Guzmania (Guzmania) - mtundu wobiriwira wa nthawi zonse wa epiphytic ndi mbewu zapadziko lapansi, zomwe zimachokera kubanja la Bromeliaceae (Bromeliad). Mitunduyi imaphatikizapo mitundu yopitilira 130 yomwe mwachilengedwe imamera m'nkhalango zotentha komanso m'malo otsetsereka a West Indies, Brazil, Venezuela, South Florida ndi Central America, ndipo imakulanso m'zipinda, chisamaliro cha nyumba cha guzmania sichingakhale chisamaliro choyenera. ntchito.
Mtunduwu adatchulidwa polemekeza katswiri wazomera ndi wowonetsa zachilengedwe Anastasio Guzman wa ku Spain, yemwe adafotokozera mbewu izi mu 1802.
Zambiri pa Duwa la Guzmania
Gusmania ndi mbewu zomwe zimakonda kutentha ndipo chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwake kutentha pafupifupi madigiri 25 Celsius kumafunikira. Anthu okhala m'nkhalango zamvula zamtunduwu amamera ngati ma epiphytes pamitengo komanso mizu m'nthaka.
Chomera chimakhala ndi masamba obiriwira kapena masamba opindika komanso ndi m'mphepete mwamphamvu, ndikupanga rosette yooneka ngati malilime, yomwe imatha kutalika mpaka masentimita 50 ndikukhala ndi mainchesi ofanana. Pakati pa rosette, masamba ophuka amawonekera asanaphuke, omwe ali ndi mtundu wowala ndipo amawonekera pamasamba ena onse.
Mitundu ina "imataya" inflorescence pamiyendo italiitali. Kusamalira kunyumba ku Guzmania komwe malingaliro onse adatsatidwa pachimake pokhapokha zaka 2-3. Kutalika kwa maluwa kumatha kupitirira miyezi itatu, koma izi zitatha, chomera cha mayi chimafa.
Ichi ndi gawo la onse oimira ma bromeliad, omwe amatulutsa kamodzi kokha m'moyo wawo, pambuyo pake amaphukira ndi kufera.
Mitundu ya Guzmania ndi mitundu
Guzmania Zana kapena Tsana (Guzmania zahnii) - chomera chomwe chili ndi masamba owongoka, kutalika kwake chingafikire masentimita 70 ndi mainchesi 2.5 mpaka 3. Kujambula masamba kungakhale kofiyira kapena kusiyanirana mitundu ndi mitundu yambiri yamafupi amtundu wautali. Masamba ofiira ndi ofiira.
Kutalika kwa inflorescence kumayambira 18 mpaka 25 sentimita. Broker ndi maluwa achikasu achikuda. Pali mitundu yamitundu iyi ya guzmania - variegated, yomwe imakhala ndi mikwingwirima yayitali pamasamba oyera. Dera lokhalamo nyama zamtunduwu ndi Colombia.
Guzmania Donnella Smith (Guzmania donnell-smithii) - mbewu yomwe masamba ake amakhala ndi rosette yotayirira ndipo yotalika mpaka masentimita 60 ndi mainchesi atatu. Maonekedwe a tsamba ndi zilankhulo, kuloza pamwamba. Masamba obiriwira okhala ndi masikelo otuwa.
Maluwa a chomera ndi okhazikika, yokutidwa ndi masamba. The inflorescence ndi waufupi, wandiweyani, piramidi mantha ndi axis wopanda. Pa inflorescence, masamba otsika amawongoka, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe owulungika ndi malekezero ake ndi utoto wowala.
Zotsatira za spikelets ndi wandiweyani, zimakhala ndi maluwa 2-3 okhala ndi axis 1 cm. Mabulogu ndi ofupika kwambiri kuposa manda, filimu yopyapyala, yokongola, yopanda mawonekedwe komanso kutalika kwa masentimita 10. Masamba ndi ochepa pang'onopang'ono mawonekedwe, kupanga chubu lalifupi. Maluwa amaluwa adasokonekera, ndimitundu yosiyanasiyana, yoyeserera. Zomera zimatulutsa mu Epulo-Meyi. Dziko lakwawo la guzmania ndi nkhalango zamvula za ku Costa Rica ndi Panama.
