Chomera cha Amitundu (Akunja), chomwe ndi gawo la banja la Amitundu, chimayimiridwa ndi zosindikiza zakale kapena zakale, komanso zitsamba. Mitundu iyi imagwirizanitsa mitundu pafupifupi 400. Pazikhalidwe zachilengedwe, chomera chotere chimapezeka padziko lonse lapansi, koma chimapezeka kwambiri kumpoto kwa North Hemisphere, mwachitsanzo, mu subalpine ndi mapiri a alpine. Mitundu ina imatha kupezeka pamalo okwera pafupifupi mamilimita 5.5 pamwamba pa nyanja.
Kale ku Egypt wakale, gentian adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala othandiza kwambiri pamatenda am'mimba. Komanso, ku Roma wakale ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa mikwingwirima, kukokana ndi kuluma nyama zapoizoni. Udzu wa mbewuyi ku Middle Ages umagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsekula m'mimba, mliri, chifuwa chachikulu, kutentha thupi komanso kuchotsa mphutsi. Ndipo masiku ano, chikhalidwe chotere ndi chofunikira kwambiri pakati pa ochiritsa, omwe amakhala ku Carpathians, amagwiritsa ntchito pochiza matenda a chikhodzodzo, chiwindi ndi ziwalo zam'mimba. Malinga ndi Pliny Mkuluyo, dzina lachi Latin lidaperekedwa kwa amtunduwo polemekeza mfumu yaku Illyrian Nations, yemwe adathandizira mliriwo ndi muzu wa gentian wachikasu. Dzinali la Russian pachikhalidwe ichi lidayamba chifukwa cha kukoma kowawa kwa ma rhizomes ndi masamba, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zinthu zamankhwala monga glycosides.
Zinthu za Amitundu
Kutalika kwa tchire losyanasiyana kumatha kukhala 0,2 mpaka 0,5 metres. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphukira wafupi komanso wowongoka, pomwe amafupikitsidwa ndi mizu yokhota imakhala ndi mphukira zingapo ngati mawonekedwe. Masamba osalala amasamba olimba. Maluwa ang'ono kapena amodzi amatha kukhala anayi kapena asanu. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mtundu wamtambo, wabuluu kapena wofiirira, koma pali mitundu yokhala ndi maluwa oyera ndi achikaso. Mawonekedwe a corolla mu duwa amatha kukhala owoneka bwino ngati ulusi kapena belu, pomwe mitundu ina imawoneka ngati mbale. Nthawi yamaluwa imadalira kwathunthu pamtunduwu ndipo imatha kuchitika m'chilimwe, masika kapena nthawi yophukira. Chipatsocho ndi bokosi la mpikisano mkati mwake momwe muli njere zazing'ono.
Kubzala Akunja poyera
Nthawi yobzala
Chodziwika kwambiri pakati pa wamaluwa ndi kubereka mbewu kwa gentian. Kufesa, monga lamulo, kumachitika mwachindunji panja m'masiku omaliza a Epulo kapena kumapeto kwa Seputembala. Zomera zikutuluka mu Meyi kapena mu masabata oyambilira a nyundo, akatswiri samalimbikitsa kuti kufesa kumadera komwe kumawunikiridwa ndi dzuwa masana, chifukwa kubzala kwawo ndikulimbikitsidwa kusankha malo paphiri lakumadzulo kapena pamthunzi pang'ono. Kuti mulime mitundu yophuka m'dzinja, ndibwino kusankha malo omwe ali pafupi ndi malo osungira, komwe kumakhala chinyezi chambiri.
