Jamu

Jamu wamba (Ribes uva-crispa), kaya ndi waku Europe kapena wakanidwa - mtunduwu ndi woimira wa genus currants a banja la jamu. Malo omwe mbewu zoterezi zimachokera ku Western Europe ndi North Africa. M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, imapezekabe ku Southern and Central Europe, Central Asia, Caucasus ndi North America. J. Ruelle anali woyamba kufotokozera za jamu mu 1536 m'buku la "De natura activpium". Kupezeka kwa gooseberries ku maiko aku Europe kunayamba kudziwika m'zaka za zana la 16, pomwe m'zaka za zana la 17 ku England kutchuka kwake kudakulirakulira, chifukwa, ntchito yayikulu ya obereketsa kuti apange mitundu yatsopano ya chikhalidwe chotere inayamba. Poyamba, mitundu yochepa chabe ya jamu yomwe idapezeka, koma pofika zaka za zana la 19 panali ena mazana angapo. Komanso, akatswiri ochokera ku America amagwira ntchito pa gooseberries, adakhala ndi chosakanizira chomera ichi, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi powdery mildew, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndiye mdani wamkulu pachikhalidwe ichi. Masiku ano, ma jamuwa amalimidwa pafupifupi m'dziko lililonse. Ku Russia, mbewu yotereyi imatchedwa "mphesa zakumpoto".

Zolemba za Gooseberry

Mbeu zamtchire sizabwino kwambiri, kutalika kwake sikokwanira kupitirira 1.2 mamita. Khungwa lojambulidwa ndi utoto wonyezimira. Zomera zimakhala ndi masamba. Pamwamba pa mphukira yachichepere cha mawonekedwe a cylindrical pali singano zowonda - awa ndi minga. Ma petioles obowola masamba ndi ofupika, amakhala ndi ovoid kapena ozungulira mawonekedwe ndi kutalika pafupifupi 60 mm. Masamba ali ndi zipatso zitatu, zisanu mano ali m'mphepete. Maluwa ofiira owala kapena obiriwira obiriwira otseguka mu Meyi. Zipatsozo ndi zipatso za ozungulira kapena mawonekedwe ozungulira, zimafikira kutalika kwa 1.2 masentimita (mu mitundu ina, zipatsozo zimakhala zazitali masentimita 4), malo ake amatha kukhala opanda kapena okhala ndi mabatani owoneka bwino, ndipo amatha kupezeka bwino. Amatha kukhala oyera, obiriwira, achikaso kapena ofiira; kucha kwawo kumawonedwa kuyambira mwezi wa June mpaka August. Zipatso za chitsamba ichi ndizabwino kwambiri komanso zathanzi, zimaphatikizapo mchere wamchere, mavitamini, ma acid achilengedwe ndi ma tannins. Chomera ichi ndi chomera choyamba cha uchi, chimathandiza kukopa tizilombo tambiri mungu wochokera kumunda. Ma jamu ndi odziyimira nokha, ngati angafune, tchire chimodzi chokha chimabzalidwe m'mundamo, ndipo chimabereka.

Kubzala gooseberry poyera

Nthawi yobzala

Gooseberries angabzalidwe panthaka yophukira kapena kugwa (kuyambira masiku omaliza a Seputembala mpaka theka lachiwiri la Okutobala). Olima dimba amalimbikitsa kudzala mbewuyo nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa mbande zimamera bwino chisanu, ndipo imakhala ndi mizu yabwino kwambiri.

