Pali chomera chosangalatsa mu banja la amaranth, omwe kwawo ndi m'mphepete mwa Nyanja yotchuka ya Titicaca. Malo omwe amagawikidwira zachilengedwe ndi malo otsetsereka a Andes okhala ndi dothi losauka komanso nyengo yotentha. Momwe chikhalidwe cha chakudya cha quinoa chidadziwirira zaka zoposa 3000 zapitazo. Ndinalowetsa chikhalidwe ndikuyambitsa kudya Aboriginal Andes. Zogulitsazo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakudya kwa Amwenye pamodzi ndi chimanga ndi mbatata. A Inca amatcha mbewu iyi "tirigu wagolide". Mu dzina lachi Russia quinoa ili ndi ma nthumwi angapo: quinoa ya mpunga, Quinoa ya kanema, quinoa, quinoa ndi ena.
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), kapena Kinva - mbewu yambewu yam'madzi, chomera cha pachaka, mtundu wamtundu wa Mary (Chenopodium) Mabanja a Amaranth (Amaranthaceae).
Quinoa, kapena Quinva (Chenopodium quinoa)Kudzipatula kwa Quinoa pamikhalidwe yolimidwa, kuchuluka kwa zakudya, komanso zinthu zomwe zimapezeka ndimankhwala zimapereka pakadali pano chiyembekezo chakugawidwa ndi kulimidwa kwa mbewu m'magawo omwe ali ovuta paulimi mmaiko onse ndi makontrakitala.
Quinoa kapena mpunga womwe unapezeka ku Russia posachedwa, koma kutchuka kwake kukukula nthawi zonse. Chikhalidwe ichi chimakonda usiku ozizira ndipo sichingathe kuyimitsa kutentha kwa tsikulo. Ku Russia, Siberia ndi zigawo zakumpoto kwa gawo la ku Europe la dzikolo ndizoyenera kulima.
Mbeu za Quinoa zobzala m'malimwe a chilimwe zitha kugulidwa m'masitolo amodzimodzi kapena m'makampani omwe amagulitsa mbewu zaulimi. Kugula mbewu, kuphatikizapo kubzala, m'misika wamba, munthu sangadalire kumera 100%. Mbewuyo imasunkhidwa isanagulitsidwe, ndipo motere, mbali ina ya mbewuyo imawonongeka ndi mazira. Zimakhala zothandiza kugula mbewu yofesa m'masitolo apadera kapena pa intaneti.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipatso za quinoa. Asayansi amati quinoa ndi mbewu zomwe zimapangidwa ngati mbewu.Zothandiza komanso zochiritsa za quinoa
A Inca akale adatcha mbewu iyi "mayi wa mbewu zonse" chifukwa chothandiza komanso mankhwala ake. Popanga ndi kuchuluka kwake, akatswiri azakudya amayesa quinoa ndi mkaka wa m'mawere ndipo amawona kuti ndi chakudya chofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu opanda gluten, mapuloteni komanso zakudya za paleo, komanso odwala matendawo. Chikhalidwe ndichokondweretsa kwambiri kwa madotolo, akatswiri azakudya, opatsa zakudya, ophika, olemba mabulogu, ndipo amadziwika kwambiri ndi omwe amapanga zamasamba.
Kupanga kwa mankhwala a quinoa sikunafanane ndizomwe zili zamagulu a mavitamini "B", "A", "E", "C", "K", "PP", "D" ndi ena. Muli michere yambiri, makamaka calcium, zinc, phosphorous, iron, mkuwa, magnesium, manganese. Mafuta a Quinoa ali ndi michere yambiri, mafuta, ndipo mtundu wa mapuloteni amtundu ndi wofanana ndi mkaka wathunthu wachilengedwe. Amadziwika ndi mapuloteni komanso ma amino acid ambiri, makamaka lysine, omwe amathandizira kuti mabala azichiritsidwe, kuphatikizapo omwe amayamba kugwira ntchito. Zipatso zimakhala ndi tryptophan, valine, threonine, phenylalalanine, tyrosine, histadine, isoleucine ndi leucine.
M'mapangidwe ake, quinoa amatanthauza mbewu zamankhwala. Ili ndi antioxidant, choleretic, anti-kutupa, okodzetsa katundu. Zimakhudza bwino dongosolo lamanjenje, limagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda am'mimba, limakhudza kapangidwe ka mafupa, limapangitsa matenda a kuthamanga magazi ndikutsitsa cholesterol, limatsuka thupi la poizoni. Ili ndi zida zotsutsana ndi oncological. Ntchito mavuto ndi chiwindi ndi kapamba. Zinthu zopangidwa ndi Quinoa ndizoyenera kudya kwa azungu pamaulendo ataliatali.
