Wofesa wamkulu Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin adatchulira kuti ma jamu ngati mphesa zakumpoto osati chifukwa zipatso zake ndizofanana ndi mphesa, koma chifukwa chosazindikira chikhalidwe ndi kukana chisanu ndi chilala. Mwachilengedwe, gooseberries amadziwika kuti ndi wachibale wa currants ndipo ali m'gulu la mabulosi.
Gooseberries ali ndi mbiri yolemera, koma sikuti Aroma kapena Agiriki, monga akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja amati, sanadziwe; mwina chifukwa cha chikhalidwe ichi sichikulira ndi nthano kapena nthano. Komabe, ku Europe, ndi ku kontinenti yonse, kupatula zina, gooseberries akhala akukula kwakanthawi.
Zipatso za jamu pach chitsambaSikuti aliyense amadziwa kuti jamu yoyamba yachikhalidwe idapezeka ku France, pali chidziwitso chodalirika chokhudzana ndi chibwenzi ichi cha m'zaka za zana la 13. Kufotokozera koyamba, kotsimikizika kokhudza chikhalidwe chamnthawi imeneyi kunaperekedwa ndi dokotala waku France yemwe amakhala ku Paris koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 16, Jean Royal. Pofotokozera, adanenapo za mtundu wa gooseberries, kukoma kwawo, adauza kuti zipatso zosapsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira sosi ndi zokometsera, ndipo kupsa kwathunthu ndi mawonekedwe okongola. A Jean Roal adanenanso kuti anthu abwino, chifukwa cha minga pa mphukira, samabzala zipatso za goose mu ziwembu zawo ndipo samakonda kudya zipatso zake. Ochiritsa am'deralo, komabe, panthawiyi amati mayendedwe agogo ndi zinthu zozizwitsa: amayesedwa kuti zipatso zake zimathandizira kutenga pakati komanso zimathandizira kukulira khanda lonse.
Kuphatikiza pa France, gooseberries adakulanso bwino ku England. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti si gooseberries aku Britain okha omwe adalawa, koma nyengo ya Chingerezi - gooseberries. Monga mukudziwa, nyengo yaku England imadziwika ndi kutentha komanso kutentha kwambiri; pansi pa izi, panthawiyo gooseberries adakula bwino ndipo kuchuluka kwa zipatso zake mdziko muno, panthawiyo, zinali zochuluka.
Otsala a nthawi imeneyo, omwe nthawi zambiri anali osavuta kulima, akutola tchire ndi zipatso zazikulu ndikuzifalitsa pang'onopang'ono, pang'onopang'ono, kudzera pakusankhidwa, adapeza kuwonjezeka pafupifupi kasanu kwa kuchuluka kwa zipatso za jamu pazaka 60-70. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16, gooseberries anali chikhalidwe chotsogola ku England, pomwe currants anali woyamba kutchulidwa, ndipo sunawonedwe ngati chomera cha mafakitale. Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 17, mitundu yambiri ya jamu inali yodziwika bwino ku Chingerezi.
Jamu wamtchire. © willowcreekfarmPambuyo pake, kuchokera ku France ndi England, gooseberries adafalikira ku Germany, kuchokera kumeneko - kupita ku Holland, kenako kumayiko ena.
Ku Russia, mbiri ya gooseberries idapangidwa mofananamo ndipo pali zambiri zosadziwika ponena za kulimidwa kwake m'minda ku nyumba za amonke kale m'zaka za zana la 11, ndipo ena - omwe gooseberries adayamba kuwonekeranso m'minda ku nyumba za amonke, koma pambuyo pake - kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 18. Kaya ndi zowona kapena ayi, gooseberries anali ofunika ku Russia, amatchedwa "mabulosi padenga" ndipo mazana mabasawo anali atakulidwa mu lirilonse la iwo, lirilonse lomwe lidalembedwa pansi pa chiwerengero chake mumagazini yoyenera. Mmodzi mwa magaziniwa, omwe ndi a Prince Gagarin, zidadziwika kuti tchire la zipatso za mphukira 80 limamera pamtunda wake ndipo amalembedwa mtundu womwe zipatsozo zimapakidwa utoto uliwonse ukakhwima.