Musanapitirize ndi kukhazikika kwa gooseberries, muyenera kupeza malo oyenera kwambiri awa, omwe angatsatire malamulo onse azikhalidwe zaulimi zachikhalidwe ichi. Dziwani kuti mizu ya chitsamba chotere ndi yayitali, chifukwa chake malo otsika sanayenere, chifukwa m'derali mwayi wokhala ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus ndiwambiri. Potsika, malo owala bwino omwe amakhala pamalo athyathyathya kapena pamalo otsetsereka, omwe amayenera kutetezedwa ku mphepo yozizira yomwe ikuwomba kum'mawa ndi kumpoto, ndioyenera. Nthaka iyenera kukhala yachilengedwe kapena yophatikizika, pomwe pH yake ili pafupifupi 6. Mchenga, loamy, loam sandy komanso dongo likhala bwino kumera mbewu zotere, ndipo pamapeto pake pamalowo pamasulidwa kwambiri nthawi zambiri.

Kubzala gooseberry mu kugwa

Kupalira kwa chitsamba ichi kumakhala kovuta chifukwa imakhala ndi minga yakuthwa, pamenepa, mu masabata oyambilira a nyundo, zidzakhala zofunikira kuchotsa udzu wonse wopanda udzu (mwachitsanzo, udzu wa tirigu) mdera lomwe limapangidwira kubzala gooseberry. Musanabzike, dothi liyenera kukumbidwa, kuyesera kuchotsa maudzu onse azomera. Pambuyo pake, pansi pamalowo pamakungidwa ndi zingwe, ndipo zopezeka zonse zazikulu ziyenera kusweka. Kukonzekera dzenjelo kuyenera kuchitika masiku 15-20 asanakwere, zomwe zingathandize kuti nthaka ikhale bwino. Kutalika, kuya ndi kupingasa kwa dzenje kukuyenera kukhala theka la mita. Pakakumba dzenje, michere yapamwamba ya dothi iyenera kukhala yolumikizidwa mbali imodzi, ndi yopanda chonde - mbali inayo. Dothi lakumalo liyenera kusakanizika ndi magalamu 50 a potaziyamu sulfate, ndi ma kilogalamu 10 a humus kapena manyowa owola ndi magalamu 50 a superphosphate. Ngati mupanga feteleza nthawi yobzala, ndiye kuti jamu sayenera kudyetsedwa kwa zaka zingapo. Ngati dothi ndi dongo, ndiye kuti ndowa 1 yamchenga uyenera kuthiridwa m'dzenje. Mukabzala, pakati pa mbande, mtunda wa 1-1.5 m uyenera kuyang'aniridwa, pomwe kutalikirana kwa mzere kumayenera kukhala pafupifupi 3 m.

Podzala, mbande zazaka ziwiri zokhala ndi mizu yoyambira (kutalika kwa mizu kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 0.25-0.3 m), komanso mphukira zingapo zamphamvu, ndizoyenera. Asanadzale ma jamu, amayenera kumizidwa kwa maola 24 mu yankho la feteleza (3-4 zikuni zazikulu za sodium humate pa theka la ndowa). Kuyika mbande m dzenje kumayenera kukhala malo otsetsereka pang'ono kapena mwachindunji, mutabzala khosi lake la mizu iyenera kuyikidwa m'munda pang'ono masentimita angapo. Mizu ya chomera iyenera kuwongoledwa mosamala. Dzenjelo liyenera kudzazidwa pang'onopang'ono, kwinaku likupuntha nthaka. Sapling ayenera kuthiridwa 10 malita a madzi. Madziwo atalowetsedwa m'nthaka, pamwamba pake padzayenera kuphimbidwa ndi mulch (humus kapena peat), pomwe makulidwe ake ayenera kukhala 20-30 mm. Ngati malowa akhazikika, izi zimachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kuthirira, kumasulira komanso kumasula. Chomera chomwe chadzalidwa chidzafunika kudula mphukira zonse, kutalika kwa magawo otsalawo chizikhala pafupifupi 50 mm, pomwe ili yonse imayenera kukhala ndi masamba 5 kapena 6.