Malamulo akumalo
Ngati gentian afesedwa panthaka yophukira, mbewuyo imayenera kukhala isanakhazikitsidwe kwa miyezi iwiri kapena itatu pa kutentha kosaposa madigiri 7 pakakhala mpweya wabwino kwambiri. M'mitundu ina, mbewu zimafunikira kumangokhala pamoto wochepa kwa masabata anayi okha. Komabe, ngati mtundu wamtchire umasankhidwa kuti ubzale, wamaluwa ayenera kutenganso mbewuyo kwa masiku osachepera 60-80. Musanayike mufiriji pa shelufu yopangira masamba, mbewu ziyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi mchenga wabwino kapena pean granular mu chiyerekezo cha 1: 3. Ndi kufesa nthawi yachisanu, mbewu sizifunikira kuti zilekanitsidwe, chifukwa zidzazipereka mwachilengedwe nthawi yozizira.
Pamwamba pa chiwembucho chimang'ambika ndikugawanikidwamo njere zazing'ono zamitundu, zomwe zimakanikizidwa pang'ono, osakonkhedwa ndi nthaka pamwamba. Ngati njereyo ndi yayikulu, ndiye kuti iyenera kuwazidwa pamwamba ndi dothi loonda.
Ngati gentian yakula kudzera mbande kapena idagulidwa ku malo ogulitsira mwapadera, ndiye mukabzala pamalo otseguka pakati patchire, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana mtunda womwe uyenera kukhala wofanana ndi 15 mpaka sentimita. Ikamatera, malowo ayenera kuthiriridwa madzi ambiri. Mu malo omwewo, chikhalidwe chotere chitha kukhala chachikulire kwa zaka 7 kapena kupitilira apo.
Chisamaliro cha Amitundu
Ngati gentian yofesedwa patsamba lomwe limamukomera, ndiye kuti mukukula, wosamalira mundawo alibe mavuto. Mbewu zikaoneka, zimafunika kuonetsetsa kuthilira komanso kumasula dothi pamtunda, komanso udzu uyenera kuchotsedwa pamalowo nthawi yake.
Ngati mbewu yotere imakulidwa kuti ikongoletsedwe, ndiye pofunika kuchotsa maluwa owuma munthawi yake, omwe amasunga kukongoletsa kwake. Ngati nyengo yozizira ikubwera yopanda matalala komanso oundana, ndiye kuti dera lomwe mbewuzo zingakule, mpofunika kuponyera nthambi zanthete.
Momwe mungamwere ndi kudyetsa
Chomera choterocho ndichophatikizira, kotero ndikofunikira kuti nthaka pamalowo ikhale yonyowa pang'ono pang'onopang'ono. Motere, iyenera kuthiriridwa mwadongosolo, ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi okwanira. Makamaka pamafunika kuthirira nthawi yayitali, mukamaika masamba kapena kutsegula maluwa. Bedi likagiriridwa, nthaka yake pafupi ndi mbewuyo imayenera kumasulidwa, kwinaku ikuphwasula maudzu onse omwe alipo. Pofuna kuchepetsa kuthirira, kutsitsa komanso kuvala pamwamba, pamalopo pakuyenera kuphimbidwa ndi mulch, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati organic (udzu, utuchi kapena peat).
Chomera cha herbaceous sichifunikira kudyetsedwa, makamaka ngati kumayambiriro kwa kasupe mumachotsa malowo ndi peat, yomwe imakhala yosakanizika ndi ufa wa nyanga ndi miyala ya miyala.
Matenda amitundu ndi tizirombo okhala ndi zithunzi ndi mayina
Matenda
Akakulidwa m'nthaka yotseguka, gentians imathanso kukhudzidwa ndi kubzala kapena imvi zowola, dzimbiri, tsamba lamalonda ndi matenda ena oyambira. Ndizovuta kwambiri kuchiza munthu wamavuto ku zowola imvi poyerekeza ndi matenda ena am'mimba. Ndipo lero palibe mankhwala othandiza omwe adapezeka kuti akupeza matenda oyambitsidwa ndi mavairasi, ndiye kuti zitsamba zodwala ziyenera kukumbidwa ndikuwotchedwa posachedwa kuti kachilomboka kasamapitirire.