Magazi a Guzmania afiira (Guzmania sanguinea Mez) - mawonekedwe okongola otentha opezeka ndi masamba otambalala, okhala ndi m'mphepete pansi ndi m'mphepete yolimba yomwe imapanga rosette yooneka ngati goblet. Masamba amakhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 30 ndipo nthawi yamaluwa amapeza mtundu wofiira kwambiri. Mtunduwu ulibe peduncle, ndipo maluwa achikasu amakhala pazovala zazifupi, zolumikizana mu inflorescence mwa zidutswa za 7-12.
Maluwa amaluwa amalalidwa ndipo amapanga chubu chachitali, chaching'ono. Mabulogu akuluakulu kuposa manda. Nthawi ya maluwa ndi Epulo ndi Ogasiti. Izi guzmania kuthengo ndizofala kwambiri m'nkhalango za Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador. Ili ndi mitundu ingapo:
- burvipedicellata amadziwika ndi chisoti-ngati, ma brappings;
- sanguinea yazungulira mabulangete okhala ndi malekezero oyera, oyera kapena obiriwira achikasu;
- tricolor - pali zingwe zopota zazitali kwa masamba obiriwira obiriwira.
Guzmania mosaic (Guzmania musaica) - mbewu zokhala ndi dambo lokula bwino, lokhala ndi masamba owongoka, omwe amakhala ndi mikwaso yobiriwira yakuda pakawoneka kobiriwira. Kutalika kwa masamba kumatha kufika masentimita 70, ndipo m'lifupi ndi mainchesi 5-8. Phula la chomera ndilowongoka, lalifupi kwambiri kuposa masamba.
Makutu amtundu wa inflorescence amakhala ndi maluwa oyera pafupifupi 12 mpaka 20, pomwe maziko ake amaphimbidwa ndi zikopa zazikulu, zachikopa, zopangidwa ndi obovate zamtundu wowala wa pinki. Mphete zachikopa, zophatikizika zimakhala zazitali kutalika ndi zazifupi ndipo zimakhala ndi mtundu wachikaso. Kuwona kumeneku kunaperekedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha Colombia ndi Panama.
Guzmania Nicaraguan (Guzmania Nicaraguensis) - mmera wokhala ndi masamba obiriwira omwe masamba amakwiriridwa. Rosette imakhala ndi lilime la 10 - lopangidwa ndi malekezero akuthwa masamba, lalitali kutalika kwa masentimita 6 ndi utali wa masentimita 2.5, lomwe limakutidwa kuchokera pansi, pamapeto pake limazimiririka, laling'ono, limapanikizika pamiyeso ya utoto.
Kukula kwa guzmania kumeneku sikophweka pamatumba osavomerezeka, kutalika mpaka masentimita 10. Ma brontin-brined okhala ndi mawonekedwe amakhala owongoka bwino mpaka masentimita 5.
Maluwa amayikidwa miyendo yayifupi yokhazikika ndi miyala yachikasu yomwe imamera limodzi, ndikupanga chubu. Malekezero a petals amakhalabe aufulu. Mitambo yopyapyala yokhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba, mpaka masentimita 2,5 kutalika, yopaka pansi. Dziko lokhalamo mitundu iyi ndi nkhalango za ku Central America ndi Mexico.
Guzmania gulu limodzi (Guzmania monostachia) - chomera chomwe chili ndi dambo lambiri lopendekeka-chokhala ndi malekezero owongoka masamba mpaka masentimita 40 mulitali ndi masentimita awiri mulifupi. Masamba ndi achikasu achikuda, omwe amakhala pansi.
Pakhonde lopanda matolo pamakhala kakhalidwe kena kophweka kofika masentimita 15 kutalika ndi mainchesi atatu. Mabulogu owoneka owala bwino amakhala ndi mawonekedwe owongoka. Maluwa okhala ndi masamba oyera a mitundu yoyera, mpaka masentimita atatu kutalika.
Pali mitundu:
- alba - ili ndi masamba amtundu umodzi ndi zazing'ono zamitundu iwiri - zoyera zomwe zimakhala pamwamba ndi zobiriwira - pansipa;
- variegata - masamba a mbewuyi amakhala ndi masamba oyera pazobiriwira zobiriwira;
- monostachia - mbewuyo imadziwika ndi mabulangete achikuda amtundu wamaluwa wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yayitali yakuda.