Kubzala gooseberry kasupe

Mbeu za jamu zibzalidwe m'dothi lakale nthawi yomweyo kasupe. Komabe, akatswiri amalimbikitsabe kuti azikonda kubzala mu nthawi yophukira, popeza mbewu zobzalidwa nthawi yamasika zimamera kwambiri ndikukula pang'ono. Mutabzala, shrub ipereka mbewu zonse mchaka chachitatu kapena chachinayi. Mupatseni chisamaliro choyenera, ndipo adzakusangalatsani ndi zokolola zabwino za zipatso zokoma za zaka khumi ndi zisanu.

Chisamaliro cha Gooseberry

Kubzala ndikukula gooseberries ndikosavuta, makamaka ngati wosamalira mundawo azitsatira malamulo onse aulimi wazikhalidwe zamtunduwu. Kumayambiriro kwam'mawa, matalala asanasungunuke, tchire liyenera kuthiridwa madzi otentha pogwiritsa ntchito mfuti. Mankhwalawa amachitika pofuna kupewa matenda osiyanasiyana ndi tizirombo.

Kuti timasule dothi lozungulira mbewuzo ndikuya masentimita 8 mpaka 10 ndikofunikira mu Meyi. Kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa tulo m'tsogolo, malowa ayenera okutidwa ndi mulch. Ngati pakufunika izi, ndiye kuti chitsamba nthawi yomweyo chimayenera kudyetsedwa ndi yankho la nayitrogeni ndi feteleza wa potaziyamu kapena kulowetsedwa kwa manyowa.

Gooseberries amachita moipa kwambiri chifukwa chosakwanira chinyezi m'nthaka, makamaka nthawi yamaluwa (kasupe) komanso nthawi yakucha zipatso (chilimwe). Akatswiri amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mathirakiti kapena kuthirira, chifukwa madziwo amatuluka nthawi yomweyo kukafika ku mizu ya chitsamba (mpaka 5-5 cm). Pa nyengo yonse yakukula mwanjira yomweyo, chitsamba chidzafunika kuthiriridwa madzi katatu. Njira yothirira ya gooseberries siyabwino, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ozizira. Zikakhala kuti nthawi yamasika nthaka yozungulira tchire idakutidwa ndi mulch, kuchuluka kwa maudzu ndi kumasula kudzacheperachepera. Komabe, ngati pakufunikirabe kuchotsa maudzu kapena kumasula dothi, njirazi ziyenera kuchitika, ngakhale minga yakuthwa yomera.

M'mizere yamatchire obzalidwa m'mizere, nthambi zokulungika ziyenera kukwezedwa ndi zowonjezera kapena maukonde, zomwe zimayenera kukokedwa pakati pa mizere kutalika kwa 0.25-0.3 m mbali zonse za mzere.

Chisamaliro cha Gooseberry mu Autumn

Mu nthawi yophukira, gooseberries adzafunika kukonzekera nyengo yachisanu. Kuti chitsamba chiike zipatso zam'munda wotsatira, ndikofunikira kuti sizifunikira michere, ndiye kuti iyenera kudyetsedwa. Komanso, kudulira kumachitika mu nthawi yophukira, chifukwa sikulimbikitsidwa kuti ichite mu April.

Feteleza

Chitsamba chotere chimapereka zokolola zambiri kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo nthawi yomweyo chimafunikira michere yomwe imatenga m'nthaka. Pankhaniyi, tikulimbikitsidwa kudyetsa gooseberries chaka chilichonse, pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza zachilengedwe ndi mchere wa izi. Chapakatikati, pansi pa chitsamba 1, muyenera kuwonjezera 50 magalamu a superphosphate, 25 magalamu a potaziyamu sulfate, ½ ndowa ya kompositi ndi magalamu 25 a ammonium sulfate. Ngati chitsamba chili chachikulu kwambiri ndipo chimapereka zokolola zochuluka, kuchuluka kwa feteleza kuyenera kuwonjezeka nthawi ziwiri. Kuthira manyowa m'nthaka amapangidwa mozungulira mpandawo, chifukwa ndi m'mimba mwake momwe mizu ya chitsamba ili. Kuti titseke feteleza mu dothi, liyenera kumasulidwa. Chomera chikangopera, chimafunika kudyetsedwa ndi yankho la mullein (1: 5), pomwe malita 5 mpaka 10 a michere amatengedwa kuthengo limodzi. Kudyetsanso ndi mullein kumachitika pambuyo masiku 15-20.