Gray zowola
Ngati chitsamba chakhudzidwa ndi zowola za imvi, ndiye kuti mawanga a utoto wonyezimira amawonekera pamtunda, omwe amakula msanga. Kukula kwa matendawa kumawonedwa ndi chinyezi chambiri. Popita nthawi, nkhungu ya imvi imawoneka pamtunda. Zomwe zili ndi kachilombo ziyenera kudulidwa posachedwa, pogwiritsa ntchito chida chakuthwa kwambiri chomwe chinayeretsedwa kale chifukwa chake, ndipo ndikofunikira kulanda minofu yathanzi. Kenako, chithandizo chokwanira cha mabala omwe ali ndi yankho la Fundazole chimachitika. Popewa tchire, tikulimbikitsidwa kupopera kapena fumbi lokonzekera fungicidal. Nthawi zambiri, matenda oterewa amakhudza anthu amtunduwu pakakulika kwamasamba, popeza kuwunika kovuta kwambiri kumachitika mwa iwo.
Maonekedwe a bulauni
Kuwaza malo nawonso ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Mu mbewu yomwe yakhudzidwa, masamba ang'onoang'ono amtundu wachikasu, omwe amakhala ndi ulusi wofiirira, amawonekera pa masamba. Iyenera kuthiridwa ndi njira zokhala ndi mkuwa, mwachitsanzo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mkuwa sulfate, Bordeaux madzi kapena fungicides yofananira.
Dzimbiri
The causative othandizira dzimbiri ndi bowa kugonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala. Chomera chodwala chimakhala ndi mapapo amtundu wakuda pamasamba masamba, mkati mwake, masamba a fungus okhwima. Zigawo zomwe zimayambukiridwa zimadulidwa ndikuwonongeka, sizitha kuyikidwa kompositi. Masamba odwala atawonedwa pamalowo, mbewu zina zonse zimafafaniziridwa ndi kukonzekera kwa fungicidal.
Chowola choyambira nthawi zambiri chimakhudza mitundu ya Asia ya mbeu zotere, ukufalikira mu nthawi yophukira. Pamene matendawa amakula mikhalidwe yambiri chinyezi, mbande zachikhalidwe pamiyeso ya zowola zimawonekera. Pofuna kuteteza kuti mbeu zazing'onoting'ono zisafunika kutetezedwa ku madontho a conduction, chifukwa pogona (galasi kapena kanema) iyi imayikidwa pakona lalikulu kwambiri. Komanso kuteteza mbande ku nthendayi, gawo loyambira la mbewu limapukutidwa ndi mankhwala Tsineba.
Tizilombo
Mukutulutsa kwa mitundu, mavu, nkhono, nyerere, mbozi ndi nematode zimatha kukhazikika. Supugi ndi nkhono zimachepetsa kukongola kwa tchire, kuphukira masamba ndi masamba. Ngati pali ma hedgehogs ndi zala pamalowo (oyesa zachilengedwe a gastropods) ndiye izi zitha kukhala zabwino kwambiri. Ngati kulibe, ndiye kuti misampha ikufunika kuti ipangidwe. Kuti muchite izi, mbatata zimayikidwa m'malo angapo pamalowo, zomwe zimayenera kudulidwa magawo awiri musanachitike, m'malo mwake mutha kuzitenga ndikuzikumba pansi mpaka 1/3 pakhosi, muyenera kuthira compote kapena mowa mozama.
Nyerere sizikuvulaza chikhalidwechi, koma siolima onse omwe amasangalala kuwaona patsamba lawo. Ngati pakufunika izi, ndiye kuti mutha kuwachotsa ndi mankhwala apadera, ogulitsidwa mwaulere m'malo ogulitsira.
