Miscanthus (Miscanthus), yemwenso imatchedwa fan, imagwirizana kwambiri ndi nzimbe ndipo imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mbewu ya herbaceous osatha a banja la buluu (chimanga). Pazinthu zachilengedwe, chomera chotere chimapezeka kumadera otentha ndi ku Australia, Asia ndi Africa. Mitundu iyi imagwirizanitsa mitundu pafupifupi 40. Pakati pa olima dimba, njere yokongoletsera yotereyi ndi yotchuka kwambiri. Pakapangidwe kamitundu, miscanthus imakongoletsedwa ndi kapinga ndi matziwe okongoletsera, ndipo chimangacho ndichofunikira popanga maluwa owuma.
Mawonekedwe a Miscanthus
Miscanthus ndi mbewu yosatha, ndipo kutalika kwake imatha kufalikira kuyambira 0,8 mpaka 2 metres. Ma rhizomes ake obowoka nthawi zina amafika pakuya mamita asanu ndi limodzi. Zimayambira. Kutalika kwa zikopa zachikopa, ngati scaly ndikuchokera pa 0.5 mpaka 1.8 cm. Kuphatikizika kwa mapangidwe ooneka ngati mafani, okhala ndi kutalika masentimita 10-30, akuphatikiza ma spikelets. Chomera chotere chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusachita bwino, kupirira komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Njere yokongoletsera iyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mafuta a mbewu zamphamvu, chifukwa ikawotchedwa, mphamvu zambiri zimatulutsidwa, ndipo phulusa laling'ono limapangidwa, chifukwa zinthu zosafunikira zimakhala ndi chinyezi chochepa.
Kubzala miscanthus poyera
Nthawi yobzala
Miscanthus iyenera kubzalidwa kumapeto kwa nthaka nthaka itatha bwino (kuyambira masiku omaliza a Marichi mpaka theka lachiwiri la Meyi). Chipelechi ndi thermophilic, chifukwa chake, pakufikira ndikofunikira kusankha malo dzuwa, lotenthedwa bwino lomwe lotetezedwa ku mphepo yozizira. Zomera zotere zimafunikira madzi okwanira, dothi lonyowa lomwe lili m'mbali mwa nyanja ndi lofunikira kwambiri. Miscanthus siyikakamiza zofunika zapansi panthaka, koma dongo lolemera ndi mchenga imakula ndikukula bwino.
Momwe mungabzalire
Podzala, muyenera kugula mbande zachikulire mu sitolo yapadera. Chowonadi ndi chakuti phala ili ndi nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti chomera choterocho chimayamba kukula pambuyo poti mpweya uzitentha mpaka madigiri 25. Pankhaniyi, ngati mumabzala mwana m'mera, ndiye kuti alibe nthawi yokwanira isanayambe chisanu kuti azolowere bwino ndikukonzekera nyengo yachisanu. Mmera wamkulu amatha kulekerera ngakhale nyengo yachisanu yozizira, ngati itapatsidwa malo abwino okhala. Kukula kwa dzenje pakubzala kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu pang'ono kuposa kukula kwa mizu ya mmera. Choyamba, dothi lochita michere limathiridwa mu dzenjelo, kenako ndikufesa mmera. Dzenjelo limadzaza ndi dothi, kwinaku likusintha kuti lisapange kanthu. Zomera zobzalidwa ziyenera kuthiriridwa bwino.
Miscanthus amasamalira m'munda
Miscanthus amafunika kuthirira nthawi yake, apo ayi imatha kuuma msanga. Makamaka chidwi chikuyenera kulipidwa kuthirira phala ili munthawi yowuma komanso yayikulu. Zomera zotere zimalimbikitsidwa kuthirira pa payipi, pomwe ziyenera kukhala zochulukirapo momwe zingathere. Kuti phala yokongoletsera ikule komanso kukula bwino, pamafunika kuvala mwadongosolo, zomwe ziyenera kukhala zolimbitsa, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni komwe kumatha kuyambitsa miscanthus. Mbewu zobzalidwa sizidyetsa chaka choyamba. Kenako, mkati mwa Meyi, kuthira manyowa ndi feteleza wokhala ndi nayitrogeni amagwiritsidwa ntchito (mwachitsanzo, yankho la urea). Mu theka loyamba la nthawi yachilimwe, mbewu zidzafunika kuthirira ndi manyowa, ndipo theka lachiwiri - feteleza wa phosphorous-potaziyamu amamuthira dothi. Komanso, chomera chimafunikira udzu mwadongosolo kwa zaka zosachepera ziwiri, kenako chimalimba ndikukula kwambiri, udzu udzu pamalopo uzitha kukula wokha. Kumasulira dothi lomwe lili ndi Miscanthus sikofunikira.
Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti mbewu iyi ndi mbewu yolusa kwambiri, yomwe imatha kukula ndi kupulumuka maluwa ena. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale mutabzala, ziletso zina zapadera ziyenera kupangidwa, chifukwa izi, zigwiritsidwe ntchito, zomwe zimatha kukhala zidutswa kapena zitsulo. Iyenera kukumba kuzungulira mbali yonse ya malowo, pomwe sipamayenera kukhala mipata ndi mipata yaying'ono. Zotsalira ziyenera kukumba osazama kupitirira 0.2 m, ndipo ziyeneranso kukwera masentimita 10 pamwamba pa nthaka, zomwe zingalepheretse mbewuzo "kulumpha" pamalire.
Pali mitundu yomwe pakutha kumapeto kwa chirimwe masamba amamba omwe atayika pansi adatayika, pomwe kukongoletsa kwa phala ili mwanjira ina kumachepera. Kuti mbali yam'munsi ya "dazi" ya Miscanthus isakhudze kwambiri, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mubzale pafupi nayo pafupi ndi malo ambiri (kuchokera pa 0.5 mpaka 0.6 metres), yomwe imakula bwino mu dothi lonyowa kwambiri.
Pafupifupi mlimi aliyense akhoza kuthana ndi kubzala Miscanthus, komanso momwe amalimidwira, ndipo phala ili lidzakhala chokongoletsera chachikulu cha dimba lililonse.
Mitundu ya Miscanthus
Zomera zoterezi zimakhudzika ndikusintha, koma patapita kanthawi mkati mwa chitsamba mbewuzo zimayamba kufa, chifukwa chake wosamalira mundawo amaganiza zobzala Miscanthus. Monga lamulo, limodzi ndi kufalikira, mbewuyo imafalikira pogawa chitsamba. Gawoli likulimbikitsidwa kasupe kapena chilimwe. Dziwani kuti njirayi iyenera kuchitidwa mosamalitsa, chifukwa kubwezeretsa chimanga ichi chitatha kugawanika kumachitika nthawi yayitali komanso kupweteka.
Miscanthus itha kukhala wamkulu pambewu. Mbewu sizimafunikira kukonzekera musanabzale, koma ngati mwasankha njira yofalitsira, muyenera kuganizira kuti muyenera kukhala oleza mtima. Chowonadi ndi chakuti phala lotereli limakula kuchokera ku mbewu limafika pachimake pakukongoletsa kokha patatha zaka zitatu kapena 4 mutabzala. Kufesa mbewu kumalimbikitsidwa mumiphika umodzi, ndipo nthaka ikadzakhuta bwino masika, mbande za miscanthus zitha kuziika mu dothi lotseguka. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti mbewu zomwe zimamera pambewu sizingakwanitse kusinthasintha.
Tizilombo ndi matenda
Chomera choterocho chimatha kukaniza matenda osiyanasiyana ndi tizilombo tina zovulaza.
Miscanthus pambuyo maluwa
Pali mitundu ya miscanthus yomwe siyigonjetsedwa ndi chisanu, apo ayi ikungofunika pabwino pabwino nthawi yozizira. Ngati munabzala zipatso zodzikongoletsa ngati izi, ndiye kuti muyenera kuziteteza ku chisanu komanso ku kutentha kwadzidzidzi. Zikamayamba kuzizira pang'onopang'ono mumsewu, chimangacho chimatha kukhala ndi nthawi kuti chizolowere, koma ngati chisanu sichingachitike, ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri tchire limamwalira. Kuti muteteze mbewu zokongoletsera zotere, ndikofunikira kuphimba tchire ndi filimu, kuyiyika ndi kanyumba, pomwe mpweya uyenera kutuluka kuchokera kumbali zam'mbali pobisalira. Kenako pamwamba pa kanema muyenera kukhazikitsa zishalo ziwiri zamatabwa mu chipinda chimodzi. Komabe, musanayambe kuphimba miscanthus, ndikofunikira kuphimba komwe kumera, kuphimba ndi dothi lakuda kwambiri, lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati dothi lotayirira.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya Miscanthus yokhala ndi zithunzi ndi mayina
Miscanthus chimphona (Miscanthus giganteus)
Mtunduwu wakhala ulimidwa kale ndi alimi, ndipo akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti ndi wosakanizidwa, koma palibe amene amadziwa momwe zidachitikira. Mphukira zowongoka zimatha kutalika mpaka sentimita 300. Mitengo yoluka masamba ndi pafupifupi 0.25 m.Iiwo ali utoto wobiriwira ndi chingwe choyera chomwe chimadutsa mkatikati mwa mtsempha. Kuchokera pothawa, masamba amasunthira mbali zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimawoneka ngati kasupe wamkulu. Maluwa amawoneka kumapeto kwa nthawi yachilimwe, pomwe kuwala kwa pinki kumawonekera, ndikupeza utoto wa siliva pakapita nthawi. Ngati nyengo yotentha imakhala yozizira m'deralo, ndiye kuti Miscanthus sangathenso konse. Nthawi zambiri, mtunduwu umabzalidwa ngati chofikira kumbuyo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kumapeto kwa nthawi yachilimwe, masamba am'munsi amadzala, motero, gawo lotsika la miscanthus lifunika kukhazikitsidwa.
