Chomera cha cactus ndichimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa padziko lapansi. Izi zothandizira zimatha kuchita popanda chinyezi kwa miyezi yambiri ndikukula pazakudya zosauka kwambiri popanda kuperewera zakudya. Zizindikiro zodziwikiratu za cacti zimawalola kuti azingokhala ndi dzuwa lowala chabe, komanso kuti azitha kutulutsa. Kodi mawonekedwe achilengedwe ndi chiyani, ndipo amakula munthawi yanji?
Komwe cacti imamera m'chilengedwe: chilengedwe
Malo omwe chomera cha prickly chomera (kuchokera ku Greek cactos) ndi South ndi North America. Pakatikati mwa mapangidwe a banjali amadziwikanso kuti South America, kuchokera komwe adafalikira mpaka ku North America. Komwe cacti imakula, pamatha kukhala malo osiyanasiyana, chifukwa mbewuzi zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu logawanikiratu, lomwe limakhala malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe. Izi zokha zimapanga mitundu yambiri ya kakulidwe kazomera: nyengo, zonal ndi dothi. Cacti imakhala m'nkhalango zotentha (mitundu ya epiphytic yomwe imamera pamiyendo ya mitengo), savannas, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yam'chipululu ndi zipululu, ndipo m'mapiriwo mumakwera malo okwera mamitala 4,500 pamwamba pa nyanja. Ndipo ndi kuti kwina komwe cacti amakulira kuthengo? Zambiri mwa izi zimathandizidwa kuti zizikhala mchipululu, mvula yochepa komanso kugwa kwamphamvu tsiku ndi usiku. Makamaka malo owuma a cacti ndi amodzi mwa mapiri ataliatali ndi kutentha kwawo kwakusiku ndi kusiyana pakati pa kutentha kwa usana ndi usiku panthaka mpaka 45 °. Kumpoto, mtundu wa cacti umafikira ku 56 ° C. N, ndi kumwera mpaka 54 ° S. w. Zowonjezera kwambiri pazosankha zimafikiridwa makamaka ndi oimira a Opuntsevo subfamily.
Kukhazikika kwa cacti pamakondometi ndizosasiyana kwambiri. Mitundu yamitundu yayitali kwambiri ndi Mexico, mapiri a Peru, Chile, Argentina ndi Bolivia.
Cacti ndi mbewu zomwe zimakhala ndi chilengedwe chambiri. Zizindikiro zina zamphamvu za cacti zimawalola kuti azitha kukhala ndi moyo osati ku North ndi South America, komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe akumayiko ena. Chifukwa chake, mitundu ina ya pey prickly idabweretsa ku Western Europe ndikulemekezedwa. Ku USSR yakale, mapeyala prickly anali otchukitsidwa ku Crimea ndi dera la Astrakhan, komanso ku Turkmenistan. Mitundu ina ya epiphytic cacti imapezeka m'nkhalango za Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka ndi zilumba za Indian Ocean. Komabe, akukhulupirira kuti adabwera ndi malo awa ndi munthu.
Ndi banja liti lomwe limaphatikizapo chomera cha pracly pracly cacti: magulu ndi mabanja apansi
Kuchokera pakuwona msonkho, cacti ndizomera zachilengedwe za dongosolo la cloves, wa banja la a Cactaceae. Dongosolo la clove limaphatikiza mbewu zosiyana kwambiri maonekedwe omwe ali m'mabanja osiyanasiyana.
Banja la cacti ndi la udzu osatha, shrubby ndi mitengo yokhala ngati mtengo wokhala ndi tsinde la 2-5 cm (Chosangalatsa kwambirimpaka 10-12 m (Giant carnegia) Mpaka pano, palibe okhazikika komanso ovomerezeka a msonkho wa banja la a Cactus. Zowunikira m'derali sizinavomerezedwe kwambiri ndipo zimatsutsidwa ndi akatswiri. Malinga ndi msonkho wakale komanso wapaderadera wa K. Bakeberg, banjali lidafika pafupifupi genera 220 ndi mitundu pafupifupi 3000. Kukhalapo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtundu wa cacti, mbewu zam'chipululu muno, sikunafunsidwe. Posachedwa, malinga ndi m'modzi wamalingaliro atsopano a E. Anderson omwe adadziwika kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa mtundu wa genera kwatsitsidwa kukhala 124. Banja la Cactaceae lagawidwa m'mabanja atatu apabanja, kufotokozera kwa cacti wa aliyense wa iwo kwaperekedwa pansipa.
