Anthu nthawi zambiri amati wokonza munda wabwino aliyense ayenera kukhala ndi mulu wa kompositi. Kupanga nokha kompositi sikutanthauza maluso apadera kapena khama kuchokera kwa wamaluwa ndipo pamafunika ndalama zaulere. Kuphatikiza apo, mosakayikira zimapulumutsa mphamvu, ndalama ndi nthawi yogulira feteleza wina, kuthilira ndi kuchotsa, komanso kuchotsa zinyalala, popeza zinyalala za m'munda ndi zakhitchini zidzapita mwachindunji pa mulu wa kompositi. Tiyeni tiwone kuti ndiyambire pati.
© Mosepors
Ndalama (kuyambira lat. Compositus - pawiri) - organic feteleza chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe motsogozedwa ndi ntchito ya tizilombo.
Pakupanga manyowa m'mitundu yachilengedwe, michere yomwe imapezeka kuzomera imakula (nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu ndi zina), mazira a pathogenic ndi mazira a helminth samasinthidwa, kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe am'mlengalenga, hemicellulose ndi pectin amachepetsa (amachititsa kusintha kwa mitundu ya nthaka ya nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous kukhala mitundu yachilengedwe yoperewera ndi mbewu), feteleza amakhala womasuka, womwe umathandizira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'nthaka.
Zomera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbewu zonse, pafupifupi Mlingo womwewo (1.5-4 kg / sq.m). Amabwera ndi banja (zomwe zikutanthauza kuti azibalalitsa pamunda womwe wangokhala kumene, mwachitsanzo, asanabzala mbatata), pansi pa nyengo yolima ndi kulima, m'maenje mutabzala mbande. Kupanga manyowa sikubwera poyerekeza manyowa posankha umuna, ndipo ena mwa iwo (mwachitsanzo, peat moss ndi phosphorite ufa) amaposa.
© Malene
Pindulani
Kompositi chamdimba ndichabwino komanso chothandiza m'mbali zonse. Zomera, kompositi yomwe idalowetsedwa m'nthaka ndi feteleza wabwino kwambiri, wokhutitsidwa ndi zofunika kufufuza ndi humus. Dothi - chopanda chilengedwe, njira yosintha kapangidwe ka dothi, lomwe limatha kumasula komanso kupulumutsa chinyezi. Kufalikira pamtunda, kompositi ndi mulchi yabwino kwambiri yomwe imalepheretsa kukula kwa udzu ndipo imathandizira kuti chinyontho chizikhala mizu yazomera. Okhala m'mundamo amayamikila mulu wa kompositi. Awa ndi "chipinda chodyeramo" chabwino kwambiri cha mbalame ndi nyama zazing'ono zopanda chitetezo, komanso malo omwe amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya zolengedwa, zomwe (limodzi ndi bacteria ndi bowa) zimawonongeka makamaka, ndikupanga manyowa.
Mukamapangira kompositi yanuyanu yazipinda, palibe chifukwa choti muziwotcha zinyalala za m'munda, masamba akale, mapepala, ma CD ndi makatoni, poyizoni ndi malo ozungulira komanso anansi. Palibe chifukwa chogulira feteleza wopangira ndi dothi labwino kwambiri. Sichingakhale kukokomeza kunena kuti kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kompositi yathuyi kumathandizira kwambiri moyo wa wolima ndipo kumathandizira kuteteza chilengedwe. Kulima zinyalala popanda kugwiritsa ntchito kompositi wa dimba m'malo mwa feteleza wamafuta owopsa komanso okwera mtengo ndizofunikira kwambiri pa lingaliro labwinobwino.
Zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhudza kuwonongeka kwa organics
Kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri, zomwe zitatu zikuluzikulu ziyenera kusiyanitsidwa:
1. Mpweya wa okosijeni
Kupanga kompositi kumadalira kupezeka kwa mpweya. Kuchepa kwa aerobic kumatanthauza kuti ma virus okhala ndi muluwo amafunikira mpweya, pomwe kuwonongeka kwa anaerobic kumatanthauza kuti ma microbes omwe amagwira ntchito safuna oxygen kuti akhale ndi moyo komanso kukula. Kutentha, chinyezi, kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya, komanso kupezeka kwa michere kumapangitsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wofunikira popanga manyowa.