China Miscanthus (Miscanthus sinensis)
Pazinthu zachilengedwe, mitunduyi imatha kupezeka ku Korea, Russia, China, komanso Japan. Izi osatha ndi phala lomwe lili ndi chitsamba chosayera. Ili ndi lalifupi komanso lalifupi, ndipo mphukira lokwera limatha kupitirira pafupifupi masentimita 300. Masamba osasunthika, osakhwima omwe ali ndi mamilimita pafupifupi 15; nthiti yoyipa imayendetsa mbali yamkati. Panthawi yamaluwa, ma spikelets amtambo umodzi amawonekera, omwe kutalika kwake amatha kufika masentimita 0,7, pomwe ali gawo la panicles lotayirira. Walimidwa kuyambira 1875. Sizimasiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri, posachedwa, ikungofunika pogona pouma, ndipo nthawi yozizira simuyenera kuiwala kuwaza malowa ndi mulch wosalala. Mtunduwu umakonda kwambiri alimi ndipo pafupifupi mitundu 100 ya mitundu yake amadziwika, amasiyana mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa inflorescence, komanso mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa tchire lomwe. Izi zikuphatikiza mitundu yonse yolimbana ndi chisanu ndi mitundu yomwe imakonda kukula nyengo zotentha.
Zosiyanasiyana:
- Blondo. Kutalika, kumatha kufika masentimita 200. Ndi umboni wa chisanu mokwanira; malo ogona safunikira nyengo yachisanu.
- Variegatus. Kutalika, chitsamba chowonda chingafikire masentimita 150 okha. Pa pepala lake pali timizere tating'ono ta utoto woyera.
- Miscanthus Zebrinus (nthawi zina, amatchedwa miscanthus Zebrina). Chitsamba chokhala ndi masamba obiriwira pamtambo wamtambo wobiriwira chimakhala ndimikwaso yachikasu yomwe imadutsa.
- Ferner Austin. Kutalika, chitsamba chimatha kufika masentimita 150. Pambale yopyapyala yobiriwira yomwe ili mkatikati mwa mtsempha pali mzere woyera, womwe mu kugwa umakhala wofiyira. Mu Ogasiti, zoopsa za mawonekedwe ofanana ndi utoto wofiirira wokhala ndi matalala oyera zimayenda bwino, pakapita nthawi amasintha mtundu wawo kukhala siliva wamkuwa.
- Kuwala kwam'mawa. Tchire lokongola, losakhala lalitali kwambiri lili ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi masamba oyera. Maluwa amawonedwa mochedwa kwambiri osati chaka chilichonse.
- Sttigus. Chitsamba chimafika kutalika kwa 2.7 metres, m'lifupi mwake mtundu wake wautali wazipangizo zamitundu yazitali pafupifupi 15 mm. Pamasamba, mikwingwirima yobiriwira komanso yoyera imakonzedwa mosiyanasiyana, zotayirira zotayirira zimakhala za spikelets zofiirira zofiirira.
Miscanthus sacchariforum, kapena sacchariflora (Miscanthus sacchariflonis)
Pazinthu zachilengedwe, imatha kukumana ku Russia m'malo otentha kuchokera kumwera kwa Primorsky Krai kupita ku Amur Region, komanso ku China, Korea ndi Japan. Kutalika, chitsamba chopanda mphukira chimatha kufika masentimita 200. Ma damba opendekera okhala ndi masamba opakidwa utoto amajambulidwa utoto wobiriwira, ali ndi mainchesi mulifupi ndi kutalika pafupifupi mamitala 0.6. Tizilombo totalika ndi 0.25 m, ndipo utoto woyera kapena wa siliva wapinki. Mtunduwu ndi thermophilic, chifukwa chake, masamba ake amayamba kumapeto kwa nthawi ya masika, komabe, nyengo yake yonse yakukula imadziwika ndi kukula kwambiri. Maluwa amayamba mu Julayi, ndipo phala lotere limatha kukhalabe lokongoletsa mpaka October. Ndiosakwanira chisanu, malo ogona safunikira nyengo yachisanu, koma ndibwino kuti mulch malowo ngati nyengo yachisanu ikhoza kukhala chisanu. Mtundu wotchuka kwambiri ndi Robustus, chitsamba ndichachikulupo kuposa chomeracho.
