwe ali okongola kwambiri. Malinga ndi malongosoledwe, zipatso za mitengo ya khofi ndizofanana ndi zipatso zamatcheri. Zipatsozo ndizochepa, poyamba zimakhala zobiriwira, zozungulira kapena zowonda. Mkati mwake muli mbewu zotchedwa "nyemba za khofi." M'mayiko omwe amalimidwa khofi, ana omwe amasangalala kwambiri amadya zipatsozi.
Mphesa zakupsa zimakhala ndi mtundu wachikasu, zimayamba kukhala ndi utoto wakuda zitayamba kuwaza. Kuchokera pamtengo umodzi wa khofi m'chipinda, mutha kutolera "mbewu" mpaka 0,5 kg.
Mukasamalira mtengo wa khofi kunyumba, monga momwe alangizi alangizi aluso, chomera chimatha kutulutsa ndi kubereka zipatso nthawi yomweyo pachaka. Mtengo wa khofi ndiwokhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali, monga zomangamanga zimatha mpaka zaka 200 (paminda yopanda zaka 30). Pafupifupi, mtengo wa khofi umatha kubala mpaka 1 kg ya mbewu pachaka.
Mtengo wa khofi womwe uli mumphika umasinthasintha mosavuta ndi zovuta za malo. Chomera chaching'ono chimamasula mchaka chachitatu kapena chachinayi
Kutalika kwa mtengo kumadalira mtundu wa mtengowo. Mu nthawi yamasika ndi nthawi yotentha, mbewu imakula kwambiri; kupitilira chaka, mtengowu umatha kukula 5 cm.
Mitundu ndi mitundu.
Kunyumba, pamakhala mtundu umodzi wokha - khofi waku Arabia (S. aradisa).
Chomwe chimadziwikanso mtundu wina wamaluwa wamkati, mtengo wa khofi - 'Nana' ('Nana') - kutalika kwake sikoposa 50-70 cm.
Onani momwe mtengo wa khofi umawonekera pazithunzi izi:
Kugwiritsa ntchito zipatso za khofi
M'mayiko ena ku Africa, masamba a mtengo wa khofi amapangidwa monga tiyi, amakhalanso ndi tiyi kapena khofi. Amakoma zipatso zamkaka. Chakumwa chopangidwa kuchokera ku nyemba za khofi wokazinga chimakhala chosangalatsa komanso chosangalatsa. Ndikofunika kupereka kulowetsedwa kwa khofi wosaphika wofoka chifuwa komanso mutu pamitsempha, komanso nyamakazi ndi gout.
Mankhwala achikhalidwe, makala opangira zamankhwala amapangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu za khofi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga oyeretsa poyizoni wam'mimba, amaposa mitundu ina yonse yamoto wamankhwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poizoni, pochiza mabala, ochokera kuminyewa.
Ku Russia, mankhwala othandizira khofi adadziwika mu 1665, ndipo adawona kuti ndi mankhwala othandiza kwambiri "motsutsana ndi kuzizira komanso kupweteka kwa mutu." Katswiri wotchuka wazomera Karl Linney adalemba za khofi kuti "... chakumwa ichi chimalimbitsa chiberekero, chimathandizira m'mimba kuphika chakudya, kuyeretsa chovalacho mkati, chimatentha m'mimba." Voltaire amakhoza kumwa mpaka makapu 50 a khofi masana, osachepera iye Honoré de Balzac.
Muzochita zamankhwala imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo losangalatsa la chapakati mantha dongosolo ndi vasodilator mu kukhumudwa, kutopa kwa m'maganizo, matenda osiyanasiyana amtima, mutu, hypotension komanso poyizoni.
Kunyumba, zipatsozi zimakhala zouma m'nyumba panja, zomwe zimamasulidwa kale zamkati. Ndiye yokazinga mpaka bulauni, wosweka.
Caffeine yomwe imapezeka m'mitsempha imakhala ndi phindu pa mtima, imangowonjezera magazi.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mukamamwa khofi, thupi limazolowera. Ngati amamwa pamiyeso ikuluikulu (makapu opitirira 5 a khofi patsiku), ndikuyimitsidwa, ndiye kuti pali mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mutu, kutopa, kusokonekera, ndipo nthawi zina mseru.