2. Chinyezi
Ndikofunikira kuti pakhale chinyezi chambiri mulu wa manyowa (kompositi), koma ndikofunikira kuti athe kupatsanso mpweya mabakiteriya aerobic. Zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mphamvu yosiyanirana ndi madzi, motero zimadziwa kuchuluka kwa madzi ofunikira kupopera manyowa. Mwachitsanzo, mitengo yamatabwa ndi ya fiber monga khungwa, utuchi, masaya, udzu kapena udzu umagwira chinyezi 75-85 peresenti. Z feteleza zobiriwira, monga udzu ndi udzu, zimatha kukhala chinyezi 50-60 peresenti.
Chinyezi chocheperako chomwe ntchito ya tizilombo amawonekera ndi 12-15 peresenti, mulingo woyenera kwambiri ndi 60-70%. Mwachidziwikire, kumachepetsa chinyezi cha kompositi mu kompositi, pang'onopang'ono njira yopangira manyowa. Zochitika zawonetsa kuti chinyezi chimatha kukhala cholepheretsa pamene chatsika pansi pa 45-50%.
3. Kutentha
Kutentha ndikofunikira kwambiri pakupanga manyowa. Kutentha kochepa kunja nthawi yozizira kumachepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo, pomwe kutentha kwachilimwe kumathandizira njira. M'miyezi yotentha pachaka, zinthu zazing'onoting'ono kwambiri mkati mwa mulu wa kompositi zimayambitsa kupanga kompositi pamtunda wambiri. Ma Microbes omwe amawola organic agawidwa m'magawo awiri akulu: mesospheric, omwe amakhala ndipo amakula kutentha kwa 10 ° C - 45 ° C, ndi thermophilic, omwe amakula bwino pamatenthedwe pamwamba pa 45 ° C. Mitengo yambiri ya kompositi m'magawo oyamba imadutsa gawo la thermophilic. Pakadali pano, zinthu zampangidwe zimatha kukhala wopanda madzi, ndipo zimafunikira kuti zizikhala chinyezi nthawi zonse komanso mpweya wabwino. Kutentha mkati mwa mulu wa kompositi kumakwera mpaka 60-70 ° C, komwe kumapangitsa kuti mafuta azitundana. Pamatenthedwe awa, mbewu za udzu ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri (phytopathogenic) timawonongeka. Koma musaiwale kuti zotere zikachitika, kuchuluka kokwanira kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndikofunikira.
Gawo lotsatira limachitika pa kutentha pafupifupi 40 ° C, pomwe michere ina imakhala yambiri komanso kuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kumachitika.
Pamapeto omaliza a kompositi, kutentha kwake kuli kofanana ndi kutentha kozungulira, kununkhira kwa dziko lapansi kumachokera pamulu. Zinthu zake zimakonzedwa ku humus.
Njira yosavuta kwambiri komanso yofananira yofulumizitsira ntchito yakucha kompositi ndikuwonjezera ma compost mabakiteriya okhala pachinthu choyambira kukonzekera.
Pankhaniyi, koyamba, tizilombo zosankhidwa mwapadera zimayamba kukonza biomass nthawi yomweyo komanso kuthamanga kwambiri, chachiwiri, fungo la udzu ndi fungo lina losasangalatsa limapezeka.
© Solipsist
Njira yachangu kompositi
Ngati mungaimangira khungwa, nthambi za mitengo, udzu wosenda, masamba ... ndi zina zonse zomwe zingachitike m'mundamo, ndikuzisiya kwakanthawi kokhazikika (kuti musawononge zomwe zikuwoneka), ndiye kumapeto kwake tsiku lina imawola ndikusintha kompositi yabwino kwambiri. Zimangotenga zaka zingapo kuti izi zitheke. Iyi ndiye njira yomwe imadziwika kuti imapangidwa pang'onopang'ono (kuzizira) popanga manyowa.
Mosiyana ndi izi, njira yofulumira (yotentha) imatenga miyezi 3-6 ndipo imaperekedwa ndi machitidwe angapo ofunikira: kufikira kwa mpweya, nayitrogeni, chinyezi ndi kutentha (kutentha pamayala akuluakulu kompositi yamaofesi amatha kufikira +85 C!).
