Musanalankhule za zolakwika zazikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo patsambalo, muyenera kumvetsetsa zomwe, ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndizomwe zimafunikira. Chifukwa chake, aliyense, mwina, akudziwa kuti ngati mbewu zibzalidwe panthaka yathanzi komanso yopatsa thanzi, ndikuzidyetsa ndi feteleza woyenera wa feteleza, kuzungulira kuzungulira kwa mbeu pomabzala, kuti tisakometse ndikuchotsa udzu munthawi yake, ndiye kuti zimakula limodzi ndi kutipatsa zokolola zabwino. Koma chifukwa chake zitha kunenedwa za mbewu zazing'ono, zomwe zimakula, zimadwala kwambiri, ndipo tizirombo, pozindikira yemwe wazunzidwayo, zimasokoneza pafupifupi chaka chilichonse. Pano simungathetse vutoli pogwiritsa ntchito agrotechnics oyenera, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo ...
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'munda wamaluwa.
Kodi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi owopsa?
Omwe alimi ndi olima dimba amatenga "chiwopsezo" chotere, chifukwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo imagulitsa moyo mosavuta: amapha maudzu, amachiritsa matenda, ndikuwononga tizirombo - amakhala mwakachetechete podikirira nthawi yokolola.
Ena, podziwa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala owonjezera omwe amadzaza kale ndi chakudya chathu, mpweya womwe zovala ndi nsapato zathu nthawi zambiri amakana kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Koma sichoncho?
Yankho lake ndi losafunikira: ngati mungatsatire mankhwalawa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndiye kuti palibe vuto lililonse kuchokera kwa sopo wochapira, yemwe amatsanulidwa kwambiri mbatata m'chiyembekezo chakuchotsa kachilomboka mbatata ya Colorado.
Kodi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ati?
Mankhwala, ndi chiyani? Mawuwa ndi Latin, magawo awiri ndipo kumasulira kumatanthauza "kupha matenda." Ndiye kuti, zikuwonekeratu kuti mankhwalawa ndi mankhwala ndipo adapangidwira kupha enieni - tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi matenda a fungus, tizirombo, udzu, ndi zina zambiri. Nthawi zambiri, obwezeretsa amaphatikizidwanso m'gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo, koma timadzipangira pang'ono, tiyeni tikambirane za kagayidwe ka mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Gulu la mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zambiri amagawika m'magulu kutengera zochita zawo. Ndiosavuta - kuti mankhwala akupha, ndi a gulu limenelo. Pali magulu ambiri amtunduwu, ambiri mpaka zidutswa khumi.
Gulu loyamba la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi herbicides Tonsefe timadziwika, ndipo timagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kamodzi m'moyo wathu.
Gulu lachiwiri ndi zovuta, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera algae, nthawi zambiri mankhwala oterewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa madzi kuchokera ku algae m'madziwe, ma dimbwe opangira ndi ntchito zina zamadzi. Nthawi zambiri algaecides amachita mwala.
Defoliants - mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuchotsa masamba, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku nazale, mwachitsanzo, musanakumba mbande, pomwe m'malo mongotola masamba musanakugaya pamanja, mbewuzo zimathandizidwa ndi defoliants ndipo masamba ake nkugwa popanda kuvulaza mbewu.
Gulu lina la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi kupindika (muzu - maluwa), mankhwala awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa maluwa. Chifukwa chake, m'minda, matenda a ovary nthawi zambiri amachitika. Choyamba, mwambowu umakonzedwa kuti uzikhala ndi zipatso zochulukirapo posintha kuchuluka kwa maluwa, zotsatira zoyipa ndizowonjezera zipatso, ndipo nthawi zina kusintha kwawo.
Kupitilira apo, gulu lina la mankhwala ophera tizilombo lomwe lili ponseponse ndipo lodziwika bwino kwa tonsefe ndilo fungicides. Amapangidwa kuti athane ndi matenda aliwonse am'madzi pazomera.
Mabakiteriya - Izi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - gulu lotsatira lodziwika bwino kwa onse, awa ndi mankhwala ophera tizirombo.
Acaricides - gulu la mankhwala omwe mungathe kuthana nawo nkhupakupa. Pali mitengo ya akangaude okha ayi, komanso yaomwe imakhala m'nkhalango.
Rodenticides - Awa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe simungathe kulimbana nawo bwino makoswe.
Pomaliza, gulu losowa kwambiri lomwe anthu ochepa adalimvapo ma avicides. Izi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo (inde, alipo ena).
Monga mukuwonera, pali magulu ambiri a mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndipo palibe chifukwa chowachotsa onse pakali pano, ngakhale mtsogolomo tikuuzeni zambiri zaiwo patsamba lathu.