Mtunduwu wafalikira munkhalango za South Florida, Nicaragua, Peru, Northern Brazil ndi India.
Guzmania bango (Guzmania lingulata) - mbewu yomwe imapanga maluwa okongola kwambiri, ochititsa chidwi komanso okongoletsa, omwe amayenera kuchotsedwa maluwa atamasulidwa. Izi guzmania limakula epiphytically pa mitengo ya nkhalango zamapiri ku Brazil, Honduras ndi Bolivia. Masamba amawonetsedwa, mokhotakhota, ndi mawonekedwe olimba m'mphepete wandiweyani. Kutalika kwa masamba kuyambira 30 mpaka 45 sentimita, m'lifupi ndi masentimita 4.
Pafupifupi mwachindunji komanso wakuda, pali corymbose multifloral inflorescence wokhala ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 7 sentimita. Maluwa ang'onoang'ono achikasu ndi kutalika masentimita 4 ndipo amakongoletsedwa ndi mabulangeti ofiira. Nthawi yamaluwa ndi nthawi yozizira kapena yoyambirira.
Guzmania yamtunduwu imasiyana kwambiri. Mitundu yotsatirayi imadziwika mwachilengedwe:
- sardinalis - ili ndi maluwa otuluka mumitundu yambiri okhala ndi mabulangeti ofiira owala bwino. Limamasula mu Marichi ndi Seputembara.
- flammea - ili ndi lalifupi (mpaka 34 cm) ndi masamba opapatiza (mpaka 1.7 cm). Nthawi ya maluwa - Julayi, August.
- lingulata ndi chomera chachikulu chomwe chili ndi maluwa ambiri komanso inflorescence okhala ndi masamba okhazikika ofiira kapena ofiira. Nthawi ya maluwa - Disembala, Marichi, Ogasiti.
- Chomera chaching'ono ndi mtundu wawung'ono wamtundu umodzi wokhala ndi mabulangete okongola amtundu wofiira. Limamasula kuyambira mwezi wa February mpaka Julayi.
Kusamalira kunyumba ku Guzmania
Guzmania amatanthauza mbewu zomwe zimatha kukula mu mthunzi komanso pamalo owala. Tikakulitsa nyumba pazenera dzuwa, ndikofunikira kuteteza ku dzuwa lowala masana, ndikupukutira ndi nsalu kapena pepala lowonekera. Imamverera bwino pazenera zoyang'ana kumadzulo kapena kummawa.
Mawindo akumpoto angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukulitsa mbewu, pomwe kukongola kwamalo otentha sikungakhale pachimake. M'chilimwe ndikofunikira kutulutsa miphika ndi mbewu kumlengalenga, pomwe mukuteteza ku dzuwa, kusanja ndi kugwa kwamvula. Ngati ndizosatheka kusunga guzmania panja, ndikofunikira kuti mpweya wonse ukhale m'malo.
Kuyambira nthawi yophukira mpaka masika, guzmania kunyumba sikufuna shading, m'malo mwake, kuwala kokwanira kumafunikira. Ndikulimbikitsidwanso kuti mupange kuwunikira kowonjezera pogwiritsa ntchito nyali za fluorescent zosachepera maola 8.
Nyali zimayikidwa patali masentimita 60 kuchokera kuzomera. M'nyengo yozizira, kukwera ndege ndizofunikanso, muyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti mbewuyo sikugwa mchikakamizo cha ojambula.
Kusamalira ku Guzmania kunyumba ndikofunikira chifukwa ndi chomera chokonda kutentha ndipo chimakonda "kukhala" nthawi yachilimwe komanso kutentha kwa madigiri 20 mpaka 25. M'nyengo yozizira, pamene chomera chimakhala ndi matalala, ndikofunikira kuti chizisungidwa m'chipinda chozizira kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa madigiri 15-18. Kutentha kosachepera kwenikweni ndi madigiri 12 Celsius.
