Podziwa chikondi cha mavenda, chaka chilichonse nthawi zonse pamakhala anthu omwe amayesera kuti apange ndalama, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachinyengo kapena zovomerezeka. Zambiri mwa njirazi ndizolinga zopeza zokolola zoyambirira komanso zabwino kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, amalonda ndi opanga ulimi amapambana kawiri chifukwa:
- kukhala ndi nthawi yoti muzindikirira mavwende, pomwe zochuluka za mbewuzo zikupsa m'mabedi;
- kulandira phindu lochulukirapo lazipatso zolemera.
Yemwe amataya ndiye wogulitsa mwatsoka yemwe adagonja ndikuyesedwa ndikugula wosagwiritsidwa ntchito kwathunthu, kutali ndi chokoma nthawi zonse, ndipo nthawi zina mavwende owopsa. Inde, pofuna kufunafuna phindu, olima mavwende osavomerezeka, kenako amalonda, apite kukaphwanya teknoloji yaulimi, mudzaze kubzala ndi mankhwala, gwiritsani ntchito mbewu zosavomerezeka, komanso, osayang'ana magawo ndi machitidwe akusunga zipatso, perekani mavwende ovuta.
Vutoli limakulirakulira chifukwa chakuti pogula zipatso zonse, anthu amadula pokhapokha, ndipo ndi okhawo omwe amawona:
- misempha yoyera yachikaso ndi yoyera mu chivwende;
- madera osakhazikitsidwa zamkati ndi ming'alu, ndikugawa m'magawo angapo;
- waulesi, mnofu wowoneka mkati mwa chivwende;
- utoto wosasinthika;
- Zizindikiro zopatsa mphamvu.
Ndipo nthawi zina mavwende ofiira, m'malo mokoma, amakhala owawa. Chifukwa chiyani izi zikuchitika? Zoyenera kuchita ndi chivwende chotere ndipo mitsinje yoyera ndi chikasu mumkati zimatanthauzanji?
Kodi mitsempha yoyera ndi yachikasu yomwe imakhala mu mavwende imachokera kuti?
Choyambitsa chachikulu komanso chodziwika bwino cha poizoni wa watermelon ndikugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wochuluka wa nayitrogeni akamakula.
Munthawi yovomerezeka, nayitrogeni ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakukula ndikukula kwa mbewu, komabe, mukaigwiritsa ntchito mopitilira muyeso wovomerezeka, alimi a mavwende amatha kupeza zipatso zomwe zimalemera mpaka 10 kg mu masabata 2-3. Pambuyo kuthirira kambiri ndi kuvala pamwambapa ndi yankho la nitrate, mavwende amadzuka, ngati ndi yisiti, ndipo m'malo mwa masiku 70-90 omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mavwende padzuwa, amasonkhanitsidwa pafupifupi mwezi m'mbuyomu. Wopangayo amalandira zipatso zoyambirira, ndipo m'modzi aliyense wa iwo wakwanitsa kale kuphatikiza gawo la nitrate poyipa kwa anthu.
Chimodzi mwazizindikiro za "poyizoni" mavwende ndi ma gourds ndikulowa mnofu wamitsempha yoyera ndi yachikasu mu chivwende. Amapangidwa chifukwa cha zochita za mankhwala, zomwe sizimangokhala chikwapu, komanso mwana wosabadwayo amakula mwachangu. Poyamba, zombo zachilendozi ndizoyera kwambiri ndipo zimapatsa mavwende osapsa ndi chakudya, koma mothandizidwa ndi nitrate, chipatsocho chimakula mwachangu ndipo chimakalamba posachedwa. Chifukwa chake, mitsempha yoyera mu chivwendechi posachedwa imakhala coarser ndikupeza tint yachikasu kapena yofiirira.
Mlingo wapamwamba wa nitrate ndi ma nitrites opangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo mthupi amatha kudziunjikira ndikuwonjezera zoyipa. Kuwonetsedwa kwa mankhwala a nayitrogeni amakhudza dongosolo la m'mimba, kusokoneza njira za metabolic ndikulepheretsa dongosolo lamanjenje. Zotsatira zake ma nitrites amalowa mthupi, kuperekanso minofu yokhala ndi mpweya kumachepa, chitetezo cha mthupi chimawonongeka.