Zolakwa za mankhwala
1. Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Mwambiri, titha kunena kuti zolakwika zoyambirira zamaluwa ndi zamaluwa ndizokhudzana ndi chakuti ena amasokoneza magulu azachipamba kapena amawagwiritsa ntchito molakwika, chifukwa chake muyenera kuzindikira.
Mankhwala osokoneza bongo
Chifukwa chake, herbicides, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, amatha kupha maudzu ndipo simuyenera kuwaza wodula chilimwe chonse kuti dothi likhale loyera. Komabe, zonse ndizosavuta, popeza ambiri sadziwa kuti herbicides amakhalanso ndi kupatukana, ndipo izi ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, gulu loyambalo limaphatikizira ma herbicides odulira chonde m'nthaka, ndiye kuti, palibe chomwe chidzamera pamenepo (palibe chilichonse) atatha kuchitira tsambalo. Nthawi zambiri, sodium chloride ndi borax zimafunikiridwa kuti zimapangidwa ndi herbicides.
Gulu lachiwiri la herbicides ndi imodzi mwa yokondedwa kwambiri ndi wamaluwa ndi wamaluwa. Mulinso mankhwala omwe amapha mbewu mosankha, ndiye kuti mbewu zimakhalabe, ndipo namsongole amafa. Kuphatikizidwa kwa herbicides iyi kumaphatikizapo 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), yomwe m'njira ziwiri kuthana ndi namsongole wa dicotyledonous, imapha mapulo aku America, koma, akuti, sichigwira mbewu monga tirigu.
Gulu lachitatu ndi herbicides, omwe, monga momwe adalili woyamba, amapha zonse zamoyo, koma osawononga nthaka. Izi ndizoyenera kutsatira, titi, kuyambira nthawi yophukira panthaka yomwe kufesa kapena kubzala kumalinganizidwira masika. Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti herbic yoyamba yomwe inali m'gululi inali mafuta a banal.
Gulu Lachinayi - awa ndi ma herbicides omwe amapha mbewu iliyonse, koma pongogwera pa iwo. Nenani, pakubzala mbewu za phwetekere zobzalidwa, ndizotheka kupha okha maluwa kapena katsabola, ngati kuli kofunikira, ndi zina zotero. Kuchita kwa izi herbicides ndikusunthika kuchoka pakukhudzana ndi mtima mpaka pansi ndikuyimitsa momwe amaperekera madzi kapena (ndi) michere.
Ndiye, nayi yoyamba, munganene, kulakwitsa pamene wokonza dimba kapena wolima, osawerenga mizere ingapo pa phukusi la zomwe zachitika kapena izi, adawamwetsa onse motsatizana, kenako ndikudabwa kuti bwanji, limodzi ndi mapulo aku America, pa chiwembu chake honeysuckle yauma, kapena chifukwa chake palibe chomwe chikukula m'mundamo mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito zitsamba ...
Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika fungicides
Gulu lotsatira la mankhwala ophera tizilombo, lomwe ndikufuna kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, ndi fungicides. Kuzigwiritsa ntchito, wamaluwa nawonso amalakwitsa. Muyenera kudziwa kuti fungicides yochulukirapo ndi zinthu zopanda pake ndipo ili ndi zinthu monga sulufu, mkuwa kapena ngakhale mankhwala enaake. Poyambirira, bowa woyamba yemwe anali sulufule mwamaonekedwe ake. Kwa nthawi yayitali komanso bwino kwambiri, idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi powdery mildew kwenikweni m'mitundu yonse momwe matendawa adawonekera.
Pali, mwachidziwikire, fungicides yozikidwa pazowoneka ngati organic, mwachitsanzo, formaldehyde. Pakadali pano, msika udadzaza ndi mafangasi omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi opangidwa monga dithiocarbomat. Muthanso kugwiritsa ntchito fungicides, omwe amachokera ku maantibayotiki monga streptomycin wodziwika bwino, koma fungicides iyi ndi yoyenera kwambiri polimbana ndi bakiteriya osati matenda oyamba ndi fungus.