1. Mudzafunika thabwa kapena pulasitiki popanga kompositi, yoyikidwa m'malo osankhidwa. Ubwino wamapangidwe amtundu wopangira manyowa ndiwakuti umalola kuti mpweya udutse ndikupitilira mpweya wabwino. Mapangidwe oterowo amatha kugulidwa kumalo osungirako maluwa kapena kudzipangira nokha. Kuti muchite bwino, kuchuluka kwa matabwa kuyenera kukhala osachepera 1 m3 (1x1x1). Chidebe cha pulasitiki chimasungiratu kutentha ndipo chimagwira kwambiri, chimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana m'mundamo. Dongosolo lililonse la kompositi liyenera kukhala ndi malo okutsegulira kapena mbali (mabasiketi ena apulasitiki alibe pansi kapena pansi kuti angathe kuchotseka) kuti mupeze kompositi yopanga kale.
2. Ikani pansi pafupifupi 10cm a ma coarse zakuthupi - udzu, udzu, nthambi kapena nthambi zonenepa. Izi ndizofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti ngalande ndi kupezeka kwa mpweya.
3. Ikani zinyalala za kompositi posinthana zigawo. Mwachitsanzo, pamtunda wamasamba kapena zinyalala za zipatso, ikani pepala logawidwa, kenako kachidutswa kakang'ono ka udzu wosenda, kenako kongoloweka komwe kumapangidwa, kenako masamba a chaka chatha ndi zina zotero. Ndikofunikira kuti zigawo zobiriwira (zonyowa ndi zofewa) zigwirizane ndi zigawo zofiirira ("zowuma komanso zolimba") - izi zimapereka mpweya wabwino, zimathandizira pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mtsogolo - mawonekedwe abwino a kompositi. Osakankhira kapena kuphatikiza zomwe zilimo; izi zisokoneza compost.
4. Pamwamba pa mulingo uliwonse, mutha kuwonjezera nthaka yaying'ono kapena manyowa owola ku herbivores kuti muchepetse ntchito yopanga manyowa.. M'minda yaminda, "zokuthandizira" zapadera zomwe zimagulitsidwa, mutha kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Ndondomeko zamatumbo zimapangidwanso msipu udzu komanso nthito zatsopano zomwe zimasonkhanitsa nayitrogeni m'mizu yawo. Sinthani kwambiri mtundu wa zomalizidwa kompositi zomera zabwino zambiri: nettle, comfrey, yarrow, dandelion ndi ena.
5. Sungani kompositi yanu yopanga kompositi pamwamba kuti izikhala ndi chinyezi cholondola komanso kutentha. Mabasiketi apulasitiki nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi pamwamba, ndipo kwa matabwa opangidwa ndi nyumba kwanu mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kukulunga kwamunda, chidutswa cha nyumba yakale kapena china chilichonse. Kutentha kwabwino pakupanga kompositi ndi +55 C.
6. Nthawi ndi nthawi, zomwe zalembedwazi ziyenera kusinthidwa kuti mzimu uzilowa mu kompositi.
Makina ophatikizira ozungulira ndi chinthu chapangidwa posachedwapa.. Zomerazi zimalola kuti kompositi izikhala yopanga munthawi yochepa (malinga ndi omwe amapanga milungu iwiri) chifukwa cha magawidwe ofanana a zinthu ndi kutentha mkati mwa chidebe. Wosamalira mundawo amangofunika kuzungulira kanyumba kawiri patsiku, zomwe sizovuta kuchita mothandizidwa ndi chida chapadera. Kukula kwa chithunzichi ndi 340 malita.
7. Pouma (munthawi ya boardwalk system) kapena zinthu zofiirira zikapezekanso mkati mwa mulu wa kompositi, chinyontho chofunikira cha kompositi chiyenera kusungidwa ndi kuthirira. Pewani kusasunthika kwamadzi mu kompositi, izi zisokoneza njira zowola.
8. Fungo losasangalatsa kuchokera pazomwe zili mu dengu la kompositi zikuwonetsa kuti china chake chasweka ndipo njira ikuyenda molakwika. Fungo la ammonia (ammonia) kapena mazira owola likuwonetsa kuchuluka kwazinthu zokhala ndi nitrogen (zobiriwira) zomwe zili mumulu wa kompositi komanso kusowa kwa oxygen. Pankhaniyi, zida zopangidwa ndi kaboni (zofiirira) ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa.