Subfamily Peireskioideae (Pereskievye) ikuyimiriridwa ndi mtundu umodzi wa Peireskia, mitundu 17 yazomera, yoyimiriridwa ndi tchire mpaka 8-11 m wamtali. Chodabwitsa cha cacti ichi ndi kukhalapo kwa tsinde lignated, yokutidwa ndi spines yayitali ndi masamba opangidwa bwino kapena odulidwa. Zipsera zimathandizira kumamatira mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo. Ndi zaka, masamba amasiya kutulutsa, ndipo mkati mwake pomwe nthawi yopuma imayamba kugwa. Maluwa ndiakulu mu inflorescence, osakhala okha. Mtundu wa duwa ndi loyera, ofiira, achikaso, lalanje. Zipatso zake zimakhala ngati mabulosi, zabwino. Amamera m'malo otentha a Mexico, West Indies ndi South America.
Subfamily Opuntioideae (Zolankhula) imayimiridwa ndi cacti yokhala ndi maulalo, opakika ma disk, oval kapena osakanikirana ogwirizana ndipo amachepetsa mwamphamvu masamba ndikugwa, wokhala ndi glochidia (spines yaying'ono) mu areoles. Woimiriridwa ndi genera Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia, Opuntia, Tephrocactus. Malongosoledwe a mitengo ya cactus pamtunduwu ndi motere: zitsamba zowoneka bwino kapena zokwawa, komanso zitsamba, nthawi zambiri zimapanga mawonekedwe ofanana ndi pilo. Maluwa ndi akulu, achikaso, lalanje kapena oyera. Zipatsozo ndi zazikulu, zimatha kudya mitundu yambiri. Chizindikiro china cha cacti cha subfamily iyi ndi mbewu zosalala, zomwe, mosiyana ndi mamembala ena a banja, zimakhala ndi chipolopolo cholimba. Malo ocheperako amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri ku America. Mapeyala achichepere amamera kuchokera ku Canada kupita ku Patagonia.
Subfamily Stereoideae (Cereus) ndiye wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi woimiridwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazamoyo kuchokera ku ma epiphytes ndi zomera zazifupi zazitali mpaka zimphona zamitengo. Kodi ma cacti a subfamily awa ndi ati? Oimira a Cereus alibe masamba ndi glochidia. Subfamily imagawidwa m'magulu awiri (mafuko). Gulu la Tr tropical Forest Cacti (Hylocereeae) limayimiridwa ndi epiphytes, curly ndi cacti zokwawa ndi mizu ya mlengalenga: genera Rhipsalis, Hatiora, Epiphyllum, Selenicereus, Hylocereus, etc.
Gululi Cereus (Segeeae) imayimiriridwa ndi cylindrical kapena spherical cacti kuchokera kumitundu yaying'ono yoyambira ndi shrub kupita kuma mitundu ngati mitengo. Mtundu wa gulu la mitundu ya cacti ili pafupi ndi mitundu ya Opuntsievs. Ndilo mitundu ya Cereus yomwe imakusangalatsani kwambiri osonkhanitsa, onse chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa majini ndi mitundu, komanso chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya moyo wawo, komanso mitundu yambiri yaminga, minga ndi maluwa.
Kenako, muphunzira za mikhalidwe ya cacti, momwe zimagwirira maluwa komanso zomwe ali nazo.
Makhalidwe a morphological ndi mbali za chomera cha cactus: zomwe zimapangitsa tsinde
Zimayambira za cacti, monga taonera kale, zili ndi mawonekedwe ena. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nthiti, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagawika papillae, zomwe zimasinthidwa masamba. Nthawi zambiri nthiti zimakhala zowongoka, zotsika kuchokera pamwamba pa tsinde mpaka kumunsi, koma zimatha kuzungulira komanso kuzungulira. Munjira zina, nthiti ndizosalala ndipo sizimera pamwamba pa tsinde. Zimayambira zimakutidwa ndi khungu (cuticle) kuchokera ku chinthu chonga sera chomwe chimawateteza ku zisonkhezero zakunja, kuphatikizapo kutuluka kwa chinyontho. Cuticle imatengedwa kuchokera kuzakuya kwambiri - khungu. Tizilombo tambiri tomwe timapanga ma cell timene timayambira kuchokera kum'mimba, kumathera pamwambapa ndi pubescence, womwe umatha kunyamula chinyezi kuchokera mumlengalenga ndikupangitsa maselo amkati a tsinde.
