Otsutsa a kukula

Aliyense wa ife amagwirizanitsa mawu oti "chimanga" ndi tirigu, rye, barele ndi mbewu zina. Sizokayikitsa kuti ambiri amadziwa kuti imodzi mwa banja la mbewu zoterezi, za squat ndi mtengo wamamita makumi asanu wokhala ndi thunthu lamphamvu mu imodzi kapena ziwiri za girth. Tikulankhula za chomera cha m'nkhalango zotentha komanso zam'malo otentha - bamboo.

Ku Europe, bamboo adadziwika kuyambira nthawi ya kampeni ya Alexander the Great kupita ku India. Asitikali a wamkulu wotchuka adachita chidwi ndi zochititsa chidwi za m'nkhalango za bamboo zomwe kale sizidaoneke. Atabwera ku China mu 1615, mmishonale wina wakuJesuit adalemba kuti achichaina amagwiritsa ntchito nzimbe (nsungwi) yolimba ngati chitsulo pazoso za mabanja 600.

M'dziko lathu, bamboo adayamba kulimidwa zaka 60-70 zapitazo. Poyamba adauyitanitsa kuchokera Kumwera ndi Kumadzulo kwa Europe, ndipo mitundu ingapo yamtunduwu idabweretsa kudziko lathu ndi kutulutsidwa kwa zamtundu wa Krasnov kuchokera kudziko lakwawo, East Asia, ndipo adayanjana nafe. Ku Soviet Union, pali mitundu pafupifupi 50 ya msungwi, yomwe yayitali kwambiri imafikira 20 metres ndi lotalika mpaka 15 sentimita.

Mphepo zenizeni zobiriwira zimakhala maudzu a udzu wa mtengowu m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ya Caucasus, yofanana ndi makoma obiriwira agolide akuluakulu. Kuphatikiza pa Caucasus, nsungwi zimamera kuno, ngakhale sizichita bwino, pagombe la Crimea, m'malo okongoletsa mapaki kuyambira Feodosiya mpaka Yevpatoriya. Nthawi zambiri kuposa ena pali msungwi wobiriwira, womwe umatalika mamita 12. Msungwi wa castillon womwe umakhazikitsidwa mu Nikitsky Botanical Garden ndi wapadera makamaka pakukongoletsa. Muscovites, Leningraders, Kievans, okhala m'mizinda ina ya dziko lathu atha kudziwa zachilengedwe zosangalatsa izi m'malo obiriwira omwe amakhala ndi minda yawo yaziphuphu.

Ndi tirigu, rye, barele wa bamboo, mtundu womwewo wa zipatso, wotchedwa weevil in botany, umagwirizana ndi mtundu wa maluwa ndi mapesi a udzu. Zowona, maudzu a nsungwi alibe ngakhale tirigu kapena rye, ndipo pambali pake, ndiosiyana kukula kwake, mawonekedwe ndi mtundu. Zina zimakhala zotalika mita imodzi ndipo ndi mulifupi chabe, zina zimatha kupikisana ndi mitengo yayikulu ya m'nkhalango.

Mtanda wa msuzi wa nsungwi, kutengera mtundu wa bamboo, ndi wozungulira, wokutidwa, wolowerera komanso wokulirapo. Mtundu wa mitengo ikuluikulu yamitundu yambiri ndi imvi (mpaka 1 chaka), kenako yobiriwira (mpaka zaka 2), ndipo pazomera zokhwima imakhala yachikaso wagolide, nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiirira kapena yakuda. Mwambiri, kapangidwe ka udzu wa nsungwi sikusiyana ndi maudzu a tirigu, rye kapena mbewu zina zodziwika bwino. Monga chimanga china, chimagawanidwa moyanjana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, ma node, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amakhala opanda kanthu.