Kudulira mabulosi

Gooseberry kudulira masika

Kumayambiriro kwamasamba, masamba asanathere, gooseberries ayenera kudulidwa. Kuti muchite izi, dulani onse ofooka, odwala, osabala, owuma, ovulala ndi ozizira. M'pofunikanso kudula masamba onse oyambira, ndipo malekezero ofowoka a nthambi ayenera kukonzedwa pang'ono kuti mukhale ndi minofu yathanzi. Kumbukirani kuti kudulira kwamasika kungachitike pokhapokha ngati madzi akuyamba ayamba. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mayendedwe amadzi a jamu amayamba molawirira kwambiri, ndipo mutha kuchedwa ndikudulira. Ngati mumadula chomeracho panthawi ya kuyamwa, ndiye kuti izi zithandizira kufooka. Pamenepa, alimi odziwa ntchito zamaluwa amalangiza kudulira mbewuyi ikangogwa.

Gooseberry kudulira mu yophukira

Chitsamba choterocho chimafunikira kudulira nthawi zonse, chomwe chimayenera kuchitika chaka chilichonse. Kupanda kutero, mchaka chachitatu cha moyo wa jamu, kumezedwa kwake kumawonedwa, komwe kumakhudza mtundu wa zipatso zomwe zimamera mumtambo. Ndipo ngakhale chitsamba chidafupikitsidwa munthawi yake, ndiye kuti kuithira mankhwala ku tizirombo kapena matenda kudzakhala kosavuta. Zofunika kwambiri ndi nthambi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Poterepa, nthambi za malamulo atatu oyambayo, nthambi zina ndi nthambi zimayesedwa ngati zokolola zochepa. Ndiye chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kudula kuti nthambi zomwe zimakhala zaka zopitilira 8-10, mtundu wake ukhale wakuda. Zotsatira zake, mphukira za zero zimamera pachitsamba, ndipo patapita kanthawi zidzatha kusintha okalamba. Ngati zipatso zazing'ono zamtundu wotsika zimayamba kukula kumtunda kwa mphukira, ndiye kuti zimafunika kudulidwazo. Zimayambira zokulira ziyeneranso kudulidwa, komanso zina zotsika kwambiri. Malo odulira, makamaka pamizere yolimba (mainchesi oposa 0,8 cm) amayenera kuthandizidwa ndi mitundu ya zipatso, apo ayi madzi a chomera ayamba kutuluka mwa iwo.

Matenda a Gooseberry ndi chithandizo chawo

Powdery Mildew pa Gooseberries

Powdery mildew (sferotek) ndiye owopsa kwambiri kwa jamu. Matendawa amatha kusiya wokolola m'munda wopanda mbewu, ndipo ngati chitsamba sichichiritsidwa, ndiye kuti m'zaka zochepa imwalira. Kukula kwambiri kwa malo a library momwe kumawonedwa ndi nyengo yonyowa. Mu shrub yomwe yakhudzidwa m'masabata otsiriza a kasupe kapena woyamba - chilimwe pamwamba pa zimayambira, masamba a masamba ndi zipatso, kuyambika kwa zoyera kumayera. Pakapita kanthawi, malo amenewa amakhala otumphukira. Zikakhudzidwa ndimitengo, kupindika ndi kuyanika kumawonedwa, kupindika ndi kufinya kukula kwa masamba omwe ali ndi kachilomboka kumachitika, kumadzandimutsa. Zipatso zomwe zimakhudzidwa sizingathe kucha, ming'alu imawonekera pamaso pawo, ndipo imagwa. Kuchiritsa mbewu yomwe yakhudzidwa, isanaphuke, ndikofunikira kuifafaniza ndi yankho la kukonzekera kwa HOM komwe kuli mkuwa (40 magalamu a zinthu pachidebe chimodzi cha madzi). Mutha kusinthanso chitsamba chisanafike pachimake ndikumaliza maluwa ndi Topazi (tsatirani malangizo omwe ali phukusi). Nthawi zambiri, matendawa amakhudza mitundu yotsatirayi: Kuwala Kwa Golide, Russian, Tsiku, Prune ndi Kukula. Palinso mitundu yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi matenda achilendowa (dziko lakwawo ndi gawo la America): Senator, Horton, Grushenka, Afrikaans, Finets ndi ena. Komanso, mitundu yambiri yosagwirizana ndi laibulaleyi yokhala ndi magawo inali chifukwa cha ntchito ya obereketsa ochokera ku America.