Zopatsa
Ma throws akuyamwitsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kutulutsa kosangalatsa kwambiri mwa iwo kumawonedwa munthawi yotentha. Tizilombo timayamwa timadzi tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa ma cell, pomwe m'malo otetezedwa omwe amakhala ndi punctures, timadontho ting'onoting'ono topezeka. Kuti muwonongere ma thrips, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito yankho la mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Amphaka
Mapiko amphaka amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chomera nthangala ndi mbande zazing'ono. Amatayikidwanso mothandizidwa ndi zida zokonzekera tizirombo, pomwe amafunikira kuti uwazidwe pamalowo pakatha masabata 1.5.
Nematode
Zoti nematode atakhazikika mu gentian zimatha kumvetsetsa pokhapokha pazochita zawo: masamba apamwamba amtunduwu amawonongeka pang'ono tchire, kutukuka kwawo ndikukula kukuchepetsedwa, ndipo mphukira zimasokonekera mosadziwika. Kuti muwononge tizilombo tambiri, tchire liyenera kutsanulidwa nthawi 3 ndi mankhwala apadera a nematode;
Mitundu ndi mitundu yama gentian omwe ali ndi zithunzi ndi mayina
Nthawi zambiri, wamaluwa amasankha mitundu yosatha ya gentian, m'malo monyoza, kukongoletsa tsamba lawo. Pansipa tifotokozapo mitundu, mitundu, komanso ma hybrids omwe amatchuka kwambiri pakati pa wamaluwa.
Wopanda ziwopsezo (Akunja acaulis)
Kapena Koch gentian (Ciminalis acaulis = Nationsana excisa = Nationsana kochiana). Chomera chamtundu wa herbaceous chodziwikachi chimadziwika ndi kukana kwambiri chisanu, mwachilengedwe chimatha kukumana ndi mapiri a Western Europe. Kutalika kwa mphukira zake kuli pafupifupi masentimita 10, masamba obiriwira okhala ndi mawonekedwe opingika, ndipo tchire limakumana ndi dzinja. Kutalika kwa maluwa akuluakulu, omwe amatembenukira kumtunda, ndi mamilimita 50; amapaka utoto wamtambo kapena wamtambo, ndipo maluwa akutulutsa mu Meyi-June. Mtunduwu uli ndi mtundu wotchedwa alba: maluwa ndi utoto yoyera.
Amitundu Amitundu (Akunja asclepiadea), kapena Foam
Kutalika kwa chomera chamtengoyi kumatha kufika 0,8 metres. Kutalika kwa masamba owongoka ndi pafupifupi masentimita 10; ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Kutalika kwa miyendo yolunjika ndi pafupifupi mamilimita makumi asanu, amatulutsa maluwa amtundu umodzi kapena atatu, omwe nthawi zambiri amapakidwa utoto wamtambo kapena wabuluu, ndipo nthawi zina, oyera.
Daurian Nationsan (Nationsana dahurica)
Malo omwe mitunduyi imabadwira ndi Mongolia, Tibet, Sayan ndi Dauria. Mphukira zowongoka kapena zowuka kutalika zimatha kufika pa 0.4 metres. Yokhala ndi malekezero onse a masamba oyambira ali ndi mawonekedwe amizeremizere. Zidutswa za masamba obiriwira zimakhala ndi nyini yayifupi, pomwe m'mapepala apamwamba mulibe. Mtundu wa maluwa akulu amakhala amtambo wakuda buluu, amapezeka m'matimu a masamba apamwamba. Mtunduwu wabzalidwa kuyambira 1815. Daurian gentian wakulimidwa kuti adule, komanso ngati chomera.
Yellow gentian (Akunja lutea)
Pazinthu zachilengedwe, mtunduwu umapezeka ku Central Europe ndi Asia Minor. Amayesedwa wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa mitundu yonse yodziwika bwino, kutalika kwa chitsamba kuli pafupifupi 1.5 metres. Muzu wa mbewu yotere ndi yofunika kwambiri. Masamba akulu am'munsi ali ndi petioles ndi mawonekedwe owulungika, pomwe timapepala ta tsinde ndizochepa. Kutalika kwa maluwa achikasu ndi pafupifupi mamilimita 25, mapangidwe ake amapezeka kumapeto kwa mphukira, komanso m'mizere ya masamba apamwamba. Zimalima pachimake pakati pa nthawi yachilimwe, ndipo maluwa amatenga miyezi 1.5-2. Mitundu yolimbana ndi chisanu imatha nthawi yozizira popanda pogona. Yalimidwa kuyambira 1597.
