Tsopano alimi ambiri akuchita kuyesetsa kuti azilima masamba okha mu njira yokomera, ndikukonzekera mbande, komanso dothi lokha. Izi ndi zoona, chifukwa mukaphunzira izi, mutha kumera mbande zabwino ndikusunga zonse ziwiri.
Zikuwonekeratu kuti dothi la mbande liyenera kukwaniritsa zosowa za mbewu ina: imodzi idyetsa nthaka yachonde ndi chinyezi (nkhaka), ndipo inayo imakonda nthaka youma komanso yosauka (tomato). Pali zoyerekeza zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakonda dothi lowawasa, kwakukulu, palibe nthaka yachilengedwe. Komabe, pali zofunika zina za mbande.
Timakonzekeretsa nthaka mbande mu nthawi yamvula.
Kodi dothi liyenera kukhala chiyani?
Choyamba, ndichonde chokwanira komanso zomwe zimakhala ndi microflora yopindulitsa komanso zinthu zonse zofunika pazakudya. Kachiwiri, ndi mulingo wa nthaka munthawi zonse monga kuphatikiza mineral ndi organic. Ndipo zonsezi ziyenera kukhala mu mawonekedwe a zomera.
Kuphatikiza apo, dothi la mbande liyenera kukhala lotsekemera ndi madzi ndikupumira, lotha kusunga chinyezi kwanthawi yayitali. Chiyeretso cha chilengedwe, mulingo wa pH wosalowerera - zonsezi ndi malamulo osalemba, ndipo, zopepuka, zopanda pake, zopanda mawonekedwe komanso zopanda pake.
Mwa njira, zotumphuka: sikofunikira kusiya zidongo m'nthaka, chifukwa zimatha kusakanikirana ndi dothi, komanso zotsalira zosiyanasiyana za mbewu zomwe zimatha kuyamwa nayitrogeni pakuwonongeka kwake ndikuthirira dothi, chifukwa chake mizu yofera imatha kufa. Sayenera kukhala m'nthaka ya mbande za maudzu, nyongolotsi ndi mphutsi za tizilombo tina tosiyanasiyana.
Simungathe kukumba dothi m'mundamo kapena nkhalango yapafupi. Nthawi zambiri izi zimapangidwa mosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi magawo ofanana a peat (nthawi zambiri otsika), humus, mchenga wamtsinje ndi 50% ya nthaka yakale yabwino.
Kodi ndibwino kuti mutenge dothi losakanikirana?
Pazifukwa zina, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndi dothi lamtchire lomwe ndilabwino m'njira zonse. Komabe, izi siziri choncho, ndimangofunika gawo, maziko, koma abwino (kwa tomato, mwachitsanzo). Ndikwabwino kukolola dothi lamapeto kumapeto kwenikweni kwa nyengo yachilimwe kuti isazizirebe mukamafika kunkhalangoko ndi fosholo.
Tengani dothi lokhazikika pansi pamitengo yathanzi, popewa mitengo, mitengo ya m'mapazi, msondodzi, komwe kuli tannins ambiri. Tengani dothi lolimba, koma osati paini: dothi louma nthawi zambiri limakhala acidic kuti mbande.
Ndipo ndingatenge dothi pamabedi? Mutha kusamala posamala. Mwachitsanzo, musatenge dothi la nkhaka ndi dzungu kuchokera komwe mbewu za maungu kapena nkhaka zimamera, ndipo ngati mukubzala tomato, musatenge dothi mutatha phwetekere, mbatata ndi mbewu zina zapafupi.
Mawu ochepa ponena za dothi lokonzekera mbande
Mutha kugula dothi la mbande komanso m'malo ogulitsira, mumakhala zambiri ndi dothi. Kuti muwone, mutha kutenga imodzi: inde, nthaka ndi yopepuka, yopatsa thanzi, yofatsa, yolembedwa phukusi lomwe ma deoxidizer, macronutrients osiyanasiyana ndi micronutrients omwe alipo adawonjezerapo. Zonsezi zimatuluka mosavuta koma osati zokwera mtengo nthawi zonse.
Komabe, zosakaniza zopangidwa mokonzekera zimakhalanso ndi zovuta: - izi, zoyambirira, kuchuluka kosadziwika kwa michere. Zikuwonekeratu kuti alipo, koma zochuluka motani? Kupitilira apo, kuchuluka kwa dothi, nthawi zambiri kumachokera ku 5.0 mpaka 6.5 (ndipo uku ndi kufalikira kwakukulu). M'malo mwa peat, pakhoza kukhala fumbi la peat, palibe tsiku lotha ntchito pa phukusi, ndi zina zotero.