Zipatso za Quinoa zimakoma zonunkhira bwino, zimapatsa porridges ndi mbale zam'mphepete mwachilendo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera maphunziro angapo achiwiri, ma pulogalamu ya chakudya, mbale zam'mbali zomwe sizabwino, zakumwa, mankhwala a ufa. Ku Europe, Quinoa nthawi zina amalimidwa ngati chomera chamasamba, pogwiritsa ntchito masaladi. Ofuna zakudya zosawoneka bwino amagwiritsa ntchito nthangala za quinoa pakudya chonyowa ndi kutsukidwa kwathunthu kuchokera ku saponins, zomwe zimapereka kuwawa kwazopangidwazo kapena mawonekedwe a mbande za nyongolosi.
Zachilengedwe za quinoa
Quinoa kapena mpunga ndi mbewu pachaka kuchokera pamtundu wamtundu. Kapangidwe kake ka masamba ndi masamba a quinoa amafanana ndi chimphona cha mtundu wa Moorish. Zomera za vivo kudzikomo zimafika kutalika kwa 4.0 m. Mukakulira ku Europe, imakhala yotsika pang'ono - 1.5-2.0 m. Ali ndi tsinde lopangidwa ndi masamba okhala ndi masamba osavuta atatu ofanana ndi mapazi a akhwangwala. Masamba achichepere amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu saladi, chimanga ndi ufa zimapezeka kuchokera ku mbewu. Pofika nthawi yophukira, masamba obiriwira amasanduka achikasu, ofiira, ofiirira ndipo amawoneka okongoletsa kwambiri. Mizu yake ndi ndodo, nthambi, imatha kupatsa mbewu madzi kuchokera pansi, yofunikira kwambiri mukamalimidwa m'malo opanda chouma. Nthawi yolima imatenga masiku 90 mpaka 130 ndipo zimatengera gawo la ulimi ndi mitundu.
Quinoa ndi mbewu yodzipukutira tokha, koma kupukutidwa pamtanda kumachulukitsa zokolola kuchoka pa 10 mpaka 20%. Pambuyo pa maluwa, imakhala ngati mabisiketi okhala ngati kandulo (ngati manyunyu) kapena mapikidwe a maluwa oyera, achikasu ndi ofiira, okhala ndi masango amodzi. Maluwa omwe ali mu inflorescence ndi oyera oyera, achikasu. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zachilengedwe amati chikhalidwechi ndi chimanga cha pseudo, chifukwa chosowa chipolopolo pazovuta, ndipo zipatso za tirigu zimatchedwa zipatso. Zowonadi, izi si mbewu, koma chipatso chochepa kwambiri. Mbewuzo ndizochepa (0.3 cm mulifupi), mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi piritsi lofanana ndi mbewu ya mapira. Kusasinthika kwa njere ndiwofewa kwambiri. Mbewu, kutengera mitundu, zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: yoyera, yachikaso, lalanje, yapinki, yofiyira, yakuda.
Quinoa, kapena mpunga. © Tom RatajTekinoloji ya ulimi wa Quinoa
Poganizira madera omwe amagawikidwira (makamaka mapiri) ndi mawonekedwe a kukula kwachilengedwe, chikhalidwechi chimafunikira dothi lamchenga ndi mchenga wokhala ndi chonde chochepa komanso malo ochulukirapo kufikira mulingo wa nthaka. M'nyumba yanyumba yachilimwe, imatha kukhala pamtunda ndi acid ya pH = 4.8 kupita kumchere kwambiri ndi pH = 8.5.
Kubzala Quinoa
Wodwala posamalira kutentha pa nthawi ya kukula ndi kukula, quinoa amafunika dothi lina kuti kumere. Nthawi yabwino yofesa mbewu ndi nthawi yomwe dothi lomwe limasanjidwa masentimita 5 mpaka 15 limatentha mpaka + 6 ... + 8 ° C. Nthawi zambiri nthawi imeneyi imakamba pakati pa Epulo mpaka pakati pa Meyi. Ngati kasupe afupika komanso kutentha, kutentha kwa dothi kumapitirira + 8 ° C, mbewu zimasungidwa kwa masiku 2-3 mufiriji ndikufesedwa mazira. Popanda kukonzekera kotereku kumwera, mbande sizigwira ntchito.
Njira yofesa ndi wamba. Mtunda wozungulira ndi mzere wa masentimita asanu ndi limodzi, pambuyo pang'onopang'ono ukuwonjezeka mpaka masentimita 20 mpaka 40. Kuzama kwa kuyika kwa mbeu kumasiyana pakati pa 0.5-1.5 cm. Mtunda pakati pa mizere ndi 40-60 cm. Kukulitsa kupanga kumachepetsa zipatso. Mukapatulira, masamba obiriwira achichepere amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi masamba kuti akonze saladi wam'madzi wa vitamini. Ngati ndi kotheka, kupatulira kwachiwiri kumachitika pakatha masiku 10.
Quinoa mmera. © Mason FeducciaChisamaliro cha posachedwa pambuyo pake
Musanabzale, ndibwino kunyowetsa nthaka ndi mulch mutabzala. Asanayambe mphukira ya quinoa, chinyezi chokhazikika chimafunikira. Ngati ndi kotheka, kuthirira madzi kuthirira kumatha kungolowera kanjira. Kutsirira koyamba kumachitika masamba awiri owona ngati awonekera. Ngakhale mphukira zachangu, mbewu za quinoa poyamba zimakula pang'onopang'ono ndipo zimafunikira kuti malowo akhale oyera. Munthawi imeneyi, chisamaliro chachikulu chimakhala pakuwonongedwa kwa maudzu. Mukamayeretsa masamba a udzu, samalani, quinoa ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi msipu wamba wa udzu. Chifukwa cha kufanana kwake, amatchedwa mpunga wa mpunga (chipatsocho chimafanana ndi njere ya mpunga).