Kutalika kwa mitengo ya nsungwi kwakhala kukugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi munthu popanga zombo, mapaipi apamwamba a bamboo ndi zinthu zina. Koma nkhuni sizimazindikira mawonekedwe ake. Nthawi iliyonse, pogwira chitamba ndi kununkhira, amayamba kunyamula thunthu pofunafuna nyama. Ntchito yopanda pake ngati mtengo wamtunduwu imakhala yovulaza kwambiri munthu, chifukwa iye (Woodpecker) amatenga mitengo ingapo yamtengo wapatali ya bamboo posakhazikika.

Pafupifupi mitundu 600 ya mitengo ya nsungwi imafotokozedwa mwachilengedwe, yolumikizidwa ndi botanists pafupifupi 50 genera. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti banja lalikulu chotere mumakhala tchire laling'ono limodzi ndi zimphona.

Chojambula chodziwika bwino kwambiri cha mitundu yambiri ya nsungwi ndikukula kwawo kopambana modabwitsa. Kutha kwa phala ili kupitiliza kugawa magawo atsopano ndikosangalatsa. Bamboo amalimbana mosavuta ndi maenje kuti ateteze malo ake, kuwoloka mitsinje yakuzama ndi njira pansipa, ndikudutsa zovuta zambiri.

Mitundu ina ya nsungwi imamera mchilimwe, ina mu kugwa ndipo, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya mbewu, osati masana, komanso usiku. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira, mumatha kumva momwe phala ili limakhalira chete usiku. Mphamvu yakukula kwake ndiyofunika kwambiri kuti kuwonekera kwa mphukira pamtunda kumayendera limodzi ndi phokoso lanyumba, kusokosera, ndipo nthawi zina kumakhala kaphokoso kwambiri. Palibe chomwe chingakhale cholepheretsa nsapato zazingwe zazing'ono, zopindika bwino, kubowola dothi lolimba ndi phulusa, kusunthira miyala kumbali, kubowola m'matumba akuda ndi mitengo.

Ku Caucasus, kuli mitengo ya nsungwi yomwe imatha kukwera masentimita atatu pa ola limodzi, ndi 75 sentimita patsiku. A director of one of the Adjarian state famu, Tengiz Mamudovich Dzhinchiradze, akukhulupirira kuti iyi si nsungwi, koma ndalama zimamera kuchokera pansi mwachangu masentimita angapo patsiku: bamboo msikiti womwe wakula pano amabweretsa 40 kopecks pa mita imodzi kunyumba yake.

© Erin Silversmith

Mwachitsanzo, kwawo ku Vietnam, nsungwi nthawi zambiri zimamera pafupifupi pafupifupi 2 metres tsiku lililonse. Pankhani imeneyi, nkhani zambiri zoseketsa zimanenedwa. Ngwazi ya imodzi yanthabwala yotchuka ngati iyi ndi yosaka mosaka. Anayendayenda kwakanthawi kufunafuna nyama ndipo, atatopa, anagona mgodi la bamboo. Kuuluka kuchokera pakuwoneka vuto, mlenjeyo anawona kambuku yayikulu patsogolo pake, ndipo pofika nthawiyo mfuti, yomwe inali itasiyidwa pansi mosamala, inali itakwezedwa mita angapo mtsogolo ndi mphukira ya bamboo yomwe inaterera pansi.

Kodi mungalongosole bwanji zachilendo za bamboo?

Zinafika poti amakula limodzi ndi ma home ake onse nthawi imodzi. Ngakhale mu impso, thunthu lake lanthunzi limapangidwa mokwanira ndipo limakhala ngati limatsitsidwa kambirimbiri. Mphukira yomwe ikukula ikuwoneka ngati yotambasulidwa ndi mtundu uliwonse wamapulogalamu, ngati ubweya wa harmonica, komanso kuthamanga kosasunthika kuzinthu zonse zimafalikira kukula kwa mtengo waukulu. Chochititsa chidwi, mwa onse mkati mwa mphukira, otsika kwambiri amakula mwachangu, omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mizu. Ma nyumba omwe ali pafupi ndi pamwamba pa tsinde, omwe amawoneka ang'onoang'ono komanso osaperekedwa ndi michere, amakula pang'onopang'ono.

