Tchire la azaleas lidadziwika ndi anthu azaka zambiri zapitazo. Kutulutsa modabwitsa kwa maluwa a azaleas, kutembenuza chitsamba chosachedwa kwambiri, kukhala mtambo wa maluwa okongola mazana ambiri, kunapangitsa olemba ndakatulo opambana a East ndi West kuti amupatse ndakatulo zolimbikitsa. Ndipo mpaka lero, zam'mlomo zakale komanso zosungidwa m'mabuku a nthano amadziwika, komwe, mwanjira inayake kapena ina, chomera chodabwachi chimatchulidwa.
Mbiri ya mbewuyi idayamba kalekale zolengedwa zanzeru padziko lapansi zisanachitike. Kafukufuku wa paleobotanists awonetsa kuti makolo a azaleas kapena ma rhododendrons adakhala padziko lapansi zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo anali ofala kwambiri. Koma imodzi mwazaka za ayezi inachepetsa kwambiri madera omwe amakonda maluwa.
Zotsatira zake, mitundu yamakono yamtundu wa rhododendron, kuphatikiza azalea, imakula zigawo zakumwera kwa China, gawo la Asia ku Russia, Japan ndi Korea Peninsula, ku India ndi Caucasus. Mitundu ina imapezeka ngakhale kumpoto kwa Australia ndi ku Europe.
Likulu lachiwiri la azaleas ndi rhododendrons pambuyo Asia ndi North America.
Komabe, chomera chotchuka chotere cha azalea chimaperekabe zodabwitsa zambiri ndipo chimalimbikitsa asayansi kuti apange zinthu zosangalatsa.
Mbiri ya phunziroli, kulima ndi kugawa azaleas
Kuphunzira ndi kuwerengera mitundu ya nyama kunayamba ndi Karl Linney. Zinali ndi dzanja lake lowala pomwe mbewuyo idalandira dzina lodziwika ndi onse, lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki lotanthauza "youma." Kusankhidwa kwa dzina lotere sikunali kwangozi, chifukwa pokhapokha ngati maluwa akutuluka tchire amangopeza mawonekedwe okongoletsa osakumbukika, otsalira kwa chaka chathunthu chokhala ndi masamba owola okha.
Kuyambitsa azalea pachikhalidwe kudayamba chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18 kapena koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ku Great Britain. Kulowetsedwa kwa "magazi atsopano" ochokera kudziko lachiwiri la azalea, ochokera ku America, kudapangitsa chidwi cha chikhalidwe. Wamaluwa a Old World anali ndi mwayi wodziwa osati wobiriwira nthawi zonse, wongoyenera kukonzedwa m'nyumba kapena wowonjezera kutentha, komanso mitundu yodziwika ya azaleas kapena ma rhododendrons. Zotsatira zake, ma hybrids osiyanasiyana ndi mitundu yomwe siyinakhalepo m'chilengedwe anayamba kuwoneka ambiri, osangotengera kutentha kwanyengo, komanso kukula malo otseguka, ngakhale m'malo ovuta.
Chomera cha azalea chidayamba kugwira ntchito ndipo chinali chothokoza pantchito zoda kubereka pofika chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900 kuchuluka kwa ma hybrids omwe anapezeka anali pafupifupi mazana asanu.
Masiku ano, malinga ndi asayansi, padziko lapansi pali mitundu yoposa 12,000 ya "zopangidwa ndi anthu," yomwe ndiyokwera kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa mitundu yakula nyama zamtchire.
Chifukwa chake, mosasamala kanthu kuti C. Linnaeus ali wolemekezeka bwanji mu sayansi, gulu lake la azaleas likukonzedwanso kwambiri lero. Mtundu wakale-wamtundu wamtundu wasiya kudziyimira pawokha ndipo, pamodzi ndi mitundu ina ya lead, waphatikizidwa mu mtundu wa rhododendrons.
Azalea mu zizindikiro, maloto ndi miyambo ya anthu
Pachikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri odziwika bwino ndi azalea, mbewuyi imalumikizidwa ndi mphamvu zina zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake ku Europe amakhulupirira kuti azalea m'mundamo kapena mnyumbamo athandiza kupeza chisangalalo, kukhala mwini wake wopirira, wolimbikira komanso wachangu. Mphika wokhala ndi chomera cha azalea pa desktop ya munthu wopanga umakopa kudzoza ndikupatsa mphamvu kuti umalize.
Pali lingaliro lakuti chitsamba chamaluwa m'maloto chimayimira kutukuka kwapafupi, koma tanthauzo la azalea, lomwe limatulutsa kale, ndizotsutsana. Chitsamba chotere mu maloto ndi chizindikiro cha kudikirira kwanthawi yayitali kuti moyo ukhale wabwino.
Kutchuka kwa azaleas ku Europe ndi Russia kwawonjezeka kwambiri kuyambira chiyambi cha nthawi ya Art Nouveau.
Mawonekedwe odabwitsa a maluwa, mphukira ndi masamba azalea amasangalala ndakatulo, miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi ojambula. Tafika pazithunzithunzi ndi zojambula, ndakatulo ndi mapulo, pomwe olemba amapereka utoto wokongola. Mwa omwe adadzozedwa ndi mbewu za azalea: N. Gumilev ndi A. Fet, A. Kuprin, K. Paustovsky ndi D. Mamin-Sibiryak.
Koma patsogolo pawo, Base yayikulu idayimba kukongola kwa azalea, kuyerekeza kwamaluwa ndi chithunzithunzi m'mizere ya laconic.