Wachikunja wamkulu wamitundu yosiyanasiyana (Akunja macrophylla)
Mtunduwu umakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yokukula, kotero mwachilengedwe umatha kupezeka ku Mongolia, Central Asia, Western Siberia, China ndi Far East. Kutalika kwa mphukira zake zowongoka kapena zokwera kuli pafupifupi mamitala 0.7, pomwe pamtanda zimafikira masentimita 0,3 mpaka 0.6. Pansi pa mphukira mpaka ma 20-80 mamilimita ndi yokutidwa ndi zotsalira za masamba akale tsamba.
Ammonmon pulmonary (Nations pneumonanthe)
Mwachilengedwe, mtunduwu umapezeka ku Asia ndi Europe. Kutalika kwa mphukira wokwanira pafupifupi mamita 0.65; alibe nthambi komanso tsamba. Kutalika kwa maulalo okhala ndi mapepala okhala ndi loreolate kuli pafupifupi mamilimita 60, ndipo m'lifupi mwake ndi mamilimita 6. Mapangidwe a maluwa amdima amtunduwu amawonedwa mu tsamba limasilira komanso pamwamba pa mphukira. Chikho chawo chimakhala chowumbidwa ndi belu, ndipo corolla ndi yolumikizana ndi chiboliboli.
Wamitundu yamitundu ina (Akunja septemfida)
Mwachilengedwe, mitunduyi imatha kupezeka ku Iran, gawo la ku Europe la Russia, Asia Minor, Crimea ndi Caucasus. Kutalika kwa chitsamba kuli pafupifupi 0,3 metres, imakhala ndi mphukira zambiri zowongoka kapena zowongoka, zakutidwa ndi masamba a lanceolate masamba. Kuphatikizika kwa mitu kumaphatikizapo maluwa a mtundu wakuda wabuluu, wokhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi mamilimita 40. Mtunduwu wakhala ulimidwa kuyambira 1804.
Ngakhale wamaluwa amalima mitundu monga: kasitomala wam'madzi, Deleclusa (kapena Klusi), dinar, Kolakovsky, Wachinese wokongoletsedwa, wamaluwa akulu, ciliary, icy, dot, maluwa atatu, owonda komanso owonda.
Masiku ano, pali mitundu yambiri ya hybrids yomwe ili yokongoletsa kwambiri. Chosangalatsa kwambiri kwa olima:
- Nikita. Chitsamba chimakongoletsedwa ndi maluwa ambiri a kukula kwapakatikati ndi azure buluu.
- Bernardi. Maluwa amtunduwu amayamba mu Ogasiti. Maluwa a tubular pang'ono amakhala ndi mtundu wa azure wakuda.
- Buluu Wakuda. Mitundu yotentha yotereyi imakhala ndi maluwa a utoto wokwanira wa ultramarine, mikwingwirima yakuda imakhala mkati mwa mafiriwo.
- Mfumu ya buluu. Mumitundu yocheperako iyi, maluwa amakhala ndi mtundu wa ultramarine.
- Farorna. Maluwa ndi ofiira amtundu-wowala wonyezimira.
- Gloriosa. Mitundu yotere ya ku Switzerland imakhala ndi maluwa otsegula amtambo wabuluu, pharynx yawo ndi yoyera.
- Elizabeth Brand. Maluwa a Azure ali ndi mawonekedwe otambalala, mphukira zazifupi ndizopakidwa utoto wonyezimira.