Matenda ena

Nthawi zina, chitsamba chotere chimatha kukhudzidwa ndi anthracnose, mosaic, kuwala kwamaso kapena dzimbiri. Ngati chitsamba chagundidwa ndi zojambulajambula, ndiye kuti chikufunika kukumba ndikuwononga posachedwa, chowonadi ndi chakuti matenda amtunduwu ndi osachiritsika. Zochizira zitsamba zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi mawanga, anthracnose ndi dzimbiri, mkuwa wa sulfate, Nitrafen kapena Bordeaux umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Poterepa, mbewu imalandidwa mu Mlingo wachiwiri: kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa kasupe masamba asanatseguke, ndipo chachiwiri - masabata 1.5 kutatha kukolola. Popewa, kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, malo omwe jamu imakulira amafunika kumasulidwa masamba obisika, chifukwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kupezeka, ndipo udzu uyenera kuchotsedwa munthawi yake.

Tizilombo ta gooseberry ndikuwongolera

Nthawi zina, tizirombo timatha kukhazikika pachitsamba, ndipo njenjete ndi jambulani aphid nthawi zambiri zimavulaza mbewu. Pamaso pa maluwa akutchire, maluwa agulugufe amatuluka pansi. Amapanga mazira m'maluwa a chomera. Maluwa atatha, mbozi zauwisi wobiriwira zimawonekera kuchokera mazira, zimayang'ana zipatso ndi kudya mbewuzo. Ngati nsabwe zimakhazikika pach chitsamba, ndiye kuti masambawo amayamba kupotoza, masamba awo amayamba kufooka ndikukhala opindika, kukula kwawo kumayima, ndikudula ndi kuwola kwa zipatso zosapsa kumayang'anidwanso. Kuti tichotse tiziromboti, chitsambachi chimafunika kuthira mankhwala ndi Fufanon kapena Actellik. Komabe, monga mukudziwa, ndikosavuta kupewa kuwononga tchire ndi tizirombo m'malo mochotsa pambuyo pake. Chifukwa chake, njira zotsata izi ziyenera kuchitika pafupipafupi:

1. Matalala onse atasungunuka, dothi pansi pa zomerazo liyenera kuphimbidwa ndi zinthu zochulukirapo (mwachitsanzo, zadenga zokhala padenga), pomwe mbali zake zimakutidwa ndi dothi. Zotsatira zake, agulugufe a njenjete sangathe kutuluka pansi. Tchire ikafota, pobisalira amayenera kuchotsedwa.
2. Panyengo yophukira, chitsambachi chimayenera kudulidwa kufikira kutalika kwa masentimita khumi.
3. Ndikofunikira kubala zosonkhanitsa mwadongosolo ndikuwonongeka kwa zipatso, mkati mwake momwe muli mbozi.
4. Tchire lomwe linazimiririka liyenera kuthandizidwa ndi Lepidocide kapena Bicol.