Ngati mudachita zonse bwino, ndiye kuti patadutsa miyezi yochepa zomwe zili mumulu wa kompositi zizikhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni komanso fungo labwino la padziko lapansi - zizindikirika kuti kompositi yanu yakonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito m'mundamo. Ngati mwadzaza pang'onopang'ono dongosolo (lomwe limakonda kupangidwa mosalekeza), ndiye kuti muyenera kuyamba kusankha kompositi yomaliza kuchokera pansi. Magawo okwera amasunthira pansi, kumasula malo pazinthu zatsopano.
© Panphage
Leus humus
Masamba otayidwa ndi mitengo ndi zitsamba, zowola, zimalemeretsa nthaka ndi manyowa. Kukonzekera tsamba la humus, ndikothekera kugwiritsa ntchito bokosi la ma mesh (chimodzimodzi ndi kompositi), masamba aliwonse a 13 mpaka 20 cm amapukutidwa ndi yankho la ammonium sulfate. Mu nthawi yophukira, masamba ndi masamba feteleza amaikidwa m'matumba akuda, opaka mafuta (omwe amalowera mpweya), omwe satenga malo ambiri. Matumba omata amasiyidwa pakona yakutali ya mundawo, ndipo pofika masika amadzala mawonekedwe a humus. Masamba omwe amasiyidwa m'malo owonekera amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti awole. Kupangira manyowa, masamba a mitengo yabwino ndi zitsamba zilizonse amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Masamba a mtengo, popula ndi mapulo amawola motalika kuposa masamba a thundu ndi beech. Masamba obiriwira nthawi zonse sayenera kupanga humus. Leus humus imapinda mu dothi kapena imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mulch.
Kugwiritsa ntchito Kompositi
Mu bokosi lopangidwa bwino komanso lodzazidwa bwino, kompositi sikufunikira kuti muchotseke, popeza zinthuzo zimapangidwa kale bwino.. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe, kucha ndi mwachangu kuposa nthawi yophukira komanso nthawi yozizira. Mukamagona nyengo yofunda, kompositi yakonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Momwe muluwo umayendera nthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, manyowa achulukawo amachotsedwa pamunsi. Manyowa omalizira amakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni komanso wowoneka bwino bwino. Zinthu zopanda pake zimakhazikitsidwa ngati maziko a mulu wotsatira. Kulimbirana kumachitika kokha ndi manyowa opsa bwino, chifukwa muudzu wosakhwima pang'ono womwe umatha kusungika ungasungidwe. Kompositi imalowetsedwa m'nthaka nthawi yolima nthawi yophukira komanso yozizira pamlingo wa 5.5 kg / m2.
Zomwe zimalowa kompositi:
Zinyalala zanyumba:
- Masamba ophika, zipatso, chimanga, tiyi wa khofi
- Chakudya chotsalira kumanzere (munjira yotsekeka)
- Nyama yanyama (yoyatsekeka)
- Matabwa osadulidwa
- Ha, udzu
- Phulusa
- Mankhwala ochulukirapo a herbivores
- Manyowa atsopano a herbivores (pamiyala yocheperako)
- Pepala lachigoba (zopukutira, matumba, ma CD, makatoni)
- Zovala zachilengedwe zogawidwa
Zinyalala zam'munda:
- Nthambi zanthete mutadulira mitengo ndi zitsamba
- Nthambi zanthete zomwe zimadulidwa m'munda, mtengo, makungwa ndi mizu
- Chaka chatha (theka-kucha) masamba
- Senda udzu kuchokera ku udzu
- Namsongole wachichepere
- Nyanja kapena mwala wamchere
- Zinyalala zina zakudimba zam'munda
Zomwe sizipita kompositi:
Zinyalala zanyumba:
- Mafupa akulu ndi olimba a nyama
- Chimbudzi cha Pet
- Malasha
Zinyalala zam'munda:
- Masamba owuma a nyengo ino
- Kudulira kosalekeza
- Maluwa ndi maluwa osatha a rhizome
- Matenda omwe amakhudzidwa ndi matenda ndi tizirombo
- Tizilombo, mazira ndi mphutsi
- Zingoti mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito herbicides (pokhapokha ngati akupanga mankhwala a herbicide)
Kuyembekezera uphungu wanu!