Zitha kuwoneka ngati zosamveka kuti bamboo amakula masiku 30-45 okha moyo wawo wonse, ndipo kwenikweni amakhala zaka 100. M'masiku 30-45 awa, msungwi umafika kutalika kwambiri, kenako kukula kwake ndikuyambira ndikupanga masamba obiriwira a lanceolate.

Kutulutsa kwa bambo msuzi kumakhalanso kwachilendo: zimachitika kamodzi m'moyo wake wonse. Kuyanjanitsa kwa njirayi ndikosangalatsa kwa anthu onse a m'nkhalango ya bamboo: ziribe kanthu kuchuluka kwa mitengo ya nsungwi imakula, iwo, monga kumvera lamulo la wizard, pachimake nthawi yomweyo. Komabe, kutalika kwa maluwa mu mitengo yosiyanasiyana ya msungwi sikofanana: zina zimatulutsa chilimwe, zina kwa nyengo ziwiri kapena zitatu, ndipo mitundu ina zaka 9. Maluwa atangotha ​​ndipo zipatso zipsa, nkhalango yonse ya bamboo, imakhala ngati mikate kucha, imamaliza mayendedwe ake amoyo.

Mitundu yambiri ya nsungwi imafunidwa kwambiri pachinyontho makamaka kutentha. Kuzizira pang'ono, kumachepetsa kutentha pang'ono pang'onopang'ono ndi zero kumakhala koopsa kwa iwo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake bamboo amakula mu vivo, makamaka m'malo otentha ndi madera otentha a East Asia, Africa ndi America. Pakati pa mitundu ya bamboo, pali ena omwe amatha kulekerera mosavuta 20-degree kapena ngakhale 40-degree frost. Izi ndi, monga lamulo, mbewu zazing'ono, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mbiri ya kukana chisanu pakati pa abale a bamboo - nsapato zazifupi, kapena sazes. Amapezeka ku Sakhalin ndi ku Kuril Islands, komwe nthawi zambiri amapanga nkhokwe zazikulu. Komabe, nkhono zimamera m'chigawo chakumwera kwa Moldova, Kuban ndi Ukraine.

Chuma china chachilengedwe cha bamboos ndichosangalatsa: mphukira zake zazing'ono, zomwe zimawonekera kuchokera ku dothi, zimakhala ndi chomera chokhwima bwino ndipo chimasinthasintha nthawi yonse yamoyo.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi chinsalu cha msungwi chaching'ono, chosasambulika, chomwe chimatsimikiziranso za mtengowu kwa mbewu zopanda udzu. Ngakhale makulidwe ochulukirapo, mutha kudula, ndi chidutswa chimodzi cha mpeni, kudula phesi lake lokwera. Ndipo yesani kugonjetsa thunthu lokhwima! Ndizosatheka kudula ndi mpeni, koma ngakhale sawona kwambiri siivuta kudula.

Kudziwika woyamba ndi nkhalango ya bamboo kumasiya zozizwitsa. Kuli bwino komanso kwamdima tsiku lotentha kwambiri, monga nthawi yamadzulo. Pakutha kwa tsikulo, chinyezi chomwe chili munthaka chikakwera kwambiri, bamboo amatulutsa madzi kwambiri. Madontho amadzimadzi amateteza masamba ake, nthambi, mphukira. Mphepo yamkuntho imakhala yokwanira, ndipo kwa mbewu zolemetsa mvula yamvula imagwa.

Matanda a bamboo amaphatikiza mphamvu zowonjezera ndi kulemera kopepuka kwambiri, kukana modabwitsa kuwonongeka ndi mawonekedwe okongola. Lowani m'khola loyamba la m'mudzi waku Vietnamese ndipo mutha kuwona kuti chimango ndi milu momwe adapangidwamo muli mitengo ikuluikulu ya nsungwi, makoma ndi pansi zimapangidwa kuchokera ku khungwa lake, ndipo padenga lake ndi lokumbidwa ndi masamba a bamboo.