Chinsinsi cha mbande yogwiritsa ntchito osakaniza womaliza: pezani dothi labwino, lisakanizani m'malo ofanana ndi dothi la dothi kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono, onjezani 100 g ya choko wamba (deoxidizing wothandizila) ndi 10 kilogalamu. Chifukwa chiyani? Kuchokera ku zomwe takumana nazo zimadziwika kuti ngakhale chisakanizo chotsika mtengo chomwe chimagulidwa nthawi zambiri chimakhala chokhala ndi acidity kwambiri.
Kodi dziko la turf ndi chiyani? M'malo mwake, uwu ndi gawo laling'ono, lomwe limapangidwa ndi njira yayitali yolumikizidwa ndi magawo a turf mu okwana ndikutsanulira chomaliza ndi mullein. Nyengo ziwiri zakunyowa nthawi zonse ndi "timadzi tokoma "yu, pokhapokha mutatha kunena monyadira kuti iyi ndi nthaka yanthaka yabwino kwambiri yomwe ili patsamba lanu.
Nthaka ya dimba pokonzekera dothi la mbandeNjira yakukonzekeretsa dothi labwino kwambiri mbande
Chilichonse ndichophweka apa - mchenga wamtsinje, peat yam'mapiri, nthaka kuchokera m'nkhalango kapena kuchokera kumunda, ndi zonse zofanana. Ndikhulupirireni, izi sizingafanane ndi mbande ya biringanya, kabichi, tsabola, tomato.
Palibe chinyengo? Ndipo onjezani humus, izi ndizabwinobwino, popeza kupatula kuthekera kolakwika ndi kuwonjezera kwa asidi peat (kavalo, titi). Ngati mukufuna kuchita chabwino, ndiye kuti kilogalamu iliyonse ya dothi onjezani magalamu 100 a phulusa, mwaye kapena phulusa.
Mwambiri, monga tidalemba pamwambapa, dothi labwino kwambiri la mbande zimatengera chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kabichi, phwetekere, tsabola wa belu, biringanya, nkhaka, mavwende amakonda izi: pafupifupi 35% ya dothi (nkhalango, dimba), humus (mpaka 50%) kapena peat (pafupifupi 30%), mchenga wamtsinje (ena onse, mpaka 100% ) Kwa mbande za kabichi, kuchuluka kwa mchenga wa mitsinje kumatha kuwonjezeka mpaka 40%, ndipo tomato m'nkhalango ndi m'mundamo, wopanga 70%, kapena ngakhale 100% ya dothi, akukula bwino!
Ndikofunikira! Kumbukirani kuti mbande zomwe sizimafuna nthaka yopatsa thanzi, koma mbande zokhwima zimafunikira kale dothi lofunika pankhani yathanzi.
Mwachilengedwe, zigawo zonse zimayenera kukhala zokonzeka kugwa ndipo pakugwa nthaka iyenera kukonzedwa pomaliza. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa chipangizochi chidzalumikizana limodzi lonse ndipo mbande ya masika imakhala yabwino. Njira yabwino yosungiramo dothi lokonzekeretsa mbande ndi thumba la pulasitiki lotsekeka.
Kukonzekera kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana pokonzekera dothi la mbande.
Tsopano tiyeni tichitane ndi nkhani yofunikira monga kupha tizilombo nthaka.
Njira zophera tizilombo toyambitsa nthaka
Kuzizira kozizira kwa mbande
Kwa ine, iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri komanso yofatsa kwambiri mwa khumi, mwina, kotheka. Timakonza dothi losakanikirana, timadzaza ndi matumba a nsalu ndikuyika pa khonde losakhazikika kapena khola, kapena pansi pa denga. Pafupifupi masiku 100 nthawi yambewu isanachitike, matumba amatha kubweretsedwera mnyumbamo ndi kuloledwa kuti alepheretsedwe, patatha sabata limodzi. Kenako mopanda chisoni mopezekanso kuzizira - mwanjira imeneyi udzu ndi mphutsi zamtundu uliwonse zomwe zimayamba kudzuka zidzawonongedwa nthawi yomweyo.
Kudzala ndi njirayi - siyingateteze kumatenda onse, chifukwa chake musanafese mbewu, ndikofunikira kuti muthane ndi dothi potaziyamu (wofiira pang'ono).
