Maponda (lat. Arachis- - dzina lenileni la mbewu kuchokera ku banja lankhondo (Fabaceae).
Nandolo - imodzi mwazomera zochepa zomwe zimakhala nazogeocarpy - kukula kwa zipatso padziko lapansi.
M'mapeyala, ngati pollinator wodziyimira payekha, kupukutira pamtanda sikungofunika, kumafika pa 1-6% ndipo kumatheka kokha chifukwa cha kupindika ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono.
Maluwa amayamba kuchokera pansi.
Pakufanizira ndi nandolo, bowa wa mycelium amakula pa chipolopolo cha mwana wosabadwayo, yemwe amachikulitsa ndikabzala nyemba kapena mbali zina za nyemba. Amadziwika kuti amalimbikitsa nyemba kukula.
Nyemba zazitali 90 cm, chipinda chimodzi, kuchuluka kwa nyemba ndi 1-6 (nthawi zambiri 1-3). Utoto wa chovala cha njere ndi wofiyira, bulauni, wosakonda kuyera kapena mitundu ina. Pambuyo pakupukutira ndi umuna, gawo lakumapeto kwa thumba losunga mazira limakula ndikusandulika kukhala mphukira yazipatso za gynophore, yomwe poyamba imakulira m'mwamba, kenako ndikusintha njira yake kuloza dothi, mpaka imafikira ndikuzama ndikukula. Ma gynophor omwe sanafikire dothi kapena sanalowe mu ilo amafa ndi thumba losunga mazira. Monga lamulo, maluwa omwe amakhala kutalika kopitilira 20 cm samabala zipatso. Njira zama Agrotechnical (feteleza, zokupatsani mphamvu, ndi zina), zomwe zimathandizira kukula kwa gynofor, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nyemba zosakwanira ndikuchulukitsa lochuluka.
Zinalenzi mwina limachokera ku Chigriki. ράχράχράχη is is ndi kangaude, wofanana ndi khoka wazipatso wazipatso.
Chiyambi
Kwawo kwa nandolo ndi ku South America (Argentina ndi Bolivia), komwe kunachokera ku India ndi Japan, Philippines ndi Madagascar. Apwitikizi adabweretsa mtedza ku China, omwe mu 1560 adakhazikitsa dera lawo ku Canton. Ku Africa kuyambitsidwa mu XVI m'ma. pa zombo za akapolo aku America. Amakhulupirira kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba nyemba za nthenga zimabwera ku Guinea kuchokera ku Brazil. Senegal, Nigeria, Congo amadziwika kuti ndi malo abwinoko amtedza. Omwe adaphunzira momwe angatulutsire mafuta a nthangala, ndipo malo ake ofesedwa adayamba kuchuluka mwachangu.
Dziko loyamba kulima mtedza ngati mbewu ya kunja ndi Senegal. Mu 1840, matumba 10 (522 makilogalamu) a mitengo yamtengo wapatali adatumiza kuchokera ku Ruefisk district kupita ku Rouen (France) kuti ikasinthidwe kukhala batala. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kutumiza mitengo yamkaka nthawi zonse kumayiko a West Africa kwakhazikitsidwa.
Kuchokera ku India ndi China, mtedza kubwera ku Spain, France, Italy, komwe adalandira dzina loti "Chinese nati". Ku USA, mtedza unafalikira mkati mwa zaka za XIX. itatha nkhondo yapachiweniweni pakati pa Kumpoto ndi Kummwera. Panthawiyo, thonje lidakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi thukuta la thonje, ndipo alimi adayamba kusinthitsa thonje ndi mbewu za chinangwa.
Mapeyala adabwera ku Russia mu 1792 kuchokera ku Turkey. Kuyesera koyamba kukondweretsa kunapangidwa mu 1825 mu Odessa Botanical Garden. Nthanga pano zimabzalidwa m'malo ang'onoang'ono m'maboma a Central Asia ndi Caucasus, kumwera kwa Ukraine ndi North Caucasus.
Chithunzi cha Botanical: Nandolo zokhathamira. A - mbewu yokhala ndi muzu, maluwa ndi zipatso zapansi panthaka (nyemba); 1 - maluwa m'gawo lalitali; 2 - zipatso zakupsa (nyemba); 3 - yemweyo mu gawo lautali; 4 - mbewu; 5 - nyongolosi, mawonekedwe ochokera kunja; 6 - mluza pambuyo pochotsa cotyledon.Zojambula zamasamba
Ku India, mtedza umamera malo amodzi kwa zaka 3-4. M'madera ouma (m'chigawo cha Tamil Nadu), mtedza mumtunda womwe umasinthasintha ndi mapira, chimanga, thonje, nthangala za sesame, ndi minda yothiriridwa ndi mpunga, mbatata ndi masamba. Zokolola zipatso zitatha kuchuluka mpaka 30%, thonje pambuyo pa mtedza kumachulukitsa zokolola mpaka 45% poyerekeza ndi kufesa pambuyo pa manyuchi. Ku India, mitundu yambiri ndi mitundu yambiri ya mitengo yamnango ndi zokwawa zimalimidwa.
Ku Africa, mtedza umakula bwino pakati pa 8 ndi 14 ° C. ., pomwe dothi komanso nyengo nyengo yake imagwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chake. Mu lamba uno, zigawo 4 ndizodziwika:
1) Dera la Sahel. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya kufika pa 400 mpaka 400 mm kumagwera pano, kutentha kwapakati pamwezi ndi 20.9-34 ° C. Dothi lamalo nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mchenga, lopanda tizinthu tina tadothi. Danga losanjikiza limafikira mita zingapo. Palinso fumbi (lokhala ndi dothi la 3-4%), dothi lofiirira, lomwe ndi pH ya 6-7. Dothi ili ndilabwino kwambiri kwa nandolo.
Kukonzekera kwa dothi kufesa mtedza mu dera la Sahel kumayamba pakati pa March ndipo kumapitilira mpaka pakati pa Juni. Nthanga zimabzalidwa chapakati pa Juni, ndipo zimakololedwa pakati pa Seputembala ndikupitilira mpaka pakati pa Januware, mvula ikagwa. M'dera la Sahel, mumapezeka zipatso zam'madzi zowononga;
2) Dera laku Sudani. Ili pakati pa 7-8 ° C. ., m'lifupi mwake ndi pafupifupi 700 km. Ili ndi gawo lalikulu la gawo la Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Mali. Kutentha kwapakati pamwezi ndi 21.3-35.4 ° C. Dothi ndi ferrallite (ofiira), pH 5.6-6.0, makulidwe a humus kumtunda 15-25 masentimita ndi humus zomwe zimakhala mpaka 1%. Mu dera la Sudan, mitundu ya nyengo yamkati imalimidwa m'malo ochepa;
3) Guinea zone. Mulinso gawo la gawo la Senegal, madera akumwera kwa Guinea, Nigeria ndi mayiko ena angapo. Apa, mpaka 1,500 mm ya mpweya imagwera chaka chilichonse. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka kumakhala 2526 ° C. Dothi ndilofiyira komanso chikasu ferrallite, lili ndi humus, pH pansipa 5.0. Muno, mtedza umalimidwa paliponse kuyambira kucha kucha mpaka kucha kucha mitundu;
4) Dera Lapansi. Mulinso madera a m'mphepete mwa Senegal ndi Cape Verde. Kutetemera ndi 400-800 mm pachaka. Kutentha kwakapakati pamwezi ndi 21.3-28.0 ° C. Dothi lalikulu ndi louma, mitengo yamchere. Nthanga m'derali zimangokulidwa m'malo ochepa okha.
Ku West Africa, mitundu yolimidwa imakhala mitundu itatu yayikulu - Virginia, Valencia, Spanish.
Nthanga ku maiko aku West Africa mchikhalidwe chosakanikirana zimabzalidwa limodzi ndi manyuchi, chimanga, pennisetum ndi thonje.
Zomera zoyera, kasinthidwe kazotsatira kameneka kamapezeka:
1) mtedza - manyuchi - mtedza - manyuchi - mtedza - khwawa zaka 5;
2) manyuchi - pennisetum zaka 2 - mtedza zaka 2 - khwawa zaka 10;
3) vigna - manyuchi 2 zaka - mtedza - pennisetum - mtedza - fallow zaka 10-15;
4) manyuchi - mtedza - manyuchi - mtedza - khwawa zaka 5.
Mapeyala © PollatorKukongoletsa zochitika
Nthaka yofesa mtedza imachilitsidwa mozama masentimita 10; mtedza wakula, monga lamulo, wopanda feteleza ndikupeza nyemba za 1.2-1.3 t / ha, ndipo kuwonjezera kwa nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu (100-150 kg pa 1 ha), zokolola zimakwera mpaka 2.3 t / ha.
Kufesa / kubzala
Tsiku lobzala limalumikizidwa ndi nthawi yamvula (nthawi zambiri mu Juni - koyambirira kwa Julayi). Kuzama kwa mbewu ndikutalika kwa masentimita 5-7, panthaka yonyowa mpaka 3 cm, ndi dothi lonyowa, njere za peeled zimabzalidwa nthawi zonse.
Mbewu yobzala mbewu zimatengera zosiyanasiyana ndipo ndi 60-80 kg / ha. Mitundu yakucha yakucha (Spanish ndi Valencia) yofesa mbewu 160-180,000 pahekita imodzi. Mitundu yakucha-yakucha (Virginia) - mbewu 110,000 iliyonse. Njira yofesa ndi masentimita 40-50-60 × 10-12. Kusamalira mbewu kumakhalitsa ngati namsongole ndikumasula mzere.
Kututa
Kuyeretsa pamanja, miyezi 3-4 mutabzala kale komanso miyezi 6 mpaka 6 yofesa mitundu yamapeto. Pali ma peanut okwera pazinthu zosiyanasiyana (1-2-ndi 4-mzere). Kuyanika kumatenga milungu ingapo, ndipo mutayanika, nyemba zimaswedwa pamanja kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosavuta. Nyemba zolekanitsidwa zimapuma zouma.
Kugawa
Zaka zaposachedwa, kupanga nyemba za peanut mdziko lapansi zikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malo omwe afesedwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri yodzipereka, feteleza, mankhwala, kuthilira, komanso kukonza makina okolola. Zomera za peanut padziko lapansi zimakhala mahekitala 19 miliyoni. Mayiko otsogola pakupanga mtedza: India (pafupifupi mahekitala 7.2 miliyoni), China, Indonesia, Myanmar. Malo achiwiri padziko lonse lapansi apanga nandolo ndi amayiko a Africa (pafupifupi mahekitala 6 miliyoni). M'magawo azachuma ku Senegal, Nigeria, Tanzania, Mozambique, Uganda, Niger ndi maiko ena angapo, zipatso ndizofunika kwambiri. Pa kontrakitala yaku America, madera akulu kwambiri ali ku Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, ndi USA.
Gwiritsani ntchito
Nandolo, kapena mtedza (Arachis hypogaea L), amalimidwa makamaka kuti apange mafuta abwino a nthangala zake. Nthanga za peanut zimakhala ndi mafuta pafupifupi 53%. Nandolo ndi wachiwiri kwa soya mu mapuloteni. Pafupifupi, kuchokera pa 1 toni ya mbewu zamaponda zotsekemera, makilogalamu 226-317 amafuta amapezeka. Ndi m'gulu la mafuta owuma pang'ono (ayodini kuchuluka kwa 90-103), amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kumakampani ogulitsa ndi ku confectionery. Mbewu za peanut zapamwamba zimakhala zowonjezera pakupanga chokoleti. Mbeu zokhala ndi mazira zimadyedwa, ndipo m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yowonjezeredwa pazinthu zambiri za confectionery. Mitundu ya kalasi ya chakudya siyenera kukhala ndi kununkhira kwa nyemba. Keke ndi nsuzi za peanut (nsipu) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama. Ma nsonga ali ndi mapuloteni mpaka 11% ndipo samakhala otsika kwambiri m'zakudya mpaka alfalfa ndi clover. Chiyembekezo chogwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi yomweyo nsonga ndi zipatso zikuwoneka mukulima nzimbe ku United States ngati msipu wa ng'ombe ndi nkhumba.
Mitengo © Darwin BellMatenda a Peanut
Matenda a Peanut Osayankhulidwa Amayambitsa Kuperewera kwa Maminolo
Chuma Mapeyala amakonda kwambiri kusowa kwachitsulo m'nthaka. Ndikusowa kwa chitsulo, chlorosis yamphamvu imawonekera pamasamba achichepere a mbewu. Choyamba, chlorosis yamasamba amawonekera, omwe pang'onopang'ono amafalikira m'malo ophatikizika, pomwe minofu yoyandikana ndi mitsemayo imakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira. Pokhala ndi chitsulo chosowa, masamba amakhala ndi chikaso chowoneka ngati chikaso kapena kirimu. Necrosis imawoneka pang'onopang'ono, woyamba amawoneka ngati mawanga osiyana, ndiye, akaphatikizana, madera amakulu ophatikizika. Chifukwa chosowa chitsulo chachikulu, mbewu zimafa, ndipo kufesa kumachepetsedwa.
Kuperewera kwachitsulo pamagawo akuluakulu aulimi wa peanut ndizotsatira zamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wama carbonates m'nthaka, kutseka kuyamwa kwa chitsulo ndikuyambitsa kusokonezeka kwa metabolic muzomera. Kuperewera kwachitsulo kumadziwika pa dothi loumbika bwino kwambiri, popanda kutulutsa bwino, kuthilira, kutentha kosautsa, kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, kapena pamitengo yambiri ya feteleza wa phosphate.
Njira zoyendetsera. Kukhazikitsa malire molingana ndi zikhalidwe; kulima mitundu yolekerera kwambiri kukhalapo kwa calcium mu nthaka, mwachitsanzo, Orpheus ndi Rositsa; Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mankhwala Kugopleks 40 kg / ha.
Peanut Powdery Mildew
Matendawa ndiofala m'mbali zonse za mtedza womwe umakula, koma kuvulaza kwake kumasiyanasiyana pachaka.
Zizindikiro Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa zimawoneka ngati masamba amodzi kumbali zonse za masamba, yokutidwa ndi utoto wamphesa, wokhala ndi zolembedwa zambiri kumtunda kwamasamba. Pang'onopang'ono, mawanga ake amakula ndi kuphimba tsamba lonse, lomwe limatembenuka chikasu, kenako kutuluka. Kuwona komweku kumayamba pa zimayambira ndi masamba omwe amafa popanda kuwonekera pamwamba pa nthaka.
Amaganiziridwa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timabisala mwa mawonekedwe a mycelium pazinthu zotsalira zamtchire.
Zofunikira pakukula kwa matendawa. Matendawa amakula m'matenthedwe osiyanasiyana (0-35С) ndi chinyezi (0-100%). Mwinanso, kukula kwake kumatengera kuphatikiza kwina kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.
Njira zoyendetsera. Kulima pamsika wokulima wokwanira. Kuchiza ndi fungicides nthawi zambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma ndi kuwonongeka kwakuya kwa chikhalidwe, kulumikizana ndi mankhwala kapena mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Phyllosticosis, kapena Fifthness of Peanut Masamba
Phyllosticosis ndi yodziwika mu semesita yonse, koma kuuma kwake sikunachitike.
Zizindikiro. Choyamba, mawanga ochepa, otuwa amabala masamba, omwe amakula mpaka 56 mamilimita. Pakatikati pawo pang'onopang'ono, amawoneka akuda, ndipo mpaka pamalopo pamakhala mtundu wa bulauni. Ndi chotupa chachikulu, minofu pakati pa mawanga imatembenuka chikasu ndipo pang'onopang'ono necrotic. Matendawa amakula pang'ono-kumapeto kumapeto kwa nyengo yokukula.
Pathogen. Fungus Phyllosticta arachidis M. Ghochr.
Kuzungulira kwa chitukuko cha pathogen. Tizilomboti timapitilirabe m'nthaka yomwe yatsala m'nthaka.
Zofunikira pakukula kwa matendawa. Kukula mwamphamvu kwamatenda kumawonedwa pakunyowa, chifukwa chinyezi-chinyezi chimalimbikitsa kumasulidwa ndikufalikira kwa tizilomboti, komanso kufalitsa matenda.
Njira zoyendetsera. Kugwirizana ndi kuzungulira kwa mbewu wazaka 2-3 ndikudzilekanitsa ndi malo kuchokera paulendo wa chaka chatha. Ndi matenda oopsa, fungicides yotambalala imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuwonongeka kwa zitsalira kumapeto kwa nyengo yomera ndikulima koyenera.
Alternariosis, kapena masamba akuda a masamba amiyendo
Matendawa amawonekera m'zaka zina ndipo kuvulaza kwake sikungachitike.
Zizindikiro. M'mphepete mwa masamba akale, mawamba akuda amakhala ndi m'mimba mwake mwake ndi 10-15 mm. Ndikowonongeka kwakukulu, mawanga amaphatikizika, ndipo m'mphepete mwa masamba ndi necrotic. Paknyowa, kunja kumayamba kuwola bowa. Wothandizirana nayeyo amatha kukhazikikanso pamitengo yake pakucha ndipo nthawi yomweyo asanakolole, kukhazikika pamasamba a nyemba zokha.
Pathogen. Masamba akuda chifukwa cha bowa Alternaria(Fr.) Keissl.
Kuzungulira kwa chitukuko. Tizilomboti timasungidwa m'dothi komanso m'nthaka.
Zofunikira pakukula kwa matendawa. Bowa ndi majeremusi ofooka omwe amakhudza minofu ya ukalamba wa chomera. Kukula kwamphamvu kwa matendawa kumakhazikitsidwa nyengo yofunda komanso yanyontho, kumapeto kwa masamba azomera.
Njira zoyendetsera. Chikhalidwe cha kulima ndiukadaulo wambiri waulimi kuti uchulukitse kukana kwake. Kututa kwakanthawi.
Fusarium Peanut Woll
Zizindikiro. Zomera zazing'ono, matendawa amawonekera mu mawonekedwe a muzu kapena woyambira woyambira, zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwa chopinga, kuchepera kwa nyengo ndi kufa mwachangu kwa mbewu. Pakatha kanthawi kocheperako, matendawa amakula ndi mphamvu zatsopano nthawi yamaluwa ndi kuyika zipatso zoyambirira. Zomera zimakhala zachikasu, zofewa, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakonda kukolola. Mizu ya mbewu zomwe zimakhudzidwa zimachita khungu ndikuola, ndipo pamunsi pa tsinde amapanga mapiritsi okuwala a mycelium. Zipatso sizipangidwe, ndipo ngati zipangidwe, ndiye zazing'ono komanso zokhazikika. Mbewuzo ndizopaka utoto, zofowoka, komanso nyengo yonyowa yokutidwa ndi mycelium, wokhazikika pafupi ndi mluza. Mluza wa mbewu yomwe yakhudzidwa umachita khungu kwambiri, umakhala wolimba komanso umakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa kumera.
Mtundu wina wa zowonongeka ndizothekanso, zomwe zimadziwonetsera kumapeto kwa nyengo yokulira (musanakolole) mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a masamba a nyemba, zazikulu zazikulu, zomwe zimakhala zilonda zazing'ono kapena zakuya, ndikuzipangitsa kuti ziume. Pa mbewu, mawanga ndi zilonda zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimapangidwa.
Kuzungulira kwa chitukuko. Tizilombo tating'onoting'onoting'ono pamwambapa ndi mitundu yachilengedwe yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nthaka. Akakumana ndi mizu ya chomera chomwe chikuwonongeka, amapanga matendawa. Zitha kufalikira ndi mbewu, zomwe zimakhala ngati mycelium, zomwe zimakhazikika mu chovala cha mbewu.
Zofunikira pakukula kwa matendawa. Mtundu woyamba wa matenda a fusarium - tracheomycosis imakula kwambiri panthawi yotentha kwambiri, chinyezi chochepa komanso kupendekera kwazing'ono. Mtundu wachiwiri, womwe umadziwoneka ngati zovunda nyemba ndi mbewu, umawonedwa nthawi yayitali, yonyowa komanso nyengo yabwino nyengo yokolola.
Njira zoyendetsera. Kugwirizana ndi kasinthidwe ka mbeu wazaka 3-4. Kupeza mbewu pamasamba athanzi. Ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wa zophukira za peyala, kuphatikiza masiku oyambira, kuya kwakuya ndi kufalikira kwa kufesa. Kuyeretsa panthawi yake
Gray Peanut Rot
Zizindikiro. Zizindikiro za matendawa zimawonekera kuyambira pachiyambi chomera mpaka zitakololedwa. Pamasamba kapena m'mphepete mwa masamba, kumera, kuwoneka bwino, kowoneka bwino, komwe kumayala masamba, komwe masamba a masamba amapitilira. Mbali yam'mwamba yomwe imazirala ndikufa. Zomera zomwe zimakhudzidwa sizipanga zipatso kapena thumba losunga mazira limakhala laling'ono komanso losabala.Ndi chotupa chakumapeto, tizilomboti timakhala m'masamba a nyemba, ndikupanga utoto wonenepa wa bowa. Nyemba zimakhalabe zazing'ono, zopunduka, ndipo njere ndizoperewera.
Pathogen. Bowa SccklerotiniaarachidisHanzawa.
Kuzungulira kwa chitukuko. Tizilomboti timasungidwa m'dothi lathu, dothi ndi mbewu. Kulowerera kumachitika kudzera mabala.
Zofunikira pakukula kwa matendawa. Kukula kwamatendawa kumakondedwa ndi nyengo yotentha komanso yanyontho kumapeto kwa chilimwe.
Njira zoyendetsera. Kukula ara-sitepe pachikhalidwe chachikulu cha ulimi. Mapeto a kuthirira kwa miyezi 1-1.5 musanakolole, kukolola panthawi yake.
Kukula Msuzi M'nyumba
Kukula mtedza m'nyumba ndizosangalatsa kwambiri komanso nthawi imodzi yosavuta. Mutha kubzala mtedza wamiyeso (zoona, osati yokazinga nkomwe!), Ndipo chipatso chonsecho, pambuyo pofinya masamba osalimba kuti amasuke pang'ono. Ndikufuna kukulangizani kuti mugwiritse ntchito zonse nthawi imodzi - osachepera chifukwa chofuna kudziwa: chidzachitike posachedwa ndi chiyani? Mbewu zimabzalidwe bwino nthawi yomweyo mumphika waukulu womwe mudzasunge mbewuzo, kuti musagwiritse nawo ntchito zina. Bzalani mbeu zochepa mpaka 2cm pakatikati pa poto, mutadzazidwa ndi zosakaniza lapansi zowaza, kutsanulira, kuphimba ndi thumba la pulasitiki lokhala ndi mabowo opumira ndi malo abwino otentha. Kuti kumera bwino, matenthedwe ayenera kukhala okwanira, + 20 ° C. Onani dothi pafupipafupi kuti lisawonongeke, komabe popewa chinyezi chambiri. Ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa pafupipafupi, kuthirira kumatha kuchitika ndi masiku 10-14. Pambuyo pa masabata awiri ndi atatu, zikumera zimawoneka zofananira ndi kavalidwe. Ndikofunika kuti ziwachepetse pompano, kusiya mbewu zamphamvu kwambiri 3-4.
Chisamaliro
Nandolo amafunikira kutentha ndi kuwala kuti zikule bwino, choncho ndibwino kuti zizisunga dzuwa. Zomera zikamakula, nthaka mumphika imaphwa msanga, kotero kuthirira kuyenera kukulitsidwa mokwanira. M'mawa ndi madzulo ndikofunikira kupopera masamba ndi madzi kutentha kwa firiji. Ndiosafunika kupukuta dothi, mtedza umamva kupweteka kwambiri ndikusowa chinyezi.
Pamasiku otentha a chilimwe, mbewuyo imatha kuyikidwa pa khonde. Kuthira feteleza ndiosankha, nkosasangalatsa, koma ngati mukufuna kuthamangitsa kukula kwake, ndiye kuti kudyetsani ndi feteleza wofala kwambiri wazomera zam'mimba.
Pafupifupi masiku makumi atatu zitamera, masamba anu amkati adzakutidwa ndi maluwa achikasu a golide omwe amafanana ndi maluwa okongola a pea mawonekedwe, ndipo nyemba zikaonekera m'malo mwake, kuthirira kumatha kuchepetsedwa. Nthawi yamoyo yazomera iyi ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri. Ziphuphu zokhala ndi zipatso zimayamba kutsamira pansi, ndipo pamapeto pake zipatsozo zimasowa m'nthaka, pomwe zimacha bwino. Nthawi zonse mutha kukhala ndi zipatso zabwino, makamaka mutabzala mbewu mu Marichi-Epulo, chifukwa chake mbewuyo imakhala ndi nthawi yokwanira maluwa ndi zipatso. Ngati poyesera koyamba simukuchita bwino, ndiye kuyeneranso kuyesanso. Ngati mungakonde, nthawi ya maluwa, mutha kuthandizira chiweto chanu ndikupanga mungu wochokera mwa kusinthira mungu kuchokera ku duwa limodzi kupita ku lina ndi burashi.
Zogwiritsidwa ntchito:
- Galina Goodwin. “Masana” wokonza dimba. Maponda // Mdziko la Zomera Na.6, 2004. - mas. 44-45.
- Atlas yamatenda azomera. Gawo 4. Matenda a mafakitale mbewu / Yordanka Stancheva - Sofia-Moscow :. PENSOFT Nyumba Yofalitsa, 2003. - 186 p., Kudwala.
