Kututa ndipo ndi nthawi yokonzekera chaka chamawa. Wamaluwa wa Novice amalira momasuka. Ntchito zonse zazikulu zatha. Zimakhalabe zogulira mbewu ndikubzala m'mikapu mu dothi wamba lochotsedwa m'munda mwanu. Ndipo kudabwitsika kwawo ndikokulira pamene udzu wosadziwika watuluka m'malo mwa mmera wa phwetekere. Chovuta chomwe olima dimba ndilakuti amayesa kudyetsa mwana chakudya chamafuta, m'malo mwa chakudya chamwana. Mbande amafunika dothi lina. Mutha kugula osakaniza mumasitolo apadera, koma ndibwino kuti mugule nokha.
Mbande m'nthaka yokonzedwa.
Chofunikira chadothi cha mbande zamasamba
Nthaka wamba yamalo siikhala yofesa mbewu. Zomwe zimasakanikirana ndi mtsogolo ziyenera kukonzedwa kuyambira kugwa. Amakololedwa mu nyengo youma kupewa kukula kwa matenda ndi tizilombo tina tambiri.
Zosakaniza zadothi zobzalira banja limodzi zidzafunika zidebe 1-3, choncho sizingakhale zovuta kusonkhanitsa zigawo zingapo muzotengera zosiyanasiyana ndikusiya mvula yakugwa.
Zofunikira kwambiri pazosakaniza dothi ndizopepuka, zokhala ndi mpweya komanso madzi, zotunga madzi, zamkati, zokhala ndi michere komanso michere yazakudya m'njira zopezera mchere wa zinthu zofunika zofunikira. The pH ya osakaniza iyenera kukhala 6.5-7.0, ndiye kuti, ikhale yopanda mbali. Mukugwa, timasinthana magawo awiri:
- humus (manyowa owola) kapena vermicompost,
- tsamba la nkhalango kapena dziko la turf
- dothi lamasamba kuchokera pamalo ake, kuchokera kumalo omwe sanapangitse herbicides, fungicides ndi mankhwala ena omwe
- phulusa lamatabwa
- kudula udzu kapena utuchi (osati wosapangira), phula, dongo lotukulidwa, hydrogel, yofunikira kumasula nthaka.
Timabwezeretsanso zida zothandizira ndi feteleza wa mchere ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu. Timagula zinthu zachilengedwe motsutsana ndi matenda okhala ndi dothi komanso tizirombo. Kusakaniza kuyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zochulukirapo (mpaka 30%) za zinthu zomasuka kotero kuti mizu yofooka ya mbande isakumanane ndikamakula m'nthaka.
Kukonzekera kwa kusakanikirana kwa dothi la mbeu kwa mbande
Mu nthawi yachisanu yaulere, timakonza dothi losakanikirana ndi zinthu zomwe zakonzedwa. Kusakaniza kosavuta kwachilengedwe konse kungathe kukonzedwa kuchokera ku zosakaniza za 3-4.
- 1 gawo la masamba (masamba owola) kapena nthaka ya sod,
- 2 magawo a humus okhwima. Manyowa, ngakhale owola pang'ono, sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti asawotche mizu yaying'ono ya mwana wosabadwayo. M'malo mwa humus, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ma peat (osatulutsa acid) kapena ma biohumus.
- Gawo limodzi lomwe linasesedwa ndi mchenga kapena utuchi, potimitsa msanganizo.
Sakanizani osakaniza bwino ndikuyika mumtsuko (zikwama, mabokosi) kuti musataye matenda. Kuwononga dothi losakaniza kumachotsa nthangala za udzu, tizirombo ta nthaka ndi matenda.
Zokolola pazosakanikirana ndi dothi ndibwino kuzichita mukugwa.
Kutulutsa utoto
Kuwonongeka kwa dothi losakanizika kumatha kuchitika m'njira zingapo, kuphatikizapo:
- kuzizira,
- akuba
- calcining
- zingwe.
Kumagawo akum'mwera, ndizothandiza kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda popha kapena kupsa, ndipo kumpoto, ndikosavuta kuyamwa. Ndibwino kufalitsa dothi povala. Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe, potaziyamu permanganate, osavulaza anthu ndi nyama.
Kuzizira
Ndikamayamba chisanu, chotengera chomwe chimasakanikirana chimatengedwa mumsewu pansi pa denga kuti chisanu chisagwere. Potseguka, osakaniza ndi masiku 3-5. Ndi chisanu chokhazikika -15 ... 25 ºº, tizirombo tambiri ndi mbewu zaudzu zina zimafa. Pambuyo pa kuzizira, chidebe chimabweretsedwa m'chipinda chofunda ndi kutentha kwa + 18 ... + 22-25 ºС. Mbeu zosungidwa ndi tizirombo timayamba moyo wokangalika. Pakatha masiku 10, mphamvuzo ndi dothi losakanizikirana zimayimiridwanso chisanu. Ndondomeko akubwerezedwa 2-4 zina. Panthawi imeneyi, namsongole ndi tizirombo timafa.
Akuba
Patatsala mwezi umodzi kufesa mbewu, osakaniza ndi dothi amasunthidwa mumadzi osamba, omwe amatha kuchitidwa m'njira zingapo.
- mumagawo ang'onoang'ono osakaniza umathiridwa mu colander wokutidwa ndi gauze kapena nsalu ina yoluka. Timatseka colander ndi chivindikiro ndikuyigwira pachidebe (chidebe kapena poto) ndi madzi owira pang'ono. Kutalika kwa nthawi yotentha ndikutengera kukula kwa colander kuyambira 10-15 mpaka 30-45 mphindi.
- kuthira madzi pansi pa thankiyo, kukhazikitsa malo okwera. Ikani osakaniza mu chikwama chakale chabwino kwambiri. Mafuta kuchokera kwa madzi otentha kwa pafupifupi maola 1-2 amathira kusakaniza.
Anabalilidwa dothi lonyowa losalala papepala kapena nsalu ndi louma m'mwamba mpaka okhwima. Dothi louma bwino liyenera, litafinya kenako ndikutsegulira, tsegulani manja athu m'miyeso ing'onoing'ono yabwino, pang'ono pabwino.
Chiwerengero
Nyowetsani nthaka ndikuwaza ndi wosanjikiza wa 5-6 masentimita pamatayala. Timawotha mu uvuni, kutenthetsa mpaka + 40 ... +60 ºº kwa mphindi 30 mpaka 40. Ndiye ozizira.
Pickling
Thirani dothi losakanizika bwino mumtsuko. Timakonza yankho la potaziyamu permanganate pamiyala 3 g ya mankhwalawa pachidebe chamadzi. Thirani njira yothetsera wa potaziyamu permanganate wosakaniza ndi kusakaniza bwino. Tikhazikika kuti ziume.
Pambuyo pa mitundu yonse ya kupha tizilombo, dothi losuma limathandizidwa ndi antifungal biofungicides (trichodermin, phytosporin, buair) ndi bioinsecticides (boverin, fitoverm, actofit). Kubwezeretsa microflora yopindulitsa, timagwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera kouma "Emochka-Bokashi" kapena yankho logwira "Baikal EM-1". Mukatha kuzigwiritsa ntchito, phatikizani nthaka. M'malo otentha, otentha, ma tizilombo tothandiza timachulukana kwambiri, ndikuwononga zotsalira za microflora ya pathogenic.
Kukonzekera muli muli kufesa mbewu
Mu zaka 3 za Januware, timakonza zotengera zofesa mbewu. Pofesa, mutha kugula 50 g a pulasitiki kapena makapu apulasitiki, peat moss cubes. Mutha kusunga ndalama ndikudzipangira zikho nokha kuchokera papepala lakuda popanda pansi (adayikamo m'mabokosi ang'onoang'ono, omwe pansi pake amakutidwa ndi kanema), pangani ma humus-earthen kapena peat-humus cubes okhala ndi mtanda wa 5-6 mpaka 7-10 cm.
Anapangira mabulosi a dothi osakaniza mbande.
Feteleza wokonza zosakaniza nthaka.
Zosakanikirana ndi zosakanizidwa ndi dothi ndizomwe zimayambira pofesa mbewu.
Omwe alimi ena amagwiritsa ntchito dothi losakaniza mbeu zonse zakudimba. 7-10 g ya ammonium nitrate, 10-20 g ya superphosphate, 5-10 g wa potaziyamu sulfate, 40-50 g la laimu, kapu yamatabwa ya nkhuni imawonjezeredwa mumtsuko wa dothi losakanizidwa. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timasakanikirana bwino komanso timatseka mphamvu yofesa 2/3.
Gome 1 ikuwonetsa zomwe mbewu zina zamasamba zimakhazikika posakanikirana ndi dothi lonse komanso malinga ndi maphikidwe apadera. Dziwani kuti njira yophikira sikofunikira. Mlimi aliyense angagwiritse ntchito njira yomwe wapatsidwa ndi zomwe akhazikitsa.
Gome 1: Zosankha Zapansi Zamasamba
| Chikhalidwe | Kapangidwe ka dothi | Zowonjezera (pachidebe) | Nthawi yosoka |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nkhaka | 1. Kusakaniza konsekonse (m'magawo): tsamba limodzi kapena malo a sodos, 2 humus okhwima, 1 mchenga, utuchi umodzi kapena perlite | 1 chikho phulusa, 15 g wa urea, superphosphate ndi potaziyamu sulfate | Kuyambira pa Epulo - pakati pa Meyi. |
| 2. Malo a Sodomu (gawo limodzi), kompositi kapena humus (gawo 1). | 8-10 g ya ammonium nitrate, 10 g wa superphosphate, 10 g wa potaziyamu sulfate, 10 g wa dolomite ufa | ||
| Biringanya, tomato, tsabola wokoma | 1. Kusakaniza konsekonse (m'magawo): tsamba limodzi kapena malo a sodos, 2 humus okhwima, 1 mchenga, utuchi umodzi kapena perlite | Phulusa (makapu 0,5), 20-25 g ya superphosphate, 10-15 g wa urea kapena potaziyamu sulfate | Mid March - biringanya ndi tsabola, kumapeto kwa Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo - tomato. |
| Biringanya, tomato, tsabola wokoma | 2. Munda wamaluwa (mbali ziwiri) humus (mbali ziwiri), peat (gawo limodzi), utuchi wosongoka (magawo 0,5). | 8-10 g ya ammonium nitrate, 80 g ya superphosphate, 20-30 g ya potaziyamu sulfate | |
| Tomato | 3. Humus (1 gawo), peat (1 gawo), malo otetemera (gawo 1), utuchi wozungulira (gawo limodzi). | 1.5 makapu a phulusa, 20-25 g wa urea, 60 g wa superphosphate, 20 g wa potaziyamu sulfate | |
| Kabichi | 1. Kusakaniza konsekonse (m'magawo): tsamba limodzi kapena malo a sodos, 2 humus okhwima, 1 mchenga, utuchi umodzi kapena perlite | 15-20 g wa ammonium nitrate kapena urea, 20-25 g wa superphosphate, 10 g wa potaziyamu sulfate, 25 g wa dolomite ufa kapena laimu | February - kabichi koyambirira, m'ma March - sing'anga. |
| 2. Dziko la Sodomu (magawo 20), phulusa (magawo asanu), laimu (gawo limodzi), mchenga (gawo limodzi). | Palibe zowonjezera |
Gwiritsani ntchito dothi logulidwa ndi njira zokuwongolera
Kudzikonzekeretsa kwa dothi losakaniza kuti mbande zikule si ntchito yovuta, koma zimatenga nthawi. Chifukwa chake, ena wamaluwa, oyamba kumene, amagula dothi losakanizika bwino. Komabe, kugula dothi lopangidwa kale, simungatsimikize kuti izi ndi zabwino. Itha kuphatikiza, ndikakhala ndi peatland yayitali, osatetezedwa, kutanthauza kuti ikakhala ndi microflora ya fungal, etc. Chifukwa chake, kugula gawo lapansi lopangidwa kale
- fufuzani ngati ali acidity, ndipo ngakhale ndi zizindikiro zabwino, onjezani supuni zitatu zitatu za ufa wa dolomite kapena laimu wina woterera,
- khalani ndi njira imodzi yochotsa matendawa m'njira imodzi pamwambapa,
- ngati dothi losakaniza lili ndi peat yochulukirapo, ngati kuli kotheka, onjezerani dothi la m'munda (pafupifupi 30 mpaka 40% ya misa yomwe idagulidwa),
- kotero kuti dothi losakanikirana mutatha kuwonjezera dothi la m'munda, zinthu zina zinali zosakwanira chinyezi, kuwonjezera hydrogel pang'ono. Pamalo achinyezi, zimachulukitsa nthawi ndi 200 mpaka 20000, osazipitilira.
Pa ndowa iliyonse yosakanikirana ndi dothi losakanizira kuwonjezera 20-30 g yodzala mchere wa feteleza (nitroammophoski, azofoski). Kumbukirani! Njira zoyendetsera kusakanizika kosakanika kwa dothi kumalipira ndi mbande zapamwamba. Ngati mudalira kotheratu kukhulupirika kwa opanga, mutha kukhala opanda mbande.