Chizindikiro chofunikira cha kakhalidwe kake ndi kupezeka kwa minga. Magawo a chomera cha cactus amathanso kunyamula chinyezi kuchokera kumlengalenga ndikupangitsa gawo lamkati la tsinde. Izi zimathandizira kuti mbeu zigwiritse ntchito bwino chinyezi kuchokera kumlengalenga kutentha kwambiri.
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa kapangidwe ka kacusus ndi zina zomwe zimapezeka ndi kukhalapo kwa areoles, omwe amasinthidwa masamba a axillary. Kuchokera ku areoles komwe kuli nthiti za tsinde, maluwa ndi zipatso zimamera, monga masamba wamba, ndi mitundu ina, masamba. M'malo ambiri a cacti, areoles amanyamula misempha ndipo, kuphatikiza apo, amatha kukhala ndi kupindika kwa tsitsi loonda. Mu mammillaria ndi cacti ena, ma areola amagawidwa pawiri. Gawo limodzi lili pachifuwa (axilla), ndipo linalo lili kumapeto kwa papilla. Maluwa ndi machitidwe a cacti oterowo amakula kuchokera ku axilla, ndipo spines imakula kumapeto kwa papilla. Ngati ndi kotheka, ma areola omwe ali ndi chidutswa cha minofu amatha kuzika mizu ndikulowetsedwa kuti apange chomera chatsopano.
Chimodzi mwazinthu za tsinde la cactus ndikuti imakula kuchokera pamwamba pomwe panali pomwepo. Chifukwa cha magawika maselo pakukula, nkhadze imamera m'mimba mwake ndi kutalika. Ambiri a cacti amakula moyo wawo wonse. Ena acacti amakhala ndi tsinde labwino. Mu cacti yotere, magawidwe pakukula nthawi ndi nthawi amatha, ndipo mphukira zatsopano zimawonekera kuchokera ku arelia. Ndiye kuti, phesi ya cactus imakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Kuphwanya malo okukula kumalepheretsa kukula kwa tsinde ndipo kumathandizira kuoneka ngati mphukira zamtundu wotsatira. Mbali iyi ya kapangidwe kameneka nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbeu pocheka kapena kubowola kukula. Pesi la cacti lili ndi madzi okwanira 96%. Madzi ambiri, mawonekedwe a tsinde (kukhalapo kwa nthiti, nthambi, tsitsi) komanso mawonekedwe a thupi la cacti amawathandiza kuti azitha kukhala ovuta.
Kuphatikiza pamachitidwe amtundu, mu chilengedwe ndi zopereka pali mitundu iwiri ya cacti yokhala ndi phesi lakuipa: lopindika komanso lopanda tanthauzo. Nthawi zambiri, nsonga ya cactus imakhala pamwamba pa tsinde. Kukula kwa maselo pachaka pamalonda kumawonjezera kutalika ndi mulifupi. Zinthu zomwe zimasungidwa ndi maselo zimalepheretsa kukula kwa maselo omwewo omwazikana pachimodzimodzi. Potsutsana ndi njirayi, maselo amayamba kugawikana kwambiri mbali zosiyanasiyana za tsinde. Kuphatikiza apo, m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kukula kwa apical kumakulitsidwa mu mzere, ndipo khomalo limatenga mawonekedwe osakanikirana, ndipo m'mitundu yopanda kanthu, maselo amayamba kukula pachimodzimodzi. Zotsatira zake, mawonekedwe omwe adalipo amatenga mawonekedwe amtundu womwe wakula mu ndege zosiyanasiyana, ndipo mawonekedwe owonongekawo amakhala ndi phesi ndi munthu yemwe wakula mosiyanasiyana, magawo a asymmetric. Mitundu iyi imakongoletsa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imapezeka kuphatikiza. Chomwe chimapangitsa kupatuka koteroko, kwakukulukulu, ndizophatikiza pazinthu zingapo zomwe sizinafotokozedwe bwino. Amakhulupirira kuti kupatuka kumatha kupezeka pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa nkhadze. Zochitika zofananira zimadziwika pakati pa mbewu zina. Kuphatikiza pa mitundu iyi, mitundu yopanda chlorophyllic yam'mera (mitundu ya mitundu) ya maluwa ofiira, achikaso, ndi maluwa ena amapezekanso pamisonkhanowu. Popeza kulibe zida zamtunduwu m'mizimba yotere, sizingathe kuyimitsa mpweya woipa kuchokera kumlengalenga ndipo zimatha kukula kokha mumtengowo. Kusunga mawonekedwe amitundu ina, amakhazikananso kumtengowo.