Maluwa a Guzmania kuthirira komanso chinyezi chofunikira
Panthawi yokukula ndi kutukuka (pafupifupi kuyambira pa Okutobala mpaka Okutobala), chisamaliro cha guzmania kunyumba chimafunikira kuthirira yambiri pamene dothi limata. Potere, madzi amathiridwa mwachindunji kukatulutsa. Ndikofunika kuthirira guzmania m'mawa.
Madzi mu malo ogulitsira amayenera kukhalapo pafupifupi masentimita 2,5, ndipo kamodzi pamwezi ayenera kusinthidwa. Maluwa atayamba kuphuka komanso nthawi isanayambe, madzi azichotsedwa.
M'nyengo yozizira, kuthirira kwa guzmania kumachitika pang'ono, atayanika dothi pafupifupi theka la mphika. Ngati matenthedwe amlengalenga ali pansi pa madigiri 20, ndiye kuti mtengowo suthiridwe madzi, koma owonongedwa. Kutsanulira madzi mu makina otulutsa kumapeto kwa maluwa a guzmania kumadzetsa kuvunda.
Ngati guzmania iikidwa pamtengo wa bromeliad, ndiye kuti masiku 10 aliwonse amachotsedwa pamathandizo ndikutsitsidwa ndikuthiridwa m'madzi mpaka amakhuta, pambuyo pake amaloledwa kukhetsa madzi ochuluka ndikuwabwezeretsa pamtengo.
Ngati nthawi yozizira mbewuyo imasungidwa kutentha pamwamba pa madigiri 20, ndiye kuti nthawi zina mumathira madzi ofunda mu malo ogulitsira.
Madzi othirira madzi a guzmania ayenera kukhala ofewa, okhazikika komanso otentha (pafupifupi madigiri atatu kuposa kutentha kwa chipindacho).
Monga mbewu zonse zotentha, guzmania imakonda mpweya, wokhutira ndi chinyezi chambiri. Amakhala bwino m'malo obiriwira okhala ndi masamba komanso malo owotchera. Kusamalira nyumba ya Guzmania komwe mutha kuyika miphika ndi mbewu pamatayala okhala ndi timiyala tonyowa, dongo kapena moss.
Pankhaniyi, pansi pamphika sikuyenera kulumikizana ndi madzi. Komanso, kuti zitsimikizire chinyezi chofunikira, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumachitika kangapo patsiku, makamaka ngati mpweya mchipindacho uli wouma.
Kusamalira guzmania kunyumba kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsa masamba a fumbi, kupukuta ndi nsalu yonyowa. Kugwiritsa ntchito sera kuyatsa masamba sikofunikira.
Kuyambira mwezi wa Meyi mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, feteleza amaikidwa kamodzi pamwezi. Pazifukwa izi, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wapadera wa bromeliads, koma pakapanda izi, feteleza wachilengedwe wazomera zam'mimba zomwe zimakhala ndi zochepa za nayitrogeni, ndizoyenera paz Mlingo waukulu wa guzmania, ndizoyeneranso.
Feteleza amasungunuka m'madzi othirira ndikuthiridwa mu socket. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe, mlingo wake uyenera kuchepetsedwa maulendo anayi kuposa mbewu zina.
Guzmania amasamalira ndi kufalitsa
Duwa la Guzmania limasinthidwa pafupifupi zaka 2-3, monga zimafunikira. Ndondomeko itha kuchitika kokha kumapeto kwa maluwa, ana ophunzira akamakula pang'ono. Poika mbewu, chisamaliro chimayenera kuthandizidwa kuti chisale khosi la chomera, chomwe chitha kupha.
Kusamalira guzmania kumaphatikizaponso kusankhidwa kwa miphika yayikulu kwambiri, ndibwino kutenga osaya komanso lalikulu. Imene 1/3 ya poto imadzaza ndi zotaya kuchokera kuzidutswa za khokho la vinyo kapena dongo lotukulidwa. Gawo loyambira guzmania limafunikira lotayirira. Mutha kugula osakaniza a mbewu za epiphytic mu shopu yamaluwa, kapena mutha kuphika nokha.