Kukhala ndi chidziwitso pakugwiritsa ntchito zipatso za mtengo wa khofi, musaiwale kuti khofi wolimba samalimbikitsidwa kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la mitsempha ya mitsempha, chifukwa imatha kuyambitsa matenda a angina.
Amadziwikanso kumwa khofi wa ana, okalamba, amene ali ndi vuto la kugona, wokhala ndi kuwonjezeka, gastritis, ndi zilonda zam'mimbazi. Pulogalamu yotsekemera ya zipatso (zipatso) za khofi ku Africa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndikupanga caffeine.
Kenako, muphunzira momwe mungakulire mtengo wa khofi kunyumba.
Samalani mukamakulitsa mtengo wa khofi mumphika kunyumba (ndi kanema)
Ndikofunika kuti m'chipinda momwe muli mtengo wa khofi, malo omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo otentha amasungidwa, ndiye kuti zingatheke kuyembekezera zokolola ndikuti nyemba zikhale ndi fungo labwino la khofi.
Zipinda zazikulu zopezeka ndi mpweya wabwino ndizoyenera kukonzanso. Mtengo wa khofi uli ndi vuto lalikulu: silimagwirizana ndi mbewu zina zamkati.
Pogona Khofi imasowa chipinda chowala, chowala, makamaka nyengo yozizira. Ndikwabwino kuyika mtengo wa khofi pazenera lakumadzulo ndi kum'mawa.
Kofi imafuna dzuwa ndi mpweya wabwino wambiri, koma mbewu zazing'onoting'ono sizitha kuyang'ana dzuwa. Mtengo wa khofi umakonda kuyatsa kosiyanasiyana. Ngati ili yadzuwa kwambiri, imayamba kukula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kuwala kowala kumatha kupangitsa chikaso ndi makinya masamba. Chifukwa chosowa kuwala, masamba a necrosis a masamba amatha kuyamba.
Zomera sizikulimbikitsidwa kuti zizisunthidwa kuchokera kumalo kupita kwina.
Mtengo wa khofi ukadzalidwa kunyumba, sukonda kusuntha ngati mandimu, komanso umazolowera m'malo mwake ndipo sukonda ukakonzedwanso. Komabe, nthawi yotentha imatha kuyikidwa pa khonde kapena loggia ndipo ngakhale imatengedwera kupita ku kanyumba kofunikira kuyang'ana dzuwa (chifukwa ndikokwanira kumangiriza nsalu kumwera kwa mtengo).
Kutentha Ndikwabwino kukhala ndi mtengowo pa kutentha kwa 25-30 ° C, makamaka nthawi yakula. Kukula kwabwinobwino, kutentha kwa chipinda kumakhalanso koyenera. M'nyengo yozizira, mbewuyo imabisala, kenako imafunika kutentha pang'ono, koma osatsika kuposa 18 ° C. M'nyengo yozizira, mmera nthawi zambiri umasungidwa pamatenthedwe osapitirira 18 ° C
Dothi. Zofunikira zadothi lofunikira posamalira chipinda cha khofi chipinda ndizopatsa thanzi komanso kumasuka. Dothi la chomera limakhala dothi lamtunda, mchenga wowuma wa mitsinje ndi masamba humus, wotengedwa pang'onopang'ono pa 2: 1: 1, pomwe nthaka siyenera kukhala yandale.
Gawo laling'ono limakonzedwa kuchokera ku dambo komanso dothi lamiyala, humus ndi mchenga (2: 1: 1: 1).
Mavalidwe apamwamba. Mukamasamalira mtengo wa khofi kunyumba, kuvala kumachitika kuyambira Meyi mpaka Seputembili kawiri pamwezi ndi feteleza maluwa.
Mukukula, mtengo wa khofi umadya kwambiri michere, motero amalimbikitsidwa kuti azidyetsa kamodzi pakatha masiku 10; makamaka imafunika nayitrogeni ndi potaziyamu. Kuyambira kasupe mpaka pakati pa Ogasiti, mtengowu umadyetsedwa ndi kuzimiririka (1: 10) ndi feteleza wathunthu wamaminidwe, omwe amakhala ndi kufufuza zinthu, makamaka molybdenum. Feteleza AVA ndilothandiza kwambiri.