Kuphulika kwenikweni pa kutchuka kwa gooseberries kunachitika m'zaka za zana la 19, pamene minda yambiri ya chikhalidwe ichi inayamba kukhazikitsidwa kulikonse. Cholinga cha izi chinali, mwa zinthu zina, obereketsa, Achingelezi, omwe amabala mitundu yambiri ndi zipatso zochulukirapo mpaka nthawi yayikulu kwambiri. Mitunduyi idayamba kugawidwa mdziko la Russia, idasinthiratu mbewu zosatha panthawiyo. Ndipo sizikudziwika kuti ma gooseberries angakhale bwanji pakadakhala kuti ufa wa feya, womwe udafafaniza gooseberries ambiri ku Europe, sukadafika pamalonda. Posachedwa pomwe maula omwe amalimbana ndi ufa wa mpunga adayamba kupezeka, ndipo chikhalidwe cha gooseberry chimayamba kuyambiranso kukhazikika.
Kufunika kwa mbande za jamu kukukula, ndipo izi sizodabwitsa, chifukwa mbewu iyi ndi yofunika pankhani ya chakudya, yodziwika ndi kukhwima koyambirira, zipatso zokhazikika komanso zoyenera, zipatso zake zimatha kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali (pafupifupi sabata) ndipo zimayendetsedwa bwino pamtunda wautali, mutatha kukolola masiku angapo mpaka wakucha kwathunthu. Zipatso za jamu zimatha kudyedwa zatsopano komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi yomweyo, zipatsozo zikapanda kusapsa, ndiye kuti zimapangika modabwitsa, ndipo zipatso zokhala ndi zipatso zambiri zimapanga chodzaza chabwino, chomwe chimatchedwa kuti achifumu, ndipo, zipatso zosapsa ndi zipatso zabwino kwambiri.
Anthu ochepa amadziwa kuti gooseberries samangokhala chokoma komanso chopatsa thanzi, komanso calorie yapamwamba: kilogalamu ya zipatso zili ndi zoposa 500 kcal, makamaka zopatsa mphamvu zambiri zamitundu mitundu, zomwe zimakhala ndi shuga wambiri.
Jamu wamtchire. © Emma & SallyKufalikira kwa jamu
Kubzala zipatso za jamu ndikwabwino kuti mukalowe ku nazale, osati m'manja, komwe mutha kugulitsa zolakwika kapena mmera ambiri. Mutha kukhala, panjira, phunzirani kufalitsa gooseberries panokha, makamaka chifukwa sizovuta.
Mwachitsanzo, njira imodzi yodziwika bwino yofotokozera masamba a jamu ndi kubwereza kwa mitundu mosiyanasiyana. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito njirayi, ndikofunikira kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, nthawi zonse masamba asanatseguke, sankhani masamba ophukidwa kwambiri, kuwapinda kuti asasungunuke ndikumasulidwa ndikuwakhomera ndi mbedza zamatabwa kapena zitsulo. Mphukira za jamu zitha kuyikidwa panthaka komanso zazing'ono, 4-6 cm.
Chotsatira, muyenera kudikira mpaka kukula ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito ndipo mphukira kufikira kutalika kwa masentimita 9-11. Pambuyo pake, zophukira za jamu zitha kukhala zophimbidwa ndi dothi lotayirira, zoterera, ndikuthirira. M'tsogolomu, ndikofunikira kuti nthaka ikhale yonyowa, izi zimalola kuti mizu yolimbikitsidwa bwino ipange pa mphukira. Kuzungulira pakati pa chilimwe, pomwe mphukira zimachulukanso kawiri, kubowoleza kumayenera kubwerezedwa, ndikuwonjezera kutalika kwake ndi chitatu.
Mukugwa, nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa Seputembala kapena kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala, mphukira za jamu ziyenera "kumasulidwa" ndikulekanitsidwa ndi chomera cham'mimba, pambuyo pake chitha kubzalidwa m'malo okhazikika m'nthaka. Zikuwoneka kuti ngakhale ndi mizu yocheperako, yokhala ndi tsitsi limodzi, mphukira zam'maso zimamera bwino m'malo atsopano. Chachikulu ndikuti, mutabzala mphukira izi, muchepetse gawo lakutsogolo ndi theka.
Jamu kudula.