Phiri panjira.
Kuti m'malo mwa utawaleza usungunuke -
Azalea dzuwa.
Kwa anthu achi Japan, omwe ndiopatsa ulemu komanso olemekeza chilichonse chamoyo, azalea siwosafunikira kwenikweni kuposa chimodzi mwazizindikiro zadziko - sakura. Maluwa a Shrub amadzipereka pakukongola kwakuthupi kwa akazi, komanso amakhulupirira mu mphamvu zawo zowunikira malingaliro.
Maluwa osakhwima ndi masamba a azalea owopsa.
Ngati mukukhulupirira nthano yakale ya Chingerezi, ndiye kuti maluwa obzala maluwa azalea abwera kwa anthu a nthano - a elves.
Kuthawa lawi lamoto lopsereza lomwe linawononga tchire ndi mitengo yakwawo, anthu okhala m'nkhalangoyi adakakamizidwa kusiya nyumba zawo ndi kukathawira kudziko lina. Koma nkhalangoyi yoposa mapiri sinafune kuvomereza gulu lokhala ndi phokoso la okhazikika kumene. M'nkhwawa zowuma zokha, pakati masamba ofunda a azaleas, pomwe elves amapeza pogona pabwino ndikugona pang'ono.
Zomwe zidadabwitsa kwambiri pomwe, ndi kunyezimira koyambirira kwa dzuwa, azaleas adakutidwa ndi maluwa oyera oyera, apinki ndi ofiirira. Chitsamba sichinasinthidwe nthawi yomweyo ndikukhalabe kwamuyaya.
Chifukwa chake ma elves anathokoza pamera chifukwa chothandizidwa. Koma kukongola sikunali mphatso yokhayo! Kuphatikiza pa iye, pafupifupi onse a rhododendrons ali ndi njira yodzitetezera ndikuwopseza adani.
Masamba a azaleas ndi mbali zina za zomerazi ali ndi mankhwala oopsa, zotsatira zake zosangalatsa komanso zoletsa zomwe zimapangitsa zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa, ngakhale imfa.
Kuphatikiza kwachilengedwe kwazomera zophunzirira zachulidwa posachedwa, koma umboni woyamba wazomwe zakumwa za poizoni, wosamvetseka mokwanira, m'zaka za zana lachisanu la nyengo yatsopano. Kuchokera pa nkhani ya kampeni yaku Greek yopita ku Colchis, kumanzere kwa mbadwa ya wamkulu wa asirikali Xenophon, zidadziwika kuti, osadziwa kugonja, akupambana mdziko latsopanoli, gulu lankhondo silidagonjetsedwe osati ndi mdani woopsa, koma ndi zomera za azalea.
Atakhala pansi kupumula pafupi ndi m'nkhalangozi za tchire loyendera maluwa, achi Greek adapeza njuchi za anthu okhala komweko komanso zodzaza ndi uchi wokongola wonunkhira. Zachidziwikire, sizikanatheka kukana chithandizo choterocho chifukwa cha zovuta zonse zokhala m'misasa, ndipo opambanawo adadzipatsa okha chakudya mwachangu.
Zomwe zidadabwitsa Xenophon, pomwe asirikali ake modzi motsatana adayamba kugwa pansi popanda mphamvu. Munthawi yosasamala, osadziwa chilichonse, Agiriki anali mpaka m'mawa wotsatira. Pobwerera, adadzuka, koma adamva kufooka, ululu m'maso mwawo, akuvutika ndi mutu komanso mseru. Patangopita masiku ochepa, kuchokerako kunatha kupitilira, ndipo chifukwa cha nkhani ya Xenophon, lingaliro la kuchuluka kwa uchi womwe amatengedwa kuchokera ku maluwa azalea lidakhalapo kwazaka zambiri.
M'zaka zana zapitazi, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamankhwala komanso akatswiri a sayansi ya zinthu zakufa adatsimikizira kuti ndizosatheka kupha poizoni ndi tart, wokhala ndi chidwi ndi uchi wa Rhododendron.
Koma zizindikilo zonse zomwe ma Greek amakola zimagwirizana ndendende ndi zizindikiritso zomwe zimapangitsa thupi la ma neurotoxins lomwe limapezeka mbali zonse za tchire, pafupi pomwe panali ankhondo achi Hellenic kale. Masiku ano ndizodziwika bwino kuti kukhala nthawi yayitali pafupi ndi mitundu yambiri ya Rhododendron kumawononga thanzi. Rhododendron wachikasu kapena Pontic azalea womera ku Caucasus ndi Crimea ndiwonso.
Nthomba zowopsa za azaleas zimakhala nyengo yotentha, pomwe mafuta ofunikira ndi poizoni amatulutsidwa mwachangu kuchokera masamba a azalea. Ku Crimea, alendo akuchenjezedwa kuti kugwira mosasamala moto pafupi ndi chitsamba kukuwopseza kuti nthawi yomweyo masamba owaza omwe mtambo wosawoneka udafalikira.
Koma ndikuwongolera moyenera, azaleas sizingabweretse mavuto, koma kungokongoletsa dimba kapena nyumba. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yambiri yamtchire ndizomera zamtengo wapatali zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzinthu zodzikongoletsera, zamankhwala, ndi zikopa. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, pamizu ndi masamba a azalea, kuwonjezera pa mafuta ofunikira, ma tannins amakhala okhazikika. Zipangizo zomera zomwe zimachokera ku ma rhododendrons zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga anti-yotupa, ma dipatretic othandizira.