Chizindikiro cha mitengo ya cactus sichingakhale chokwanira popanda kufotokoza kwa minga. Spines ya cacti ndi masikelo osinthika a impso. Amagawika pakati komanso ma radial spines. Msana wapakati (spines) uli pakatikati pa areola. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yayikulupo, yozungulira kapena yolaza ndipo nthawi zambiri imanyamula mbedza kumapeto. Mitundu yambiri komanso yopyapyala ya radiation ili mphepete mwa theola. Tizilombo ta minyewa timadzaza ndi calcium ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuuma. Chiwerengero cha ma radial radiation mu areola imodzi imatha kufikira dothi kapena kuposerapo. Zilumba zamitundu ingapo, kuphatikiza minga, zimatha kukhala ndi tsitsi. Cacti ya subfamily Pereskievy ndi Opuntsev pamiyeso imanyamula yaying'ono komanso mosavuta kuthyola minga - glochidia. Pali mitundu ya cacti yokhala ndi ma pepala athanzi komanso owoneka ngati "pepala", mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina ya tephrocactus. Mwa macacti onse, masamba opangidwa bwino amapezeka ku Peres kokha.
Zizindikiro zosintha za cactus ndikusintha momwe moyo ungakhalire
Kuthekera kwakukulu kwa cacti zachilengedwe, kukhala ndi moyo wosakhazikika kumapanganso chifukwa cha mizu yawo. Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi mizu yolimba bwino. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino ngakhale pang'ono kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Mitundu ina ya cacti (mwachitsanzo, genus Ariocarpus) imakhala ndi mizu yothinitsidwa, momwe michere yambiri imakhazikika. Izi zimathandizira cactus kuzolowera m'malo mwake momwe zimakhalira ndipo zimathandizira kuti chomera chikhalepo nthawi zovuta. Mu mitundu yayikulupo, mizu yotere imatha kulemera ma kilogalamu angapo.
Mwa mitundu ingapo yamitundu Echinopsis, Submatucana ndipo zina, njira zamtsogolo zomwe zimamera pachimake chachikulu, zomwe zimatha kupatsa mizu pazokha, ndizodziwika. Kuyang'ana kuchokera pa tsinde, iwo amazika mizu mwachangu. Pa mizu ya cacti, masamba amapangidwa omwe amapereka moyo ku mbewu zatsopano (ana a mizu). Epiphytic cacti pamitanda imakulitsa mizu yowonjezereka, ndikupatsa mbewucho chinyezi chowonjezera ndikugwirizana ndi gawo lapansi.
Momwe limayambira maluwa: Zizindikiro, kapangidwe ka maluwa ndi chipatso
Maluwa a cactus amakhala okha, nthawi zambiri amakhala pamwamba pa tsinde, m'modzi mwa areola. Amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kupatula yamtambo. Duwa la cactus limaphatikizidwa ndi mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana komanso manyazi pa pestle. Mitundu ina, imatha kusiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, chikasu chobiriwira komanso manyazi obiriwira a Echinocereus. Maluwa amawonekera pa achinyamata ndi achinyamata achinyamata.
Pali mitundu ya cacti yomwe maluwa amakulira pachinthu chapadera - cephaly (genus Melocactus, Discocactus), yomwe imakhala pamwamba pa tsinde. Cephaly ndi tsango lomwe limatulutsa maluwa ambiri, fluans, tsitsi ndi bristles. Amachulukana chaka chilichonse, mpaka kutalika kwa 1 mita m'mitundu ina. Maluwa amathanso kupanga pseudocephaly, mwachitsanzo, mu cacti la genus Cephalocereus, Pilosocereus, etc. Kukula kwa maluwa a cactus kumasiyana kochepa mpaka kutalika, ndi kutalika ndi mainchesi 25-30 cm (genus Selenicereus ) Maluwa a mitundu ina ali ndi fungo (mtundu wa Echinopsis, mitundu ina yamtundu wa Dolichothele, etc.). Maluwa amachitika masana ndi usiku. Ambiri cacti pachimake masana m'mawa kapena masana. Nthawi zambiri, maluwa a cactus amakhala bisexual komanso-mungu. M'dziko lanyumba ya cacti, kuwonjezera pa mphepo, tizilombo ndi mbalame, kuphatikizapo mbalame za hummingb, zimagwira nawo ntchito yoyendetsa mungu.