Mukamagula izi kapena fangayiyo, muyenera kuwerenganso mosamala malangizo omwe ali pompopompo: kupatula apo, pali, mwachitsanzo, fungicides yachilengedwe yomwe singathe kuchiritsa matenda a powdery mildew omwe ali pamtunda wa tsamba, koma osunthira mbewu yonseyo, ichiritse matendawo . Ndipo pali cholumikizira, chomwe, mmalo mwake, sichitha kulowa chomera, koma chidzachiritsidwa paziwonetsero zonse za matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi pamizere. Nayi cholakwika china - kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika fungicides. Ndipo pamapeto pake, ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, pakunyowa, palibe chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito fungicides yolumikizana, koma yachilengedwe imatha kukhala ndi nthawi yolowera muzomera ndikuchiritsa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuchokera ku tizirombo touluka.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsedwa
Kuchokera ku zolakwika zokhudzana ndi kusasamala, timatembenuka kulakwitsa zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe mwina zimakhala zokhudzana ndi kusazindikira. Mwina cholakwika chofala kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe aletsedwa kale kugwiritsa ntchito. M'malo mwake, ndizosavuta kudziwa ngati mankhwala atha kukhala ovomerezeka kuti atigwiritse ntchito kapena oletsedwa - ingoyang'anani mumndandanda wa mankhwala ovomerezeka. Ndondomeko iyi imapezeka pamsika waulere komanso pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza pa chakuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe akuloledwa mu nyengo yamakono amaperekedwa pamenepo, kufotokozera mwachidule za iwo ndipo ngakhale cholinga chawo chimaperekedwanso.
Mwambiri, owerenga adzakhala ndi funso, koma bwanji, makamaka, kodi awa kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo ataletsedwa mwadzidzidzi? Nthawi zambiri zifukwa zazikulu zolembera izi kapena kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndizokulitsa kwa mankhwala mu chomera, mwakulankhula kwina, mumayika mankhwala ophera tizilomboto ndipo zida zake zimangokhala dothi, masamba, mphukira, zipatso ndi zipatso, ndipo adzabwera nafe limodzi thupi.
Palinso zifukwa zina - titi, kuwopsa kwa mankhwalawa kapena zotsatira zoyipa kuchokera pakugwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mu nthawi za Soviet zopanda mitambo, fumbi limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri - DDT, ndiye zidayamba kudziunjikira paliponse, pambuyo pake zoletsedwa kulikonse.
3. Kusankha kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo chifukwa cha mankhwala osati ntchito
Vutoli limangokhudza chikwama chanu chokha. Ndi chitukuko cha ubale wamsika, makampani ambiri akuwoneka kuti akufinya mankhwala osiyanasiyana, akungotumiza dzinalo ndikusintha ma paketi. Mwachilengedwe, pali otsatsa pamlingo waukulu kuti mankhwala awo ophera tizilombo ndiye abwino koposa.
Chifukwa chake, kuti musalakwitse komanso kuti musagule 1000 zomwe zimagulitsidwa 100, werengani nthawi zonse phukusi lomwe mankhwalawo akuyenera kuwonetsedwa. Tizinena kuti kukonzekera kwa Arrivo ndikofanana ndi Tsimbush ndi Sherpa (ndi zina).
4. Kusagwirizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Monga momwe zilili kuthirira ndi feteleza, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikofunikira kuti mupeze mlingo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo si mafuta, koma mbewuzo sizikhala phala, zitha kupha chamoyo chilichonse ndikuvulaza chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, pogula mankhwala ophera tizilombo, werenganinso mosamala za kapangidwe kameneka, komwe kamayenera kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo, kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwake.
Kuchokera kwa ine ndekha ndinganene kuti ngati pali chisankho kutenga mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu ampoule kapena mumtsuko wotsekedwa, ndiye kuti ndikwabwino kutenga wachiwiri. Kuchokera mumtsuko, mutha kuthira mankhwala, kugwiritsa ntchito mlingo woyenerera, ndikusunga zotsalazo m'malo otetezeka komanso osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ana kwa miyezi ingapo, mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo. Pankhani yakukwanira, zotsalira za mankhwalawa ziyenera kutayidwa. Nthawi zambiri, wamaluwa kapena wamaluwa amamva chisoni ndi zomwe zalembedwazo, ndipo mwina amatsata zotsalira zonse motsatira, kapena kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwake - pamakhala zovuta.
5. Kugwiritsa ntchito chaka chilichonse mankhwala ofanana kapena ma acaricides.
Zowonadi apa sikuti ndizololedwa kapena zoletsedwa, koma machitidwe oletsa kupha tizirombo ta poizoni ndi kupulumuka kwake mikhalidwe iyi. Tsopano pali zodandaula zambiri pa intaneti - kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado, kachilomboka, nsabwe za m'masamba ndi zina zotero sizimafa. Zotheka kuti, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, wosamalira mundawo amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwewo chaka ndi chaka ndipo tizirombo m'dera lake anangozolowera ndipo osamwalira. Kuti mupewe zochitika ngati izi, muyenera kusintha mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso ma acaricides chaka chilichonse, komanso moyenera - munthawi zonse zamankhwala zamakono, popeza chisankhochi ndi chachikulu tsopano.
6. Kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Vuto linanso, lomwe nthawi zambiri limachitika chifukwa chosunga banal, ndipo mwina chifukwa chaumbuli. Wosamalira dimba kapena wamalimi kumapeto kwa nyengo, pomwe malonda amitundu yosiyanasiyana atayambitsa - "maphukusi asanu pamtengo umodzi" - amapeza zambiri nthawi imodzi, amawasungira m'malo osakwaniritsidwa ndi ana ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Sikuti tizirombo tizingolizolowera, zimawonongekeranso, pakapita nthawi, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito palokha, mankhwala opha tizilombo amasiya kugwira ntchito (nthawi yozizira imodzi yokha mdziko muno ndi 12-15% ya zinthu zomwe zimagwira.
Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti zinthu zimasintha kapangidwe kake ndikukhala zowopsa kwa mbewu, nthawi zina zimayambitsa kupsa kwambiri. Pofuna kuti musalakwitse, musagule mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo (kwa moyo wanu wonse), tengani momwe mungafunikire munyengo yamakono ndipo, werenganinso zojambulazo, nthawi yovomerezeka iyenera kuwonetsedwa pamenepo, chifukwa palibe amene ali otetezeka pakugula kwa "kuchedwa" .
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'munda.
7. Kusunga kwa magwiridwe antchito ophera tizilombo
Kulakwitsa kwina kumatsatira kuchokera kumbuyomu - kusungidwa kwa magwiridwe antchito ophera tizilombo pakati pa mankhwala (ndiye kuti, mankhwala ochulukitsa ataphatikizidwa ndikusiyidwa mu botolo mpaka ntchito ina). Kuphatikiza poti yankho lomwe likugwira ntchito likhoza kuwonongeratu katundu wake onse, izi ndizowopsa.
Mukakhala m'chipindacho, chitha kuwononga mpweya womwe inu ndi banja lanu mumapumira, ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala mavuto ena, osadziwa, munthu atha kumwa mankhwala opha mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'mabotolo okongola. Upangiri umodzi - kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa yankho lomwe mukufuna pakadali pano, ndipo ndibwino kutsanulira zotsalira, osasunga.
8. Kusakaniza mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Vuto linanso ndi kuphatikiza mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikuwaziphatikiza ndi mbewu. Ndikosavuta kuneneratu zomwe zingakhale, sizingagwire ntchito.
Ena angadabwe kuti bwanji. Ikapezeka kuti ambiri amatero, mwachitsanzo, nsabwe za m'masamba ndi powdery mildew anaukira duwa, kutenga ndikusakaniza kachilombo ndi fangayi, ndipo kangaudeyu nawonso atavulala, ndiye kuti acaricide imawonjezeranso "osakanikirana". Mapeto ake, pakhoza kukhala chilichonse chomwe mungafune - kuchokera pakuwotcha masamba mpaka kufa. Simuyenera kuyesa zoterezi, koma mutha kuchita zinthu zitatu mosiyanasiyana tsiku limodzi kapena osachepera maola 10-12, osasunga nthawi yokayikira.
9. Kulephera kutsatira nthawi yakonzedwe
Kulephera kutsatira njira yakugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi cholakwika chinanso, ndipo ngati mutachiza mosamala mbewuzo kuchokera ku gulugufe, pomwe zinali zitatha kale ndikupanga ovipositor. Ndi nkhani yosiyaniratu ngati mankhwalawo apita mochedwa kwambiri kotero kuti mankhwalawo alibe nthawi kuti athe kuwonongeka ndikutsalira zipatso kapena zipatso, kapenanso kudziunjikira mkati mwake.
Kumbukirani bwino kuti kuchuluka kwa mankhwala monga fungicides, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi ma acaricides amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku osachepera 20 musanakolole ndipo palibe pambuyo pake. M'tsogolo, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azikhalidwe, zotsatira zake sizofanana, koma sipadzakhala vuto lililonse. Nthawi zakonzedwa mwatsatanetsatane zimasonyezedwanso m'malangizo.
10. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuwononga chilengedwe
Ndipo chomaliza, cholakwika ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mosasamala kanthu za chilengedwe. Ndiye kuti, wosamalira mundawo samangoganiza za chilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, tizilombo tothandiza, monga mwachitsanzo, njuchi, kapena za anthu okhala mderalo lapafupi.
Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamalitsa kutsatira malangizo omwe ali phukusi, ayenera kuwonetsa ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi oopsa kwa nsomba kapena tizilombo tothandiza, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, njira zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti zisazivulaze. Njira yophweka kwambiri imakhala chithandizo chamadzulo nyengo yachete kwambiri.
Pano, kwenikweni, zolakwika zonse za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamalopo, koma ngati inu, owerenga athu okondedwa, mumadziwa ena, ndiye lembani ndemanga, ndikuganiza kuti zingakhale zothandiza kwa aliyense.