Katundu Wamitundu: kuvulaza ndi maubwino
Machiritso a gentian
Mitundu yambiri yama gentian ili ndi mankhwala, pazomwezi, chikhalidwe chotere chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala ndi njira zina.Chofunikira kwambiri chomwe ndi gawo limodzi mwa mbewu yotere ndi glycoside, yomwe imathandizira chidwi cham'mimba, imagwira magwiritsidwe ntchito a ziwalo zam'mimba, komanso yothandizirana ndi antispasmodic. Ma alkaloids amakhalanso ndi muzu, omwe amatha kupondereza chifuwa ndi kukokana, kuchepetsa kutentha, komanso amathandizira komanso odana ndi kutupa. Mizu imakhalanso ndi tarry ndi ma tannins, mankhwala onunkhira, pectins, inulin, mafuta amafuta, dzuwa ndi ascorbic acid. Mitundu yambiri ya gentian, michere ya phenolcarboxylic imapezeka pamizu, zomwe zimathandiza kulimbitsa ntchito yotulutsa matumbo. Kukonzekera komwe kumachitika pamtengowu kumalimbikitsidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito matenda monga kudzimbidwa, diatase, kuchepa magazi, matenda am'mimba, chifuwa, malungo, kutentha kwammimba, matenda ammero, khansa komanso matenda a chiwindi. Mankhwala achikhalidwe amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito othandizira monga kupweteka kowawa kapena kulowetsedwa kowawa kwachikasu. Chomerachi chimaphatikizidwanso mu zolipiritsa, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera chidwi cha chakudya.
Mankhwala osakanikirana ndi ena, zinthu zam'madzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe zimatengedwa mkati ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kunja. Mwachitsanzo: decoction akulimbikitsidwa thukuta lalikulu la miyendo; mabala a purulent ayenera kuwazidwa ndi ufa, womwe umaphatikizapo mizu ya chamomile ndi gentian (1: 1); gruel yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera pamwamba komanso pansi pa nthaka ya gentian imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga compress yomwe imathetsa kupweteka kwa minofu ndi kuphatikizika.
Maphikidwe a anthu
Pali maphikidwe angapo oyenera a anthu wamba:
- Kupititsa patsogolo kudya. Zouma mizu ya gentian mu kuchuluka kwa 1 tbsp. l ayenera kulumikizidwa ndi 1 tbsp. madzi. Osakaniza ayenera kuwira pamoto wochepa kwa mphindi 10. Msuzi wozizira wololedwa usanadye pasanadye 20 mamiligalamu.
- Kuyambira nyamakazi ndi rheumatism. Malita 0,7 amadzi ayenera kuphatikizidwa ndi 3 tbsp. l owuma gentian. Kusakaniza kumaloledwa kuwira kwa mphindi 15, kenako kumalimbikitsidwa kwa maola angapo. Msuzi wosasunthika waledzera musanadye ku ½ tbsp.
- Kwa matenda a malungo, kutentha kwa pamtima, chifuwa chachikulu cha m'mapapo, chimbudzi ndi kudzimbidwa. Hafu ya lita imodzi ya vodika iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi magalamu 50 a zouma zouma, botolo la zopaka zakuda liyenera kukakamizidwa mwamphamvu ndikuchotsa masiku 7 kuti likhale m'malo ozizira komanso amdima. Tincture wosakhazikika ayenera kuledzera 30 madontho 1 nthawi patsiku, Pre-sitimadzipereka ndi 6 tbsp. l madzi.
Contraindication
Ndalama zochokera ku chomera chotere sichingatengedwe pakubala, kusalolera kwa kuwawa, matenda oopsa, zilonda zam'mimba ndi zilonda zam'mimba. Tsiku lomwe simungathe kumwa zoposa 35 madontho a mowa tincture wa gentian. Ndi bongo wambiri, mumatha kumva kuti muli ndi vertigo, kupweteka mutu, ndipo nthawi zina pamakhala redness ya nkhope.
