Dzimbiri pa mitengo yazipatso ndi zitsamba

Nyumba yanyengo yachilimwe nthawi zambiri imagawika m'magawo angapo: yokhazikika yokhala ndi nyumba zaulimi, dimba lam'munda momwe amalimilira zakudya zomwe amakonda masamba, mabedi a maluwa ndi ngodya yopuma, yomwe imaphatikizapo ma forbs, mabedi a maluwa, zitsamba zokongoletsera, kuphatikizapo conifers. Gawo lokakamiza la dacha ndi dimba ndi mabulosi, ndipo m'makomo mwanu mumakonda kwambiri, mitengo ya maapulo, yamatcheri, plums, yamatcheri, zigawo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Maluwa mabulosi ali ndi mitundu yambiri ya rasipiberi, currants, gooseberries, mabulosi akuda, sea buckthorn. Munda wokongola ndi mabulosi poyala maluwa. Koma nthawi imayamba, ndipo masamba otambalala amakutidwa ndi madontho ang'onoang'ono achikasu otuwa, omwe pang'onopang'ono amakula ndikuwonekera. Mawonekedwe achikasu achikasu ndimaso amoto amakwirira mbali yakumtunda kwa masamba a mtengo wa apulo, peyala, maula, jamu, currant. Zikuwonekeratu kuti uku sikungowonongeka kwa makina kapena kuchiza kwa mankhwala omwe ali ndi mankhwala olakwika (mwachitsanzo: mankhwala a zitsamba m'malo mwa mankhwala a matenda), koma ndi matenda enieni. Mitengo ndi zitsamba zimakhudzidwa ndi "chomera" kapena "zachilengedwe" dzimbiri.

Dzimbiri pa currant masamba oyambitsidwa ndi bowa Cronartium ribicola. © Marek Argent

The causative wothandizila dzimbiri ndi chitukuko chake

The causative wothandizila matendawa ndi Bowa wa dzimbirizomwe zimagwirizana ndi mbewu zapamwamba za mabanja ambiri. Matenda obzala amayamba mu Epulo ngati mawonekedwe a bulauni wakuda kumtunda kwa tsamba la masamba omwe akhudzidwa. Uko lililonse ndi nthenda yomwe imayamba chifukwa cha chotupa cha chimodzi kapena ziwiri za mafangasi. Spores imanyamulidwa ndi mphepo ndi tizilombo toononga (nyerere, nsabwe za m'masamba), zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kambiri masamba a zipatso. Kubalalika kwa masamba okhwima ndi mphepo kumatha kupangitsa kuti matenda a m'munda omwewo akhale amtunda wamtunda wautali.

Mukakhala mu chomera cha msungidwacho, spores imamera, ndipo mycelium imafalikira mkati mwazonse pachikhalidwe. Mawanga achikasu osiyidwa pamasamba a mitengo ndi zitsamba zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi matendawa ndi mawonekedwe akunja a nthenda ya fungus, yomwe pamodzi imatchedwa dzimbiri. M'nyengo yachilimwe, mitengo yophukira imawoneka ngati ulusi pamitengo ya apulo kapena ma nipples pa mapeyala pansi pa masamba a zomera zodwala. Zinayambitsa mikangano, yokonzeka kugonjetsa makamu.

Gulu la bowa la dzimbiri limasiyanitsidwa ndi kuthekera kokumbika mitundu mitundu ya spores munthawi ya chitukuko. Izi spores zimatha kudutsa gawo lonse la chitukuko pa mbewu imodzi kapena zosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi izi, amagawika m'magulu awiri:

• wonamizira,
• zopatsa chidwi.

Bowa wa dzimbiri wolandira ndi mbewu zina zamtundu womwewo ali ndi kachilombo kachiwiri: mtengo wa apulo, mitundu ina ndi mitundu ya mitengo ya apulo; peyala, mitundu ina ya mapeyala, etc.

Gulu la bowa la dzimbiri Nthawi zambiri imamera pamitundu iwiri, koma imalizitsa kukula kwake, nthawi zambiri paminda ya zipatso.

• Kwa mitengo ya maapozi yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi bowa wopanda dzimbiri wosiyanasiyana, bowa wamkulu ndi juniper,
• mapeyala - Cossack juniper,
• chifukwa plums - udzu anemone.

Pine, spruce ndi ma conifers ena amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi dzimbiri.