Mitundu ya jamu ndi chithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe

Mitundu yonse ya jamu imagawidwa ku American-European (hybrid) ndi European. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu yosakanizidwa, a ku Europe amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yopanga zipatso.Koma nthawi yomweyo, mitundu ya ku Europe imatha kuwonongeka ndi matenda osiyanasiyana komanso tizirombo. Komanso, mitundu yonse imagawidwa mwakukula, mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a chipatso, pakukula, zipatso, komanso kukhalapo kwa minga kapena kusakhalapo. Mitundu yabwino kwambiri:

1. Wachiafrika. Mitundu yolimbana ndi nyengo yozizira iyi ilibe yambiri spikes. Zipatso zazing'onoting'ono zapakatikati zimakhala ndi utoto wakuda, pali zokutira pamoto. Zamkati zimakoma komanso wowawasa ndi kukhudza kwa currant. Zipatsozi ndi zabwino pakupanga zakudya.
2. Nyemba zakuda. Zipatso zakuda, zimakutidwa ndi khungu lonyezimira. Mitundu ya chisanu yolimbana ndi chisanu, yomwe ndiyabwino kwambiri, idapangidwa ndi Michurin, koma mpaka pano ndiyotchuka kwambiri pakati pa wamaluwa omwe ali pakatikati patali. Zopanda zipatso zazikuru kwambiri sizimasweka ndipo zimakhala ndi mkoma wowawasa. Amapanga kupanikizana, vinyo, amasunga ndi compotes.
3. Magetsi a Krasnodar. Mitundu yosabala iyi ndiyoyenera kuyilima mu nyengo iliyonse. Zipatso ndi zazikulu zofiira.
4. Wachikasu waku Russia. Mitundu iyi imalephera kuthana ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus, ili ndi ma spikes ochepa, omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'munsi mwa zimayambira. Zipatso ndi zazikuluzikulu zachikasu mawonekedwe, khalani pach chitsamba kwa nthawi yayitali.
5. Kupambana koyera. Mitundu iyi imadziwika ndi kukula mwachangu komanso zipatso. Zipatso zobiriwira pomwe kucha kuti mukhale pang'ono chikasu. Amakhala okoma, amakhalabe pachitsamba kwa nthawi yayitali.
6. Tsiku. Izi zimatha kutengeka ndi matenda a sferoteka (powdery mildew). Komabe, iyo idakali imodzi yamitundu yotchuka kwambiri, chifukwa imagulitsa kwambiri, ndipo zipatso zake zonunkhira zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukoma kwambiri. Zipatso zobiriwira zimakhala ndi bulanje wofiirira.

Palinso mitundu:

• ndi zipatso zokoma - Eaglet, Hinnomaki Gelb, Kapteni Wakumpoto, Mphukira, African, Gingerbread Man;
• ndi zipatso zotsekemera - Malachite, Plum, Russian, Donetsk yayikulu-zipatso;
• ndi zipatso onunkhira - White Triumph, Chitetezo, Flamingo, Hinnomaki Strain, African;
• wopanda minga - Eaglet, Tender, Serenade, Pax;
• ndi ambiri spikes - Defender, Annivers, Malachite, Donetsk lalikulu-zipatso;
• ndi ma spikes osowa - Nyanja Yakuda, Gingerbread Man, Captivator;
• ndi ma spikes omwe akukula pansi pamitengo - Tsiku, Russian, Sinthani;
• kupsa mochedwa komanso pakati - Malachite, Sadko, Sinthani, Serenade, Nyanja Yakuda;
• kucha kucha - Eaglet, Masika, Salute, Masika;
• m'ma koyambirira - Flamingo, Plum, Kukonda;
• nyengo yapakatikati - Kolobok, Pax, Krasnoslavyansk, Prunes.

Komanso, hybrid yoshta, yomwe imapangidwa ndikudutsa ma currants akuda ndi jamu, ikuyamba kutchuka kwambiri pakati pa wolimayo.