Kufikira masentimita 30, kukula kwa mbewu za quinoa kumayamba pang'onopang'ono. Popeza adalowa gawo lachitukuko, mbewu zimatulutsa msipu wobiriwira, kutulutsa zokongola ndi zotupa.
Feteleza wa Quinoa ndi kuthirira
Quinoa, akupanga muzu wolowera ozama, sikuti amafunika kuthirira ndipo amatanthauza zomera zololera chilala pachaka. Kutsirira kamodzi kumakhala kokwanira pachikhalidwe kuyambira nthawi yakukula mpaka masamba atatu.
Ngati dothi ladzaza ndi organic kanthu musanafese, ndiye kuti palibe umuna umachitika nthawi yakula. Kuti mupeze zokolola zapamwamba (mpaka 18% zowonjezera), mbewu zitha kudyetsedwa ndi feteleza wa nitrophose kapena nitrogen-phosphorous panthawi ya inflorescence ejection. Mlingo wa feteleza, 70-90 g kapena 50 ndi 40 g wa nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous mu mawonekedwe a ammonium nitrate ndi superphosphate. Feteleza umathiridwa pansi pa ulimi wothirira (ngati ulipo) kapena pamwamba pamtunda wa masentimita 10-15 ndikutseka ndikumasuka. Pakulima kopanda madzi, kuvala pamwamba kumakonzedwa kuti kugwe mvula kapena kumachitika monga njira yothetsera, ndikutsatira ndikukubzala m'nthaka.
Minda ya Quinoa. © zug55Kuteteza quinoa ku matenda ndi tizirombo
Nthawi zambiri, quinoa imakhudzidwa ndi tsinde zowola, zowola imvi, kutentha kwa mabakiteriya, phwete, tsamba. Panyumba, kuti muthane ndi matenda, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe zokha zopanda vuto kwa anthu ndi nyama kuti muteteze mbewu ku matenda. Awa ndi Agat-25, Alirin-B, Gamair, Gliokladin. Ma biofungicides omwe atchulidwa ndi othandiza pamayeso amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuwola, kuwotcha mabakiteriya. Mlingo, nthawi ya chomera, kugwiritsa ntchito masakanizo osakanizira ndi ma bioinsecticides amasonyezedwa phukusi kapena malangizo ogwiritsa ntchito.
Quinoa siikuwonongeka ndi tizirombo, koma ngati oimira payekhapokha paokha atayang'aniridwa, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito Lepidocide, Bitoxibacillin, Fitoverm, ndi Haupsin malinga ndi malingaliro omwe akuphatikizidwa ndi tank.
Kututa
Kuyeretsa kumachitika pambuyo chikomaso kwathunthu ndi kugwa kwa masamba. Nthawi zina ndi isanayambike chisanu Quinoa alibe nthawi kuti zipse. Imalekerera mosavuta kuzizira kwakanthawi kochepa mpaka 2 ... -3 ° ะก ndikukula m'masiku otentha otsatirawa.
Amayamba kuyeretsa nyengo yowuma. Zovalazo zimadulidwa, zimamangiriridwa pamitolo ndikuzipititsa kumalo opunthira. Ngati nyengo yamvula yakokedwa, ma panicles onyowa amachotsedwa ndikuyimitsa kuti ayimitsidwe munyansi. Afunika kuyanika mwachangu, popeza nthangala zimatha kumera masana mu panicles odulidwa. Panicles youma amapunthidwa ndikutsukidwa kwa zinyalala mu mphepo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana (mutha kugwiritsa ntchito fan fan).
Njira yabwino yosungira quinoa ndi firiji kapena mufiriji. Zosungidwa pansi pazinthu zina, zinthu zomwe zili mumtsuko ziyenera kunyamulidwa ndikusungidwa m'malo owuma, amdima, pa zero kapena kutentha pang'ono.
Musanagwiritse ntchito kuphika, quinoa amayenera kutsukidwa ndi saponin, yomwe imapatsa masamba owawa kumapeto.
Kukolola quinoa. © Madeline McKeeverSambani mbeu m'madzi kutentha kwa firiji, kusintha madzi osachepera kasanu mpaka kuzimiririka kwa suds sopo. Njira yoyambirira imaperekedwera ndi wamaluwa ena. Mbewu zimasokedwa pilojekiti, zimayikidwa mu makina ochapira ndikuyatsa njira yotsuka pa liwiro lotsika. Zinthu zomwe zimatsukidwa kuchokera ku saponins zimayikidwa m'mataulo ndikuwuma (osati pafilimu). Sungani chidebe chotsekedwa mwamphamvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati kuli kofunikira.