Ngati munthu wamkulu amalekerera mlingo wa 150-200 mg mosapweteka, ndiye kuti 600 mg ya nitrate amachititsa kuwonongeka kosatha. Koma mankhwala ena a nayitrogeni amayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ana aang'ono, omwe mlingo wa 10 mg umakhala poizoni.
Chifukwa chiyani chivwende chimakhala ndi mnofu wotulutsa mkati?
Ndizosangalatsa kuti njira zopangira ma nitrate zimapitilira kuthekera kwa kuthekera kwa "mbewu" yotere. Zowona, chivwende sichikukulanso, koma zimakhala mkati mwake zikusintha. Ngakhale kutchukidwa ndi zobiriwira, posachedwa kumakhala kofiyira, ndipo zotengera zoyera zimayamba chikaso. Ndipo masabata angapo ukatha kukolola, mnofu mkati mwa chivwende umamasuka, umagunda ndipo umakoma pang'ono.
Mukadula chipatso chamadzimadzi chokhala ndi ma nitrate, mutagona pang'ono pa kontrakitala, kuwonjezera pa chikasu cham'madzi, chivwende chamkaka nthawi zambiri chimapezeka, kuyambira m'mimba mwake kuyambira 2 mpaka 50 mm. Kugwiritsa ntchito chivwende chotere mwa anthu athanzi kumatha kuyambitsa mavuto osaneneka, komanso moyenera sizingasangalatse. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma nitrate ndi komwe kumayambitsa mavwende ambiri, koma kwenikweni mutha kukumana ndi nthawi zina zosasangalatsa.
Pofunsa funso kuti: "Chifukwa chiyani chivwende mkati mwake chimakhala chosakoma?", Wogula atha kupeza zipatso zomwe zasungidwa nthawi yayitali. Masabata angapo padzuwa lowotchera limakwanira kuti chivwende chang'ambika chikwapu kuti chisaume, ndipo thupi lake limakhala ngati zouma zouma kapena zoyera. Nthawi zambiri, njirayi imayamba kuchokera komwe mbewu, kenako imafalikira mpaka pakati.
Kodi mavwende amawawa chifukwa chiyani?
Ngati ulusi wopaka bwino pa zamkati, kusintha kwa mtundu wake ndi kapangidwe kake, kosonyeza mtundu wamphesa, sizivuta kuwona akangodulidwa, ndiye kuti zipatso zowawa ziyenera kulawa kamodzi.
Kodi chifukwa chiyani chivwacho chimadziwika chifukwa cha kukoma kwake? Pali mayankho angapo omwe angathe. Nthawi zambiri, ogula amayenera kuthana ndi zipatso zomwe zaikidwa kale, zomwe, chifukwa cha chilengedwe kapena chifukwa chokhala ndi nitrate, sizimva kukoma kwawo koyambirira.
Chifukwa cha saltpeter, yomwe yalowa m'mimba, imayamba kukula msanga, mpaka kufika 10 kg. Kenako olima makwibwi osavomerezeka amasiyira mavwende kuti akhwime masiku owerengeka, pomwe zipatso zimasanduka zofiira, koma, tsoka, sizimapeza kukoma. Zotsatira zake, anapeza kuti 5-6% ya fructose ndi glucose amasanduka sucrose, ndipo posakhalitsa thupi limayamba kusanduka wowawasa, ndikusintha kukoma kukhala kowawa.
Kuphatikiza apo, ngati chipatso chosakhwima chomwe chimaphatikizidwa ndi nitrate chagulidwa, ndizotheka kuti cucurbitacin, chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa kuwawa kwa nkhaka ndi momordica, ndiye kuti ndi chifukwa cha kukoma kwawo kosasangalatsa. Mu mavwende akakhwima amakhala ndi gawo laling'ono, koma masamba obiriwira, omwe amachititsa kupweteka m'mimba ndi kudzimbidwa kwa poizoni wachilengedwe, zina zambiri. Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake chivwende chimakhala chowawa chilimwe.
Ngati mumafuna kusangalala ndi kagawo kakakoma nthawi yachisanu, vuto lotsatira pambuyo pake lingakhale mpweya wa ethylene, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito posungirako zipatso zobzalidwa kwinakwake ku Thailand kapena Turkey.
Mulimonsemo, ngati chivwende chagwera patebulo, chokhala mkati, chokhala ndi ulusi wopota kapena kukhala ndi mtundu wina, muyenera kukana kudya.