Kubzala mbewu
Potere, nthaka imawerengeredwa pamtunda wotsika madigiri zana, koma mwanjira iyi microflora yonse yopindulitsa imatsimikizidwanso kuti imwalira. Nthaka yakufa, yosalimba imapangidwa.
Kutulutsa utoto wa nthaka ndi potaziyamu permanganate
Unali, ndipo ukhala njira yodziwikitsira nthaka (m'malire oyenera). Masabata angapo musanafesere mbewu, pangani njira ya rasipiberi potaziyamu potanganamu (nthawi zambiri magalamu asanu pa ndowa imodzi yamadzi ndi kutentha pafupifupi 40 ° C), sakanizani bwino, ndikutaya dothi ndipo nthawi yomweyo mudzaphimbe ndi filimu.
Masiku angapo asanabzale (atatu mpaka anayi), bwerezani zonse kachiwiri.
Mpiru wa mpiru
Munthu amakhala ndi vuto lawoli, koma amatha kuteteza dothi ku mavuto angapo - kuchokera ku mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana ndi mavairasi, kuchokera ku bowa komanso kuchokera ku nematode ndi kupindika. Kuti muthe kuthana ndi mavuto onse nthawi imodzi, muyenera kuwunikira supuni ya ufa wa mpiru kuchokera paketi ndikusakaniza ndi malita asanu. Mutha, panjira yanga, kuwonjezera nitroammophoska omwe ndimakonda mu kuchuluka kwa 5-7 g ku nthaka yomweyo.
Njira zakukonzera nthaka
Ndikotheka kuthira dothi ndi kukonzekera kosavulaza konse, ndipo ndizotetezeka osati kokha chifukwa cha zomera, komanso anthu, komanso chilengedwe. Izi ndizomwe zimatchedwa fungicides achilengedwe, monga Alirin-B, Gamair, Fitosporin-M ndi ena osiyanasiyana, monga awa. Kodi zimagwira bwanji?
Tiyerekeze kuti tidalenga dothi mwa njira zili pamwambazi, ndiye kuti titha kubereka mankhwalawo malinga ndi malangizo ndikutaya nthaka ndi mankhwalawo. Zikhalidwe zake za mabakiteriya zimayamba kuyeretsa mwachangu dothi lomwe munapanga kuchokera ku mitundu yonse ya mitundu yolumikizana, kuphatikiza ngakhale ma causative othandizira osiyanasiyana azilombo a fungal ndi bacteria. Nthawi yomweyo, izi zakukonzekera zitha kukhalanso ndi zinthu zofunikira zanyumba, kunena kwake, phindu lambiri (koma mtengo wake, ulinso wachiwiri).
Mankhwalawa amasintha dothi, amachepetsa kapena kuchotsera poizoni wake, ndipo simumasulidwa chifukwa chofunikira kutaya madzi otentha, amaundana kapena kufinya dothi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mutakonza dothi ndikusankha kuti muthire limodzi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, muyenera kuwerenga malangizowo ndikuwatsatira. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala odziwika bwino a Trichodermin amadziwika ndi aliyense: gramu imodzi yokha ndiyokwanira kuthira dothi lathunthu lathunthu. Trichodermin itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku angapo osafesa mbewu kuti ilandire mbande, mwachitsanzo, patatha masiku atatu kapena anayi pambuyo pake.
EM kukonzekera, osazilemba, ali ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri tomwe timathandiza dothi ndi mbewu. Ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lotsiriza pokonza nthaka yopanga mbande. Nthawi zina ngakhale dothi lotopa mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito kukonzekera kwa EM kumawoneka ngati kuti mukubwera ndipo mukusintha. Chimodzi mwazomwezi, zomwe inu, mwachidziwikire, mumadziwa, ndi Baikal EM1.
Nachi zitsanzo cha kagwiritsidwe kake: ukasungidwa nyengo yozizira, makonzedwe adakonzedwa kuti mbande zikhungwe pambuyo pake amafunika kutsanulidwa ndi kukonzekera kumene patatsala mwezi umodzi kufesa mbewu, kenako ndikungodzaza zotengera, monga momwe mumapangira nthawi zonse, ndikuziphimba ndi filimu. Chachikulu ndikuti kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawo m'nthaka sikungasinthe, 1 mpaka 500, ndipo nthawi zina zotsatira zake zimadziwika kwambiri.