Gooseberries amathanso bwino ndi lignified ndi wobiriwira kudula mu wowonjezera kutentha. Zodulidwa zokhala ndi masamba zimayambira mizu kutali ndi mitundu yonse ya jamu. Zadziwika kuti zodula masamba a jamu ndizokhazikika: Russian (chaka cha 1959 cha chilengedwe), Krasnoslavyanskiy (chaka cha 1992 cha kulenga) ndi chikasu cha ku Russia (chaka cha 1974 cha chilengedwe). Kuti mitundu ya mitundu yonse ya jamuyi ifalikire ndi mizu yodula, ndiye kuti ndiyenera kuidula kumayambiriro kwa Seputembeli mpaka 13cm kutalika kuchokera pachaka. Chingwe chilichonse chimayenera kukhala ndi impso zisanu. Kenako, zodula za jamu zikuyenera kubzalidwa m'nthaka yopanda thanzi komanso yopatsa thanzi, ndikuzama kuti impso imodzi ikhale pansi. Kubzala patali - 9-11 masentimita pakati pa odulidwa ndi 50-55 masentimita pakati pa mizere.
Nthawi zambiri, masika a gooseberry odulidwa amayamba kukula ndikupanga mizu. Kuti tithane ndi mbande zodzaza, ndikofunikira kuthirira nthaka m'nthawi yake, kupewa kuyanika, kumasula dothi, osalola kuti kutumphuka kwa dothi kupanga komanso kumera. Kuchulukitsa, panjira, kumafunikira ziwiri - koyambirira kwamasika komanso pakati pa chilimwe, pafupifupi 30-35 g nitroammophoski pa mita imodzi ya nthaka. Mu nthawi yophukira, mbande za goose zomwe zakonzedwa kale zimatha kukumbidwa ndikubzala m'malo yatsopano.
Mitundu ina ya jamu imatha kufalikira ndi masamba obiriwira. Muyenera kuzidula kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, kutalika kwa 12-15 cm, chotsani timapepala tonse tating'onoting'ono, kupatula awiriwo, ndikuwabzala mu greenhouse yokutidwa ndi kanema, osakanikirana ndi peat otsika, humus ndi mtsinje wamtsinje, ndikukula ndikukula kwa masentimita 2-3. kuthirira pafupipafupi - kutentha 5-6 kawiri pa tsiku, kukugwa kambiri masana 3-4 patsiku, nthawi yophukira, mizu imakhazikika pa mitengo yokhadzula ndipo mbande zodziyimira zokha zingabzalidwe m'malo okhazikika.
Kubzala jamu chitsamba. © Zia MayaKodi kubzala gooseberries?
Chifukwa chake, zilibe kanthu kuti mungakhale nokha ngati mwapeza mbande ya jamu nokha kapena kuti mugule ku nazale, kuti muthe kukolola bwino ndikofunikira kusankha malo oyenera, kubzala mmera moyenera ndikuusamalira bwino.
Mwa njira, mutha kuyamba kubzala gooseberries onse m'dzinja ndi masika. Nthawi yomweyo, nthawi yophukira ndi nthawi yovomerezeka, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotentha komanso m'nthaka muli chinyezi chokwanira. Chapakatikati, simungakhale ndi nthawi yobzala mbewu masamba asanatseguke, ndipo kubzala mbewu zomwe zadzutsidwa kale sizikhala bwino.
Kusankha malo a jamu, ndikofunikira kuganizira mawonekedwe azikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, zidadziwika kuti gooseberries amakula bwino panthaka yopanda thanzi komanso yopatsa thanzi ndipo amawopa kudzimana, makamaka udzu wa tirigu. Popeza izi, pansi pa jamu, muyenera kusankha malo otseguka komanso opanda magetsi, opanda dothi lotayirira komanso lathanzi (dothi lakuda, loam, loam sandy, grey nkhalango yamtunda) ndi malo oyambira pansi osayandikira mita imodzi ndi theka. Ndikwabwino ngati kumbali yakumpoto kudzatetezedwa ku mphepo yozizira monga khoma la nyumba, mpanda kapena chitsamba chokhala ndi korona wowala.
Chiwembu cha mphukira chiyenera kudulidwamo, popanda kuponderezedwa, kusungunuka kapena madzi amvula asadzikundikirepo, koma dothi liyenera kukhala lonyowa pang'ono, osati louma.