Mwa zitsamba za mabulosi, currants ndi gooseberries, rasipiberi amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi dzimbiri. Amwini awo apakatikati ndi sedge, Weymouth pine. Pini mkungudza - wapakatikati wakuda wakuda currant

Fangasi bowa Kronarzium currant pa pa Weymouth paini. © Marek Argent

Pofika masika, zophukira (ma pustules) zimawonekera pakati, momwe zimakhalira ma spores okhwima (basidiospores). Akasweka, fumbi lachikasu kapena "fumbi la dzimbiri" limatulutsa. Awa ndi maluwa okhwima omwe amawuluka pansi pa ghon ka mphepo mpaka 60-100 metres ndikuwononga masamba, mphukira zazing'ono ndi zipatso za zipatso. Zomera za zipatso ndi dzimbiri pakati. Wodwala masamba zipatso ndi horticultural mbewu youma, azipiringa. Kugwa masamba koyambira kumayamba. Mkhalidwe wa mbewu ukukula. Mochuluka kwambiri zipatso ndi zipatso. Ngati njira zoteteza sizinatengedwe, mitengo ndi zitsamba zakhudzidwa zimafa.

Njira zoteteza mbewu kuti zisawonongeke ndi dzimbiri

Kuteteza zipatso za mitengo ya zipatso ndi mabulosi ku dzimbiri, makonzedwe ofunikira amafunika kuti azichita nthawi zonse. Chitetezo sichingabweretse chithandizo chimodzi, makamaka motsutsana ndi matenda osakaniza ndi mafangasi.

Njira zodzitetezera zitha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo:

• zopewera
• agrotechnical
• mankhwala
• kwachilengedwe.

Njira zodzitetezera ku kuwonongeka ndi dzimbiri bowa

• Kuyendera mwadongosolo mbewu zamaluwa kuti muzindikire matenda.
• Kukonza malowa m'malo opanda namsongole, makamaka kwa sedge, anemone, milkweed, omwe ndi makina apakati a matendawa.
• Kukonza dimba kuti tsamba lisawonongeke. Masamba odwala amawotcha bwino pamalopo.
• Kututa kuchokera pamalo a mbewu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ngati bowa wamkulu wa pathogenic, kapena munthawi yomweyo chithandizo cha mitundu yonse ya mbewu (junipers, conifers).
• Pakumunda wamabulosi am'munda, mitundu yokhoma yokha yosagwirizana ndi dzimbiri ndi mitengo yamphesa ndi zipatso ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Njira zoyeserera polimbana ndi zowonongeka ndi bowa

Onaninso zofunikira za ukadaulo waulimi womwe ukulimbikitsidwa pachikhalidwe, makamaka pankhani yothirira. Pewani kusayenda kwa madzi othirira pansi pamitengo ndi zitsamba. M'malo okhala chinyezi, Mitundu ya fungal imathamanga makamaka. Onetsetsani kuti matenda amayambika nthawi yayitali (masiku 7-10) nyengo yonyowa.

Chaka chilichonse, mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira, ndikofunikira kuyeretsa tsinde ndi nthambi za m'munda zam'munda ndi yankho la chitsulo chatsopano chokhazikika ndi kuphatikiza dongo ndi guluu (kuphatikiza bwino), zokonzekera zamkuwa zamkuwa (mkuwa sulfate, cineb, cuproxate).

Masamba akagwa kwathunthu kapena kasupe masamba asanatseguke, gwiritsani mwaukhondo. Chotsani nthambi zonse ndi makungwa okhala ndi zizindikiro zamatenda (zokutidwa ndi ma tubercles kapena zophuka za utoto wa lalanje), wogwira 10-15 masentimita malo abwino. Nthambi, zomasulidwa ku matenda a khungwa, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mkuwa kapena sulfate yachitsulo, kuphimba ndi var var.

Kumbani mitengo ikuluikulu mu kugwa kapena kasupe ndikuthira nthaka yankho la 5-7% yankho la urea kapena ammonium nitrate, kusinthana ndi yankho la 4-5% lamkuwa.

Onetsetsani kuti muthira korona wamtengowo ndi mankhwala antifungal. Chapakatikati, onjezeraninso malo osamba ndi zinthu zomwe zimathandizira kulimbana ndi matenda.

Wowononga juniper, mbewu zina za coniferous komanso zopanda zipatso, zitsamba zomwe zimakhala dzimbiri m'derali. Sinthani malo awo kangapo ndi madzi otentha kapena mkuwa sulfate, Bordeaux madzi kapena kukonzekera kwina komweku.

Dzimbiri pamasamba. © Jose Maria Escolano

Malangizo pochiza mbewu ndi mankhwala kukonzekera dzimbiri

M'malo achinsinsi, sizikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuthana ndi matenda a mbewu. Ngati zokonda zimaperekedwa kukonzekera kwa mankhwala, ndiye kuti yankho la kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa liyenera kukonzedwa mosamalitsa ndi malingaliro. Mwa mankhwalawa, perekani mankhwala ophera tizilombo tothandizika pathupi lathu, kukhudzana kwokhudzana ndi kukhudzana ndi zochitika.

Tengani zodzitetezera zonse zaukhondo (nsapato zapamwamba, zovala zophimbidwa, chovala chamutu, magalasi, kupuma, magolovu). Pamapeto pa chithandizo mankhwalawa amasintha zovala ndikusamba.