Pali "maphikidwe" angapo okonzekera kwake:
- khungwa la pini wosadulidwa - magawo atatu, peat peat - 1 gawo, masamba osweka a sphagnum - 1 gawo, dothi lamasamba - gawo limodzi, humus - 0,5 gawo. Mitengo ina ndi makala zimawonjezedwanso pano.
- Dothi louma - gawo limodzi, ulusi wa kokonati - gawo limodzi, zidutswa za pini makungwa - magawo 0,5, mchenga - magawo 0,5, sphagnum moss - ochepa.
- Amatengedwa m'malo ofanana, dothi lapadziko lonse, mchenga ndi zidutswa za makungwa a pine.
- Mizu yafern yomwe yazungulira - magawo atatu ndi sphagnum moss - gawo limodzi.
Kufalitsa mbewu za Guzmania kunyumba
Nthawi zina, kufalitsa mbewu ndikotheka. Ndiosavuta komanso wodalirika kufalitsa ndi ana.
Mbewu zisanafesedwe zimatsukidwa ndi njira yofooka ya potaziyamu permanganate ndi zouma. Kusakaniza kwa kufesa kumakonzedwa kuchokera ku sphagnum wosweka kapena peat ndi mchenga. Popeza kumera mbewu kumachitika m'kuwala, kumabalira pansi.
Kutentha kofunikira kuti kumere bwino ndi madigiri 24. Ndikofunika kuchita pafupipafupi mpweya wabwino ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Mbande zitha kuyembekezeredwa masiku 10 mpaka 20 mutabzala.
Pakadutsa miyezi ina 2,5, mbewu zazing'ono zimadumphira pansi gawo limodzi la malo owetera, magawo awiri a nthaka yamasamba ndi gawo limodzi la peat. Pambuyo pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, guzmania wamkuluyo amabzalidwa mumiphika. Chisamaliro cha Guzmania kunyumba, ngakhale chitachitika ndi malingaliro onse, maluwa sangathe kuyembekezedwa kale kuposa zaka 3-4.
Mapeto a maluwa, guzmania imafa, "ndikupatsa moyo" ndi ana ambiri omwe amatuluka masamba opatsanso mphamvu. Kwa miyezi iwiri, njirazi zimapanga timapepala tambiri komanso mizu yofooka.
Munthawi imeneyi, amasiyanitsidwa mosamala ndikubzala mumiphika yodzazidwa ndi sphagnum kapena osakaniza wopangidwa ndi 1 mchenga ndi makungwa a pine ndi magawo atatu a nthaka yamasamba.
Nthambi zokhazikitsidwa zimayikidwa pamalo omwe kutentha ndi 26-25 degrees Celsius, ndikufundidwa ndi chotengera chagalasi kapena thumba la pulasitiki kuti ikule mwachangu ndikukula kwa mbewu. Pambuyo pozika mizu komanso kukula kwodziwika, "unyamata" umazolowera kukhala mndende nthawi zonse.
Guzmania zovuta zotheka
- Ndi kuthirira kwambiri, kuvunda kwa mizu ndikotheka.
- Nthawi zambiri, guzmanias amakhudzidwa ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus chifukwa cha zomwe zili m'zipinda zofunda kwambiri komanso zotentha.
- Madontho a bulauni pamasamba amawonetsa kutentha kwa dzuwa.
- Malangizo a masamba amasandulika bulauni pakakhala chinyezi chokwanira cha mpweya, komanso kuthirira ndi madzi olimba kapena kusowa kwa madzi ofunikira kutulutsa.
- Imfa ya mbewu pamapeto a maluwa ndi njira yachilengedwe.
- Kuoneka kwa masamba achikasu pamasamba ndi chikasu pang'onopang'ono ndi kufa kwa tsamba lonse kumawonetsa kugonjetsedwa kwa kangaude wofiyira.
- Maonekedwe a bulauni-ma tubercles pamasamba - mbewuyo imakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwa bromeliad.
- Ngati masamba adakutidwa ndi khungu loyera ngati thonje, zikutanthauza kuti panali kugonjetsedwa ndi mealybugs.
- Ngati chomera sichipanga ma subsidiaries, ndiye kuti chikutanthauza kuti mulibe michere.
- Kutsetseka ndi masamba ofewa kumawonetsa kutentha pang'ono kwa guzmania.