Pambuyo pamaluwa, mabulosi onga mabulosi, zipatso zowuma sizimangirizidwa. Mumitundu yambiri, ndizotheka kudya. Kukula kwa chipatso kumayambira 2-3 mm mpaka 10 cm. Zipatso zazikulu kwambiri zimapezeka m'mapere prickly. Zipatso zimatha kupsa munyengo yam'mbuyo kapena chaka chamawa (genus Mammillaria). Masamba okucha amatha kukhala pazidutswa zochepa mpaka mazana kapena angapo mbewu. Imodzi mwa mbewu zazing'ono kwambiri mu blosfeldii, strombocactus ndi parodies. Mbewu zazikulu za peyala zokhala ndi chipolopolo cholimba komanso cholimba. Mu cacti yotsalira, chovala cha mbewu ndi chopyapyala, chosalimba. Kumera kwa mbewu zamtundu wambiri kumakhala mpaka chaka chimodzi kapena kupitirira, mu cocus ndi mammillaria mpaka zaka 7-9. Mu Roseocactus fissuratus, nkhani ya kumera pambuyo pa zaka 30 imadziwika.
Zomera zachilengedwe za cactus ndi ziti?
Zolemba zina za biology ndi physiology. Cacti - mbewu zabwino (lat. Succulentus - zokoma). Zoyambira zawo zimakhala ndi madzi ambiri. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira mwamaonekedwe a mbewu izi ndi mtundu wapadera wa photosynthesis, komanso yodziwika ndi ena omwe amathandizidwa nawo. M'minda yambiri, photosynthesis, yomwe imachitika ndi kulowetsedwa kwa kaboni dayokisaidi komanso kusinthasintha kwamadzi nthawi yomweyo, kumachitika masana. Njirayi, yomwe imawapatsa mwayi wokhala ndi moyo ndikuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwake, zimatengera kukula kwa ma radiation a dzuwa, kutentha ndi kupezeka kwa madzi.Banja la Cactus lidapangidwa m'malo ovuta a nyengo yotentha, pomwe kutayika kwakukulu kwamadzi mu nthawi yamasana sikuvomerezeka. Chifukwa chake, mosiyana ndi mbewu zina zambiri, ma cacti ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zithunzi. Chofunikira chake ndikuti kuyamwa ndi kumanga kwa mpweya woipa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mpweya sikumachitika masana, koma usiku, kudzera mu stomata yomwe imatsegulidwa nthawi imeneyo. Acidity ya madzi ausiku usiku umakhala kwambiri. Masana, pamene messata atsekedwa ndikuletsa kutulutsa madzi, mpweya wa kaboni umatulutsidwa mu tsinde ndikugwiritsa ntchito photosynthesis.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a photosynthesis, cacti amatha kukula pansi pazovuta kwambiri kutentha ndi kusowa kwa chinyezi.
Mbali ina yachilengedwe yacacti ndikukula kwawo pang'onopang'ono. Mizu ndi tsinde la mbewu sizingatheke kuyamwa michere yambiri ndikuzisintha mwachangu kuti zikhale zochulukirapo mizu ndi tsinde. Izi zikuyenera kuganiziridwanso mukamakulitsa cacti. Chikhumbo chofuna kukula msanga chamtundu waukulu chifukwa cha feteleza wowonjezereka chimatha kukhala chomera chofowoka komanso ngakhale kufa kwawo. Osachepera ndi kudyetsa kowonjezereka, zinthu zonse za chilengedwe momwe zosonkhanirazi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa. Choyambirira, kuwunikira: kukwera kwambiri, nthaka yake imatha kupatsa thanzi.
Kuwona kwachuma ndi zokongoletsa za cacti. Kunyumba, cacti ali ndi mtengo wachuma wina. Zomwe zimayambira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika chakudya komanso kuphika. Zipatsozi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chakudya, makamaka mapichesi a prickly. Zoyuma za mbeu zazikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta ndi zida zomangira zowala. Cacti amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha ziweto. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma alkaloids ndi zinthu zina, cacti apeza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Ambiri oimira banja la Cactus ndi zokongoletsera, zobiriwira komanso nyumba zamkati, zomwe zimalimidwa padziko lonse lapansi.