Thirani mbewu m'mawa mutatsitsa mpaka maola 11 kapena pambuyo pa maola 16 mpaka 175 nthawi yachisanu mukakhala bata.

Thirani zotsalazo za makekemowo mu dzenje lapadera kapena malo osafikirika ndi ana, nyama, mbalame.

Kutsiriza kukonza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo masiku 30 mpaka 30 musanakolole (pokhapokha ngati pakufunikira mwatsatanetsatane) ndipo osakonza mbewu nthawi yamaluwa.

Kuchepetsa katundu pazomera, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumachitika bwino kwambiri ndikusakanikirana kwa tanki, kuphatikiza mankhwala angapo motsutsana ndi matenda ndi tizirombo mu njira imodzi. Musanayambe kusakaniza, onani kaye momwe zakukonzekera.

Mankhwala mankhwala regimens motsutsana dzimbiri

Munthu angafunse (monga zitsanzo) njira zingapo zochizira mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri. Ndiosavuta kukonzekera, koma amafunika kukhazikitsa malangizo. Omwe alimi (okaikira) ali ndi mitundu ina yosakanikira mu zida zawo, koma mulimonsemo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kumafunika chisamaliro ndi chithandizo panthawi zina zachitukuko cha mbewu. Nthawi zambiri, chithandizo chonse chimachitika kale komanso pambuyo pa maluwa, kuti musawononge tizilombo opindulitsa (njuchi, bumblebees, tizilombo tosokoneza - kafadala, ma ladybugs.

1. Musanaphukire, gwiritsani ntchito mitengoyo ndi 2 - 3% yankho la Bordeaux fluid. Bwerezani chithandizo ndi yankho la 1% nthawi ya budts ndi pambuyo maluwa. Chithandizo chotsiriza chikuchitika kumayambiriro kwa zipatso.

2. M'magawo omwewo, gwiritsani ntchito koyamba ndi 1% mkuwa sulphate (kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa), chachiwiri ndi mkuwa wa chloride, kapena arran, oxychome. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala Abiga-Peak. Kuthira kwachitatu kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi madzi a cyprosil kapena 1% Bordeaux. Olima ena amalimbikitsa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi 1% Bordeaux madzimadzi pakatha masiku 10-12.

3. Fangulayi ya mankhwala a topazi imagwira mtima polimbana ndi dzimbiri. Kukonzanso katatu konse ndikuteteza ku dzimbiri. Mankhwala amayamba mu gawo la kuphukira, mutangomva maluwa ndi gawo la kukula kwa zipatso.

4. Chithandizo choyamba ndi chachiwiri chikuyenera kuchitika ndi 1% yankho la Bordeaux fluid. Itha m'malo ndi mankhwala omwe adayimitsidwa, ngwazi. Chithandizo chachitatu chikuyenera kuchitika ndi colloidal sulfure kapena thiovitis. Mankhwala achinayi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a propi kuphatikiza mankhwala ena aliwonse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo ya matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi.

Dzimbiri pa masamba a msondodzi. © dejayM

Dzimbiri pa masamba a msondodzi.

Chithunzi chowonekera pachitsamba chowola.

Ngati ndizosafunika kuchotsa gwero la matenda (juniper, ma conifers ena), mitundu yonse ya mbewu imathandizidwa. Kuwonongeka kwa fungal pazinthu zazikulu za matenda a dzimbiri, njira zotsatirazi zingalimbikitsidwe. Chidziwitso: mukamakonza ma junipers, ma conifers, maudzu, nthawi yomweyo pitilizani kukonza zipatso ndi mabulosi a mitengo yokonzekera.

Ngati tchire lathanzi, ndiye kuti monga prophylaxis amathandizidwa katatu mu nthawi yotentha ndi mankhwala otsatirawa: scor, bayleton, cineb, Bordeaux fluid. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuchitira mbewu kumayambiriro kwa kasupe ndi kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira ndi cuproxate.

Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zina zamkuwa, ndikumapopera mbewu 6 nthawi yakukula (sizigwiritsidwa ntchito chakudya), ndi mankhwala omwe amakakamizidwa kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira komanso koyambilira kwa masika. Kukonzekera kwapadera kwa saprol ndi ditan kumasulidwa. Kuwaza ndi mankhwalawa kumachitika mosiyanasiyana ndi masiku 7-8.

Kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwa junipers ndi ma conifers ena kuti azichita dzimbiri ndi matenda ena oyamba, ndikofunikira kuchitira mbewu zokhala ndi feteleza wa micronutrient ndi ma immunostimulants.

Zochizira juniper, pali njira ina yapadera yokonzera kapangidwe kake (triforin). Kumwaza kumayambira kumayambiriro kwa kasupe ndikupitilira nyengo yonse yofunda ndi mpata wa masiku 7-10.