Thirani Mukukonzekera kubzala mtengo wa khofi kunyumba, duwa laling'ono limasulidwa chaka chilichonse, munthu wamkulu - kamodzi pakatha zaka 2-3. Zomera zazikulu masika zimasinthidwa kukhala miphika yayikulu komanso yayikulu.
Momwe mungathiritsire ndikubzala mtengo wapa khofi kunyumba (ndi chithunzi)
Kuthirira kwambiri m'chilimwe, pang'ono yozizira, ndi madzi oyimirira. Chomera chimafuna kuthirira nthawi zonse, makamaka nthawi yamalimwe-chilimwe panthawi yomwe ikukula kwambiri. Koma kuthirira kochuluka sikulimbikitsidwa. Musanatsirire mtengo wa khofi, onetsetsani kuti dothi lakumwamba ndilouma pang'ono. Ngati kuthirira sikokwanira, kapena, mosiyana kwambiri, masamba amathanso kuyamba kugwa. M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri simuyenera kuthirira mtengo wa khofi.
Mtengo wa khofi umakonda mpweya wabwino, umafunikira chinyezi chachikulu. Ndi magetsi otenthetsedwa, ndikofunikira kupopera kofi katatu patsiku.
Monga zikuwonekera pachithunzipa, mtengo wa khofi wamkati uli ndi korona wokongola wachilengedwe:
Mukamadulira mbewu, munthu amafunika kufupikitsa nthawi yayitali ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa mbewuyo mogwirizana ndi momwe ikufunikira. Komabe, zitsanzo zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kumadula zimakhazikika ngati chitsamba chomwe chimayenera kupangidwa. Popeza chomera chimatha kujambula, tikulimbikitsidwa kuzungulira mozungulira nthawi ndi nthawi kukulitsa korona.
Zotsatirazi zikufotokozera momwe mungafalitsire mtengo wa khofi kunyumba.
Momwe mungafalitsire mtengo wa khofi kunyumba ndi mbewu ndi zodulidwa
Kubalana. Mbewu zatsopano zomwe zaphulika kumene kuchokera ku chipolopolo chofiiracho. Mbewu zimamera bwino mgawo wamkati (25-28 ° C).
Mbewu zimataya msanga mphamvu zake, kuti siziyenera kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri, ndipo ndibwino kubzala mutangokolola. Kukula mtengo wa khofi, njere zomwe zimerengedwa kuchokera pa zamkati, zimafesedwa mu dothi losakanikirana ndi dothi louma, dothi lamasamba ndi mchenga (2: 1: 2) mpaka akuya masentimita 1, mbali yotsika. Asanadzalemo, amatsukidwa munjira yofooka ya potaziyamu permanganate. Kutentha kwa kumera kuyenera kukhala madigiri 8-10, gawo lapansi limakhala lonyowa. Kuwombera kumawonekera patatha masiku 30 mpaka 40. Pambuyo pakupanga masamba awiri oyamba, mbewuzo zimabzalidwa mumiphika. Zaka 3-4 zoyambirira, mtengowo umagulitsidwa chaka chilichonse, pambuyo pake - zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Zomera zazikulu, gawo limodzi la humus limawonjezeredwa panthaka.
Mutha kufalitsa khofi ndi zodula, kuzizimitsa mu mchenga wonyowa pansi pagalasi kapena pulasitiki wokutira, kutentha kwa 28-30 C. Kudula kuyenera kutengedwa pamtengo wopatsa zipatso, apo ayi simudikira chipatso. Dulani chomeracho masika ndi nsonga za mphukira zapachaka za chaka chatha. Mbande za mtengo wa khofi zimayamba kubereka zipatso kwa zaka 3-4, ndipo zochulukitsa zomwe zimamera pobzala nthawi zina zimaphuka kale pakukula.
Kanema "Mtengo wa khofi kunyumba" akuwonetsa zamachitidwe onse azachikhalidwe posamalira chomera:
