Chimodzi mwa zokongola kwambiri za pellet fern chimapereka masamba okonda masamba ang'onoang'ono masamba oyandikira ndi mawonekedwe abwino ozungulira. Osachepera ndizomwe zimawoneka ngati kutali. Chonyezimira, ngati kuti chimapukutidwa mosamala, masamba obiriwira osakhala ngati fernsona. Ndipo chomera chomwechi, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kompositi, chikuwoneka ngati chosangalatsa. Ndipo ngakhale sizivuta kubzala pellet, sizingatheke chifukwa cha fern wovuta kwambiri. Pellaea ndi mtundu wokongola kwambiri womwe umatha kutchedwa kuti wopatsa chidwi.
Pelaea rotundifolia (Pellaea rotundifolia).
Pellet - chozizwitsa chojambula batiri ndi chida chachikulu
Mtundu wapadera wa fern pellet ndi wabwino kwambiri monga chomera cha mphika ndi ma ampels. Masamba ake okhala ndi mapangidwe ake amaso amitundu iliyonse amasintha chomera chilichonse kukhala chotchuka. Pellae adalandira dzina lawo chifukwa cha petioles zamtambo wakuda - kuchokera ku Latin "pellos" (amdima). Koma apa, mtunduwu umadziwika bwino ngati batani, ndipo ku Europe - monga batani fern.
Izi zikuyimira banja. Pterisovye (Pteridaceae) ndipo limakhala madera akutali kwambiri otentha konse, koma limapezekanso ku New Zealand ndi kumwera kwa Africa. Kukula modzaza kwa fern m'chilengedwe kumapangitsa kuti isaoneke. Koma alibe zofananira mu lamba ndi kuthekera kupanga carpet pansi pa mbewu zazikulu. Maonekedwe a fern uyu ndiwokongola kwambiri komanso amatha kudziwika mosavuta kuthengo. Koma kukhala m'malo owuma komanso mapiri ndidapatsa pellet zinthu zingapo zofunika zothirira.
Pelleta (Pellaea- - mtundu wopanda kukula mwachangu, komabe ndikutulutsa khumi zatsopano zazikulu, zamiyala yamiyala ing'onoang'ono munthawi. Kutalika kwa chomera nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwanira masentimita 15, ngakhale ma pellets akuluakulu amatha kufikira masentimita 40. Kukula ndi kukula kwa fern iyi kumachitika mosalekeza. Kutulutsa masamba sikutha ngakhale nthawi yozizira, ngakhale gawo logulitsa masamba mwachikhalidwe limachitika mchaka ndi chilimwe. Malinga ndi masamba osasinthika, pamakhala kufa nthawi zonse masamba akale, omwe amakhudza kukongoletsa kwa mtengowo. Mtundu wa pellet ndi wozungulira, wopindika. Chodabwitsa pakati pa mbewu ndi kukhalapo kwa nthiti zopapatiza, zomwe kwenikweni ndi masikelo aaka awiri pamizu yokwawa. Zowala za fern izi sizachilendo. Utatu, masamba opinikiza-kawiri kapena osalala a masamba ainini amakhala ofanana kukula, osalala komanso opindika, amakhala pamtunda kwambiri ndikupanga mawonekedwe ofanana. Sporangia pamasamba amapezeka kumapeto kwa mitsempha yaulere komanso m'mbali, ngati kuti adakutidwa ndi m'mphepete mwa masamba.
Mitundu yotchuka ya pellets
M'banja Pelleta (Pellaea) zikuphatikiza pafupifupi mitundu 80 ya ma fern, omwe ambiri mwa iwo adapangidwanso. Monga chomera, mitundu 6 ya ma pellets imakulidwa.
Pelaea rotundifolia (Pellaea rotundifolia).
Kukonda kwathunthu kwa alimi a maluwa ndi zokongoletsera kwambiri za nthumwi zonse zamtunduwu ndizosangalatsa pang'ono Pellet woboola pakati (Pellaea rotundifolia) Ichi ndi chomera cha New Zealand chokhala ndi mtundu wofiyira pang'ono, womwe umatha kupindika pang'ono mpaka 30cm mpaka 5c. Masamba omwe amadulidwa amapatsa mbewuyo kuwala chifukwa cha kamvekedwe kofiirira. Koma chokongoletsera chachikulu cha pelletyi ndi masamba ozunguliridwa kapena opindika (mpaka 20) pa utoto uliwonse) wokhala ndi m'mphepete mwamtundu, wamdima wakuda komanso wonyezimira wamdima wobiriwira.
Pellet wakuda (Pellaea atropurpurea) ndiwotchuka komanso wokongoletsa kwambiri. Amasiyana ndi tsamba lozungulira lokhala ndi masamba ake ofiirira ndi masamba ofiira, omwe amasintha fern kukhala imodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri zakuda zamkati zilizonse zamkati. Masamba ake amapindika pawiri, wokhala ndi peescent. Chomera ichi sikuti mkati, komanso dimba. Komanso, kuthana ndi chisanu kumakupatsani mwayi wosangalatsa masamba obiriwira ngakhale mkati mwanjira.
Green pellet (Pellaea viridis- - amasiyanitsidwa ndi maula omwe amakhala ndi ana ataliitali ophatikizidwa mu rosette yoyambira. Masamba a pinnate akakhala kutalika amatha kukula mpaka theka la mita, mulifupi, mpaka 20 cm, wokhala ndi masamba obiriwira. Uwu ndi mtundu wawukulu kwambiri wamitundu yonse yokhala ndi masamba obiriwira kwambiri, omwe samadziwika ndi ndalama.
Ovoid pellet (Pellaea ovata) ndi mtundu wa ku Central America wokhala ndi zokongola kwambiri kuchokera ku masamba owala, owala bwino okhala ndi masamba owoneka ngati mtima. Pelletyi ndi yosasinthika kwambiri kotero kuti imalekerera kutentha ngakhale nthawi yozizira. Koma zabwino za fern izi sizinayamikiridwe kwathunthu, ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri kuzipeza.
Pellae wamanyazi (Pellaea glabella) ndi mtundu waku North America mpaka 35cm kutalika ndi pafupifupi mzere, pini-pini kapena masamba amodzi okhala ndi petioles zofiirira. Imawerengedwa ngati imodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri popanga mawonekedwe a alpine, koma imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu chipinda.
Pellet ndiwosangalatsa (Pellaea calomelanos) - Mitundu ya ku Africa ya ferns yokhala ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu opinikizira masamba mpaka 60cm komanso 30 cm mulifupi, yophatikizidwa mu rosette yapamwamba. Vayi amakhala pamitengo yofiyira yayitali, ndipo mawonekedwe a mphimba zamasamba ndi osazolowereka, apatatu, asymmetric.
Pellae wakuda wofiirira (Pellaea atropurpurea).
Pellae wokongola kwambiri (Pellaea calomelanos).
Pellae wamaliseche (Pellaea glabella).
Kusamalira ana kunyumba
Pellaea si fern wamba. Amakonda nyengo yozizira yozizira komanso chinyezi chokhazikika, koma osakonda chinyezi kuposa abale ake otchuka. Kulekerera kwabwino kwa mpweya wouma m'zipinda kumapangitsa mbewu iyi kukhala imodzi mwamitundu yayitali kwambiri, ndipo chisamaliro mosamala sichingatchedwe kuti chovuta kwambiri. Kuwala kokongola kwa masamba ozungulira kwa pellet kumasintha kwenikweni mkati, mbewu imawoneka yokongola kwambiri chaka chonse. Ndipo mutha kuyisankha mosamala, ngakhale mutakhala kuti mulibe chidziwitso chambiri pakukula mbewu zakunyumba.
Kuyatsa ma pellets
Ngakhale ma pellets amawerengedwa pakati pa ferns, iwo ndiofesa mbewu zamkati zomwe zimafunikira kupatsidwa malo oyenera mkati. Mitundu yonse, kupatula utoto wofiirira komanso wopanda kanthu, imafunikira kutetezedwa ku kuwala kwa dzuwa mwachindunji (zolembera za m'munda sizikuopa kuwala kwa dzuwa). Koma kuyatsa kuyenera kusakanizidwa ndikuwala monga momwe kungathekere. Pazenera lakumwera, ma pelleys amamangidwa ndi ma translucent okha, osati mawonekedwe wamba. Pellet imapangidwa bwino bwino m'malo ofanana ndi kumpoto kwa zenera. Pazenera lakumadzulo ndi lakum'mawa, amafunikanso kuyatsa kuwala kwa dzuwa kapena kuzimitsa mzere wachiwiri kapena wachitatu.
Pellae sangathe kutchedwa chomera ngati mthunzi, koma chopirira mthunzi, chitha kupangika pang'onopang'ono kuyambira ubwana, chitha kupangidwa. Chomera pamalo oterowo chimakula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo masamba amasintha pang'ono, koma kawirikawiri, mawonekedwewa amawoneka okongoletsa pamthunzi komanso mumthunzi. Kuti "mutanthauzire" pellet kuti ikhale yowunikira kwambiri, muyenera kusintha malo ake pang'ono pang'ono, ndikutambasula njira yosamukira kumalo osungirako okwanira 2-3 masabata 1-2 (koyamba kusuntha mbewu 50 cm, kenako pang'ono, etc.) .
Panthawi yopumula yocheperako, kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Febere, ndibwino kuti pellet asinthe kuyatsa, kulipirira nthawi yake yochepetsa. Fern imawululidwa m'malo owala bwino (kotero kuti kuwala kwapakati kumakhalabe kofanana ndi nthawi ya chilimwe).
Pellet ovate (Pellaea ovata).
Kutentha kosangalatsa
Ma pellets onse, kupatula ovoid, amakonda kutentha pang'ono komanso ngati kuzizira. Izi ferns amakhala omasuka kwambiri nthawi yamasika komanso chilimwe pamtunda wa madigiri 20. Kutentha (pamwambapa 23 madigiri) kumakhudza kukongola kwa masamba ndipo kumafuna kukonza koyenera mosamalitsa potsatira kutulutsa mpweya. Chifukwa chake, kwa pellet, ndibwino kusankha malo abwino kwambiri m'nyumba. Koma simuyenera kuloleza kuchepetsa kutentha mpaka madigiri 17-18.
Njira yozizira kwa pellet ndi yosavuta kusankha. Munthawi ya dormancy yothandizayi imapereka chilengedwe kuchokera madigiri 14 mpaka 16 kutentha. Mitengo yotentha imatha kutsitsa masamba kapena kutulutsa masamba pang'ono (zomwe zitha kupewedwa mosavuta pobweretsa kupopera kwa masamba ophatikizidwa mu pulogalamu yodzikongoletsera). Kutentha kotsika kwa ma pellets kumapha. Poongolera kutentha nthawi yozizira, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kwa ma pellets, kutentha sikofunika kwambiri kuposa mpweya, koma gawo lapansi. Kuti sayenera kugwa pansi pazigawo 14: hypothermia ya mizu kwenikweni imatha kuwononga pellet.
Mwa mitundu ya pellets zamkati, sizodabwitsa kuti pali mbewu zambiri kuchokera m'mitundu yama ferns. Chikhalidwechi chimakonda mpweya wabwino, saopa kukonzekera ndipo amangofunika mpweya wabwino zipinda. Chifukwa chakuti pellet imakonda kuzizira ngakhale nthawi yotentha, sichimakonda kutengeka kupita kumweya wabwino, kupatula makonde oyenda komanso ozizira a kumpoto, ndi masitepe.
Pellaea wobiriwira (Pellaea viridis).
Kuthirira ndi chinyezi
Mosiyana ndi ferns yambiri yamkati, ndizovuta kutcha pellet chomera cha hygrophilous. Kukongola kumeneku kumafunikira kuthirira pang'ono, sakonda kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kapena kuyanika kwathunthu kwa mapoto. Komanso, ngati chilala chikatha kuchira msanga, ndiye kuti kusefukira kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuthana ndi mavuto. Pakati pa njira, masentimita 3-4 a kumtunda kwa gawo lapansi ayenera kuwuma. Pafupipafupi njira mu kasupe ndi chilimwe 2 kawiri pa sabata. Ngati matenthedwe amlengalenga ndi apamwamba kuposa momwe analimbikitsira, ndiye kuti chomeracho chimathiriridwa madzi pafupipafupi, koma kuchepetsa kuthirira. Madzi amayenera kutulutsidwa kuchokera pachikwama nthawi yomweyo. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, ma pellets samakonda kuthiriridwa madzi ndipo nthawi zambiri amachepetsa chinyezi cha dothi, kulola gawo lonselo kuti liume pakati pamayendedwe ndi pakati pamphika. Mowirikiza nthawi ino ya chaka, makamaka ikakhala yozizira, ingaphe. Koma chilala, ngakhale nthawi yozizira, sichabwino. Mukathirira nthawi iliyonse pachaka, mmera umafunika kusamalira bwino: sungathe kuthira madzi masamba.
Madzi a pellet sayenera kukhazikika kwambiri ngati kutentha kwa chipinda. Kuthirira ndi madzi osalala, ofewa a pellet ndikosayenera: chikhalidwe ichi chimakonda dothi la alkali ndipo ena olima m'madzimo amathirirapo madziwo kuchokera pa mpopi. Koma ndi bwino kuti musamachite zinthu monyanyira ngati izi.
Chachikulu kwambiri - komanso chosangalatsa kwambiri - chimadabwitsa ma pellet omwe adakonzedwa malinga ndi zofunikira zanyowa. Pelleta imasungabe masamba ake abwino, kukongoletsa kwake sikungokhala konse kwawonetsero wa 50% chinyezi. Mwambiri, iye ndi woyenererana bwino ndi mchipinda ndipo palibe chifukwa chotengera fern iliyonse yapadera. Koma ngati kutentha kwa mpweya kumasuka kuzowonetsa, ndiye kuti nthawi yozizira komanso nthawi yachilimwe ndikofunikira kuwonjezera chinyezi. M'nyengo yozizira, njira izi zimachitika tsiku lililonse, nthawi yotentha - tsiku lililonse. Koma ngakhale muyeso wotere umangofunikira pokhapokha ngati zizindikiro zikuwonjezera kupitirira 18 madigiri ozizira ndi madigiri 24 m'chilimwe.
Koma mtundu wamadzi wopopera mankhwalawa uyenera kulipira kwambiri. Pa chikhalidwe ichi, kupukutira masamba kungachitike kokha ndi madzi ofewa, okhazikika bwino ndi kutentha madigiri angapo kuposa kutentha kwa chipinda. Mfuti zing'onozing'ono zokha ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa.
Ngati palibe chifukwa chovulira mbewuzo, ndipo fumbi limadzaza zobiriwira, ndiye osathamangira kukatsuka pellet ndi njira yodzala. Ndikwabwino kuchotsa dothi kuchokera pamatsamba ndi burashi yofewa, ndikupewera pang'ono amadyera nayo. Wet "kusafisha" pellet siyabwino. Sakonda kunyowa Wai.
Pellet ovate (Pellaea ovata).
Zomera za Pellet
Monga mbewu zambiri zokongoletsera komanso zopatsa chidwi, kambewu kake kamayenera kudyetsedwa kokha munthawi ya kukula kwambiri kuyambira kasupe mpaka nthawi yophukira. Ngakhale kuti chitukuko cha mbewu sichimaleka, feteleza mu kugwa komanso nthawi yozizira sikuthandizira ferns. Kwa ma pellets, kuvala pamwamba kumachitika osati nthawi zambiri, koma pang'onopang'ono - pafupifupi nthawi 1 m'masabata atatu. Kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Febere, feteleza sagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale mbewuyo itataya zokongoletsera zake. Feteleza wokwanira kapena wathunthu wopangidwira kukongoletsa komanso mbewu zokakamira ndizoyenera bwino pa mbewuyi. Feteleza wa nayitrogeni sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamenepo, chifukwa pellet sayenera nayitrogeni wambiri monga mawonekedwe apadera a zinthu.
Pellet yokonza
Chifukwa cha kukula kwa fern iyi, kumasulidwa kwake kwa masamba opitilira muyeso khumi ndi awiri pa nyengo kumatsogolera ku chakuti masamba akale amawuma. Zomera zawo sizigwera zokha, ndipo popanda kudulira wamba wai, tchire limataya kukongoletsa. Zowonadi zake, ndendende ndikuchotsa masamba osachedwa, akale ndi oyipa omwe kudulira konseku kwa fern kumachepa. Palibe chifukwa chokonzanso ndikupanga pellet.
Thirani ndi gawo lapansi
Ndikosavuta kutenga kusakaniza kwa nthaka kwa izi fern. Zowona, munthu ayenera kuyiwala za magawo apadera a ferns ndi dothi acidic: ma pellets m'chilengedwe amakula pamiyala yopanda chidwi ndipo, mosiyana ndi abale, amakonda nthaka yokhala ndi zamchere pang'ono, pamavuto osakhudzidwa kwambiri. Pa chikhalidwe ichi, magawo omwe amakhala okonzedwa bwino bwino pazomera zokongoletsera komanso dothi la ferns kapena gawo lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe limapangidwa ndi kuphatikizika kwa miyala ya miyala yamiyala ndi dolomite, ndioyenera. Mukakonzanso dothi lanu nokha, kenako sakanizani magawo ofanana humus, peat, tsamba lamasamba, mchenga ndikuwonjezera miyala yamiyala.
Pellet imayikidwa pokhapokha ngati pakufunika, pomwe mizu imatenga kwathunthu gawo lapansi lomwe lilipo. Pachikhalidwe, fern iyi imasungidwa mosasamala zaka zakubadwa ndi pafupipafupi 1 nthawi yazaka ziwiri.
Mosiyana ndi mbewu zambiri zamkati, pellet safunikira kuikidwa kokha kumapeto kwa February kapena March: kuyika ndikofunikira kwa iyo nthawi iliyonse kumapeto kwa chirimwe ndi chilimwe. Munthawi imeneyi, madzi okwanira amaikidwa, omwe amakhala ofunikira pakuthana ndi kuzungulira kwa gawo lapansi. Dongo silidawonongeke, kumangochotsa dothi laulere ndi pamwamba, kuyesa kupewa kulumikizana ndi mizu. Pambuyo pothira, pellet imafunikira chisamaliro chapadera: kwa masiku 3-5, mmera umawululidwa m'malo otchedwa apakati, pamthunzi wocheperako, ndi kutentha kwambiri, sungani chinyezi chadothi mwakuthirira mosamala mpaka kukula ndikusintha.
Maluso pakuyika chomera ayenera kusankhidwa mosamala: miphika yokhayo, yopingasa yoyenera yopingasa mizere yokwira mizu yoyenera pellet. Nthawi yomweyo, chomeracho sichinabzalidwe mumipanda yayikulu, voliyumu imangokulitsidwa ndi masentimita ochepa, ndipo ngati zingatheke, iwo amangosintha dothi laulere ndi loyipalo kuchokera kumtunda, ndikubzala pellet wamkulu ndikubwerera mumphika wakale.
Pelaea rotundifolia (Pellaea rotundifolia).
Matenda a pelium ndi tizirombo
Chifukwa cha izi, vuto lalikulu limakhala chifukwa cha kuthira kwamadzi m'nthaka, komanso kukula kwa tizilombo kapena ma aphid, omwe amafalikira mosavuta pazithunzi zokongola pafupi ndi mbewu zopatsirana. Koma mbali inayo, fern iyi nthawi zambiri samadwala tizirombo tomwe timagwira kwambiri mu mpweya wouma - akangaude. Ndikosatheka kuthana ndi vuto la kutsuka masamba pa pellet, chifukwa kuwononga tizirombo ndikwabwino nthawi yomweyo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Mavuto omwe akukula pafupipafupi:
- kufewetsa mphukira, nkhandwe zaulesi kapena kugwa kwamasamba nthawi yayitali madzi;
- makwinya, kuyanika, kuponya masamba pakutentha;
- kuchepa masamba ndi kuwotcha masamba kwambiri
- kutayika kwa khungu, kuyanika kwa nsonga za masamba, kumasulidwa kwamasamba ang'onoang'ono mumthunzi;
- maonekedwe achikasu ndi zofiirira pamasamba pakuwotchedwa ndi dzuwa
Kufalitsa kwa Pellet
M'badwo watsopano wa ma fern amatha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito spores kapena njira yosavuta kwambiri - kulekanitsa tchire.
Zovala zazikuluzitha zimatha kulekanitsidwa momwe zimasungidwira aliyense. Kupatukana kumachitika bwino kwambiri ndi dzanja, kotero kuti m'chigawo chilichonse mumakhala mfundo zitatu kapena zingapo zokulira. Mabala onse ndi kuvulala kuyenera kuthandizidwa ndi makala osweka. Pambuyo polekanitsa, gawo limodzi la mizu limavulala mosalephera, ndipo mafupa, monga lamulo, amafunikira nthawi yayitali yozisintha. Pakadali pano, chomera chimafunikira chisamaliro chochuluka.
Spores mu fern iyi imapangidwa pansi pamasamba a sporangia, atakutidwa pang'ono ndi m'mphepete. Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, mutha kutolera masambawo ndikudula tsamba kenako ndikulimata papepala, kenako kumayambiriro kwamasika, kubzala m'mipanda yosaya kapena malo okuberekera okhala ndi ngalande zomwe zakhazikitsidwa pansi, ndikuyika gawo lanthete. Madzi amathiridwa madzi ambiri pokhapokha ngati chinyowa chikufalikira padziko lapansi. Kuyambira pamwambapa, mbewu za pellet zimakutidwa ndi filimu kapena galasi. Amakula pokhapokha ngati akuwotha kutentha ndi kutentha kwa madigiri pafupifupi 21, pamalo amdima. Pakangodutsa miyezi 1-3 mbande isanaphuke, muyenera kupatsirana chidebe tsiku ndi tsiku ndikumunyowetsa gawo lonselo, kuti isawonongeke kapena kufinya. Zomera zoyamba zikaoneka, chidebe cha mmera chimayenera kusamutsidwa ndikuwunikira kowoneka bwino ndikuchotsa filimu kapena galasi. Akamakula, ana am'mimbamo amatalikirana, kusiya masamba okhawo okhwima kwambiri mtunda wa 2 - 3 cm kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake. Zomera zikayamba kulimba, zimayamba kukula mwachangu, zimasungidwa mumiphika ing'onoing'ono ya 2-3 ma PC.