Mtolankhani waku Soviet, Heinrich Borovik, yemwe adapita ku Vietnam, "" Pofotokoza nyumba yotere, simungagwiritse ntchito dzina "bamboo." Zonsezi pano zimapangidwa ndi bamboo: mbale zazing'ono komanso zakuya, mabasiketi amapewa, maukonde asodzi, sieves, mphasa , mapaipi, mabatani, magalasi, ndi zinthu zina zambiri zam'nyumba. Palibe misomali yazitsulo pakugwiritsa ntchito nyumbayi. Zida zonse zimalumikizidwa ndi chosanjika chakunja cha chimangacho. Bamboo ndi olimba, opepuka, othamanga limakula ndipo, koposa zonse, pafupifupi silivunda. Zambiri zabwino! "

Kuchokera pamiyala ya nsungwi muthanso kupanga zinthu zambiri zofunikira zapakhomo. Ndikokwanira kudula chimtengo chachitali cha bamboo, kudula kumtunda ndi chisoti, ndipo patsogolo panu pali chingwe chokhomedwa, chopindika kapena chopindika; kukhomerera kapena kuwotcha mwa zigawo zake, mafoloko, ndi pa ntchito yanu chitoliro chabwino; dulani mbiya mzidutswa, ndipo muli ndi miphika, ndowa, magalasi, miphika, mbale ndi ziwiya zina. Ngati mungadule Internode yonse ndi zigawo ziwiri zolimba, zimangokhala kuti mukungobowola bowo kuchokera pamwamba, ndipo mboloyo yakonzeka. Kuigawa pakati, timapezanso timitengo tiwiri tating'onoting'ono.

Chifukwa chake, okhala ku Southeast Asia amayamikiranso bamboo momwemonso, ndipo amapanganso zida zopangidwamo: mipeni, ziguduli, mipando, amateteza midzi ku nyama ndi adani okhala ndi mpanda wa nsungwi womata udzu. Luso lojambula, lomwe limapangidwa kwambiri pakati pa anthuwa, limagwirizananso ndi bamboo.

Pomaliza, mphukira zazing'ono za nsungwi, ndipo mu mitundu ina mizu ndi mbewu zimadya, ndikusintha masamba (mwachitsanzo, katsitsumzukwa), komwe zimakonzedwa zokongola za ku Asia ndi asia. Kuchokera pamitengo, mumakhala madzi otsekemera, omwe amawiritsa ndikuwupangira shuga wa bamboo. Kuchokera pa ulusi wa nsungwi, Achichaina amapeza pepala labwino kwambiri. Kuyambira bamboo pangani nyali, zida zaimbira, ma rafts. Mwa njira, ku Asia Venice, monga likulu la Thailand nthawi zambiri limatchedwa Bangkok, misewu yonse yanyumba imakhazikika pazipata za nsungwi.

Amachita bamboo ndi gawo la mtundu wamfuti. Ndi kutentha kwa tsinde lake latsopano, kumveka mokweza ndi mokweza, ngati kuwombera mfuti. Katunduyu wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira kalekale kuti awope anthu. Kuchokera pamitengo ingapo yopingasa, nzikazi zimapanga mfuti zamtsogolo, zomwe zimawombera mivi poyizoni.

Mtengo wa bamboo umagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri kumayiko omwe samakula. Mipando yabwino, pepala labwino kwambiri, ngakhale masingano apamwamba kwambiri a zojambula pagalamafoni amapangidwa kuchokera ku mitengo yomwe amagulitsidwa. Bamboo amapita ku mpanda, ntchito yopanga milatho yopepuka, yopanga zinthu zambiri zam zida zamasewera. Pazomangamanga zamakono, msungwi umagwiritsidwanso ntchito molimba ngati kulimbitsa konkriti.

Bamboo amabweretsedwa ndi msuweni wapafupi wa mabango athu, omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka malo akuluakulu, makamaka m'mapiri osefukira ndi mitsinje ya Volga, Dnieper, Danube.

Zogwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu:

• S. I. Ivchenko - Buku lonena za mitengo