Ndikofunikira mwadongosolo kuyendera ndikuchotsa mphukira zamatenda. Ngati chitsamba chiwonongeka bwino, chimatha kuduliratu, ndikusiya masamba awiri pansi. Kukumba dothi lozungulira chitsamba chokumbiracho. Pangani kukumba feteleza wathunthu nitroammofosku bwino kemir. Chakumapeto kwanthawi yophukira kapena kasupe, gwiritsani dothi ndi urea kapena ammonium nitrate (yankho la 5-7%), mulch. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti ndikasendeza kachulukidwe kake ndikapita kwina, pamtunda wawutali kwambiri kuchokera kubzala zipatso ndi mabulosi.

Kuteteza koloko ndi masamba a mabulosi ku dzimbiri ndi zinthu zachilengedwe

Kuti tipeze mbewu yachilengedwe ku dachas ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe kuteteza. Amapangidwa pamaziko a tizilombo tothandiza ndipo samavulaza thanzi la anthu, nyama ndi tizilombo tothandiza. Zachilengedwe ndizopanda poizoni, sizimadziunjikira zipatso ndi magawo ena a mbewu. Mphamvu zoteteza kuzinthu zachilengedwe zimakhala masabata atatu. Amatha kubzala mbewu mpaka nthawi yokolola. Amasakanikirana mosavuta ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe mumisakanizo yama tank, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa azirombo ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Komabe, machitidwe awo ogwira ntchito amawonekera pokhapokha pamtunda wina wabwino wa kutentha (kuyambira +12 mpaka + 18 * C) ndikuwonetsetsa kwenikweni kwa kuchuluka pakupanga mayankho ogwira ntchito. Ngati zofunikira sizitsatiridwa kapena chithandizo chokha cha 1-2-3 chikuchitika, zotsatira zake sizowonetsedwa.

Munkhokwe yoyamba yam'munda wamalimiyo, payenera kukhala mitundu yazinthu zachilengedwe zochizira masamba, ndiwo zamasamba ndi mabulosi. Kuteteza mbewu ku dzimbiri, trichodermin, planriz, phytosporin-M, majir (bactericide), dokotala wa phyto, ndi haupsin amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mankhwala omalizawa akuwonekera pazochita zake ziwiri. Siziwononga matenda oyamba ndi mafangayi, komanso tizirombo tina tambiri.

Kudzala kwa dzimbiri wa juniper (Gymnosporangium juniperinum). © SB_Johnny

Kukonzekera kwa mayankho ogwira ntchito azinthu zachilengedwe

Trichodermin

Kuwononga dzimbiri ndi matenda ena oyamba ndi fungus, njira yogwira ntchito imakonzedwa pamlingo wa 100 ml ya mankhwala achilengedwe pa malita 10 a madzi. Kumwaza kumayambira ndi gawo la masamba a masamba ndikupitilira nyengo yonse yokulira (kupatula nthawi ya maluwa) katatu pa mwezi.

Plriz

Poteteza bwino zomera za m'munda ku matenda ambiri a fungus, kuphatikizapo dzimbiri. Imakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbikitsira mbewu. Pakupopera, njira yothandizira ya 50 ml ya planris pa 10 l yamadzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

PhytoDoctor

Malinga ndi mndandanda wa kuponderezedwa koyenera kwa bowa wa pathogenic, ndi wofanana ndi planris. Mlingo wa mowa womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malita 10 a madzi ndi 30 g.kumwaza kumera kumachitika nthawi yonse ya kukula 2 kawiri pamwezi. Dokotala wa phyto amalimbikitsa chitetezo chokwanira ku matenda ndikukulitsa kukula kwa zipatso ndi zipatso za mabulosi.

Fitosporin-M

Pakupopera mbewu nthawi yakula, gwiritsani ntchito yankho la 15 ml ya chinthu chachilengedwe malita 10 a madzi. Yankho lomweli limatha kuthana ndi zipatsozo pakusunga.

Pakukonza mbewu limodzi ndi njira zogwirira ntchito mwachilengedwe, zosakanikirana zamathanki zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito motengera izi: Sungunulani 100 ml yachilengedwe yokonzekera trichodermin ndi haupsin mu 10 l madzi, 50 ml ya planris ndi ecoberin, onjezerani 30 g ya phyto-dokotala. Musanayambe kusakaniza, onani kukonzekera kwake. Patulani mitengo ndi zitsamba (zonse) masiku 10 aliwonse pakulima.

Nkhaniyi imangotchula zinthu zochepa chabe zachilengedwe. Popeza mudaphunzira momwe zinthu zina zachilengedwe zimapangidwira, mutha kusankha mosakanizika wa akasinja ndikukula bwino, zachilengedwe mwachilengedwe mosawerengeka komanso zachilengedwe.