Musanabzale jamu, ndikofunikira kukonza dothi bwino; Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kukumba mpaka fosholo yonse, onetsetsani kuti mwasankha maudzu ambiri, makamaka mizu ya tirigu, kumasula dothi ndikuwongolera. Ngati dothi patsamba lanu ndi losauka, ndiye kukumba makilogalamu 4-5 a manyowa kapena manyowa, 500-600 g phulusa la nkhuni ndi supuni ya nitroammophoska pa lalikulu mita. Pambuyo pokhapokha izi, mutha kupitiliza ndikukhazikitsa kwenikweni. Mwa njira, kuti mbande za jamu zitembenuke kukhala mbewu zopangidwa bwino mtsogolo, muyenera kusankha masanjidwe oyenera a kukhazikitsidwa patsamba lanu. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa mizere, ngati mukubzala mbewu ya jamu pachiwembu, muyenera kusiya mita iwiri yaulere, komanso pakati pa mbewu mzere (kapena pakati pa mbande) - pafupifupi mita. Sikulimbikitsidwa kuyika mbewu za jamu pafupi, zimatha kusokoneza mzake, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuzisamalira, kulima m'nthaka, ndi kukolola, chifukwa cha minga ya mbewu.
Mukangoganiza za mtundu wa jamu, mutha kuyamba kukumba maenje. Kukula kwa maenje mwachindunji kumatengera kukula kwa mizu ya gooseberry mmera. Chifukwa chake, ngati mukubzala mbewu pachaka, makamaka - kudula mizu kapena nthambi, ndiye kuti palibe chifukwa chokumbira bowo lalikulu, ndilochepa kwambiri, 18-20 cm ndi kutalika kwa 10-15 masentimita. Mukabzala mbewu zakale ziwiri zomwe mizu yake nthawi zambiri imakhala yabwino kukulira, ndikofunikira kukumba maenje ndi akuya 25-30 cm ndi mainchesi 30-30 cm.
Pansi pa dzenje, ikani zosanjikiza, mutha kuthyola njerwa kapena kukulitsa dongo, masentimita angapo, ndipo pamwamba pake pamayala michere yophatikizidwa: dothi losakanikirana ndi dothi lofanana. Kenako imatsanulira pansi pa dzenje, ndikuthira ndowa ndi kukhazikitsa mizu ya mmera pa osakaniza, kufalitsa bwino mizu. Kenako, mizu ya jamu iyenera kuwazidwa ndi dothi, ndikuyika mmera kuti ma khosi angapo aphatikizidwa pansi, densify nthaka bwino, kutsanulira chidebe chamadzi pa mmera ndi mulch pamwamba ndi peat kapena humus, wosanjikiza masentimita angapo.
Mutabzala, mutha kufupikitsa gawo laling'ono la jamu ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu, izi zimalimbitsa nthambi yake mtsogolo.
Kubzala gooseberry.
Kodi kusamalira gooseberries?
Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi chisamaliro, chomwe chimakhala ndikudulira, kuthira feteleza, kuthirira komanso kuteteza ku matenda ndi tizirombo.
Kudulira kwa jamu: nthawi zambiri yesetsani kusiya mphukira zitatu zopangidwa bwino (mutatha kufupikitsa) mchaka choyamba. Mphukira zotsalira za jamu nthawi zambiri zimadulidwa, ngakhale ndizotheka kuti izi zisachitike. Mu kasupe wa chaka chamawa, kuchokera kwa achinyamata jamu zophukira, ngati achokera ku mizu, mungathe kusiya mphukira zitatu, ndipo patatha chaka - zina zitatu ndikuwongolera izi mtsogolo, pang'onopang'ono m'malo mwa mphukira zatsopano ndi zatsopano. Mphukira zonse za jamu zomwe zimatsamira kwambiri m'nthaka kapena kumera kwambiri korona, ndikofunikira kudula.
Kuchokera chaka chachisanu ndi chimodzi kapena chachisanu ndi chiwiri cha moyo wa mmera, mutha kungochotsa mphukira zakale, zosweka, zowuma, ndi zina zomwe zimakulitsa korona.
Kuthirira: gooseberries ndizolekerera chilala, koma chifukwa chosowa chinyezi ndizovuta kupeza zokolola zabwino. Kuthirira ndikofunikira ndipo makamaka ndikofunikira nthawi ya maluwa - nthawi zambiri kumayambiriro kwa Meyi - komanso nthawi yopanga ovary ndi kupsa. Pakadali pano, pansi pa chitsamba chilichonse cha jamu, muyenera kuthira madzi okwanira mlungu uliwonse, pokhapokha, palibe mvula ndipo kumatentha.
Kutsirira kungaphatikizidwe ndi ntchito feteleza. Njira yabwino ndi iyi: choyamba, maudzu onse omwe amakhala pafupi ndi kamwa amachotsedwa, ndiye kuti dothi limasulidwa, kenako feteleza umathiridwa, kuthiriridwa ndi kuyamwa ndi dothi la humus 2-3 cm. tchire lirilonse la supuni ya feteleza, kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa June, chitsamba chilichonse chimayenera kudyetsedwa ndi phulusa lamatabwa - 150-200 g (pachilichonse), ndipo mu Julayi, pangani supuni ya tiyi ya superphosphate ndi potaziyamu pachomera chilichonse. Gooseberries amayankha bwino kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe. Ndikofunika kuti muwapange mu April ndi chaka chimodzi. Zomera zokhala ndi zaka zosakwana zisanu, zisanu ndi imodzi zokhala ndi zinthu zisanu zokwanira zonse; Mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa manyowa, musaiwale kuwafafaniza ndi madzi: mwachitsanzo, mullein amaphatikizidwa kamodzi, kasanu ndi kamodzi, nkhuku - -, manyowa - zisanu ndi ziwiri. Pansi pa chitsamba chilichonse cha jamu, nkoyenera kupanganso chidebe cha zovala zamtunduwu, zomwe kale zimamasula dothi.
Gawo lofunikira mu ntchito ya chisamaliro ndikuwongolera matenda ndi tizilombo. A matenda oopsa a jamu ndi anthracnose. Kulimbana ndi anthracnosis kuyenera kuyambitsidwa m'dzinja kuti athetsere matenda kapena njira yomwe yatsimikiziridwa kale. Kuti muchite izi, mphukira zonse zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi anthracnose ziyenera kudulidwa, masamba omwe agwa ndi zizindikiro zakugonjetsedwa ayenera kusonkhanitsidwa ndikuwotchedwa. Ndikofunika kumasula dothi pansi pa tchire.
Chapakatikati, kulimbana ndi matenda kuyenera kupitilizidwa. Pofuna kuthana ndi anthracnose, pali njira zingapo zotetezera anthu zomwe ndi zotetezeka. Mwachitsanzo, njira yodziwika bwino ndiyo kuwaza tchire la mabulosi ndi madzi, lotenthetsedwa mpaka madigiri 60. Madzi oterowo, akathiridwa madzi, samazizira ndipo sawononga masamba ndi masamba, koma amawononga komwe kumayambitsa matenda. Zimathandizira kuthana ndi anthracnose ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi mullein ndi masabata awiri. Potere, muyenera kuthira mullein kasanu ndi kawiri ndi madzi (1: 7). Zotsatira zabwino zimapezeka pothandizidwa ndi kusala bwino, komwe kumadzimitsidwa kawiri m'mankhwala oyamba, komanso kanayi mu awiri otsatira.
Mutha kuthanso ndi matendawa mothandizidwa ndi mankhwalawa kulowetsedwa kwa nthula nthula. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kutenga ma kilogalamu anayi a masamba a zitsamba zaminga ndi mapesi ake, kuwaza bwino, ikani chidebe ndikutsanulira ndowa. Chotsatira, muyenera kusiya njira yothetsera vutoli kwa maola khumi ndipo mutha kuyigwiritsa ntchito pochiza matenda omwe ali ndi matenda katatu kapena kanayi pakadutsa sabata limodzi.
Ponena za tizirombo, gooseberries nthawi zambiri amatsutsidwa nsabwe za m'masambamwa kupotoza nsonga za masamba ndikupangitsa kupindika, phindu latsopano. Nsabwe za m'masamba zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi wowerengeka azitsamba, mwachitsanzo, kuchiza mbewu ndi kulowetsedwa kwa anyezi mankhusu, komwe ma 150-180 g wa mankhusu amayenera kuthiridwa ndi chidebe chamadzi kutentha kwa firiji ndikuwasiya kwa maola asanu. Kuthira mchere ndi tsabola wotentha kumathandiza; Ngati nsabwe za m'masamba ndizochepa, ndiye kuti, pamodzi ndi timapepala, titha kusonkhanitsa pamanja ndikuwonongeka.
Gooseberry chitsamba kuduliraKodi kukolola gooseberries?
Izi, ndiye, ndizofunikira zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa kuti mupange mbewu yabwino ya jamu. Zimangokhala kuti zisonkhanitse. Poona kuti tchire ndilabwino, muyenera kusamala, podziwa kuti zipatso zimacha nthawi yomweyo, mutha kudikirira kuti kucha kwawo kukhwime ndikusonkha limodzi, mulingo wambiri, waukulu. Ngati zipatso zikufunika kusungidwa kapena kunyamulidwa, ndiye kuti zitha kutengedwa pang'ono, ngati izi sizofunikira, ndiye kuti kuli bwino kudikira mpaka kukula kwathunthu.
