Kusankha mbewu zokongoletsera za dimba lawo zomwe zingapatse malowa mawonekedwe apadera, osakumbukika, anthu okhala pachilimwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chidwi ndi mitundu ya maluwa. Chifukwa chake, pakuwala kwa tsiku, maluwa ndi minda yatsogola amasangalala ndi mitundu yowala ndi maluwa onunkhira, ndipo poyambira nthawi yamadzulo, ma corollas amatsekedwa, fungo limatha. Koma usiku m'munda woterewu umataya chidwi chake ndi kale chithumwa chake. Ndipo zonse chifukwa cha mbewu zambiri zamaluwa, ma pollinators ndi tizilombo. Ndichokopa chawo kuti maluwa amasula masamba okongola ndikufalitsa kununkhira kwawo.
Ndipo pali mbewu zomwe, mutabzala m'mundamo, mutha kusangalala ndi zonunkhira usiku wonse. Imodzi mwa maluwawa ndi maluwa otchuka kwambiri omwe amalima. Pazina lodziwika bwinoli, zikhalidwe ziwiri zokhudzana za banja lopachikidwa zimakula pamabedi a maluwa.
Awa ndiwoseka ndi matthiola, kuwulula kwathunthu ma corollas madzulo ndipo usiku wonse kufalitsa fungo labwino kwambiri kuzungulira oyandikana nawo. Zomera, zofanana kwambiri pamtundu ndi kapangidwe ka maluwa, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osatchuka komanso mbiri yayitali yomera m'minda ya ku Europe ndi dziko lathu.
Palibe chomera chilichonse chokhudzana ndi mbewu ya viola, uzambar ndi nyanga zaudindo zomwe zimakulidwa ngati mbewu zam'munda komanso zam'munda. Ziwawa zimatchedwa maluwa chifukwa cha gamut ndi mawonekedwe a corollas omwe adagwa kale pachikhalidwe cha mbewu zopachika.
Hesperis - usiku wa violet wa munda wokongola
Ngati munthu yemwe sadziwa bwino chomera amayang'ana heseris, kumvera zoyambirira, iye adzayerekezera duwa ndi phlox. Zomera zimapanga makatani amtundu womwewo wokhala ndi zitsinde zazitali zokongoletsedwa ndi lalikulu lilac, pinki kapena loyera inflorescence. Nawo ma pollx corollas osavuta kuphatikiza pamiyala isanu, ndi hesperis, kapena usiku wa violet, monga pachithunzichi, ali ndi anayi okha, omwe amagwirizana kwathunthu ndi mawonekedwe a mbewu kuchokera kubanja lopachika.
Ku Russia, hesperis pakati wamaluwa amadziwika kuti ndi phwando lamadzulo kapena violet ndipo, monga chithunzichi, mitundu ya chikhalidwe ichi imatha kuwulula maluwa oyera ndi lilac hue.
Mitundu yomwe idachokera ku Europe idatchuka kwambiri mdziko lathu zaka mazana awiri zapitazo, ndipo ku France ndi mayiko a Mediterranean a heseris adatchuka ngati chomera chokongoletsera komanso chazachipatala ku Middle Ages.
Kubzala kwamagulu ndikokongola kwambiri, pomwe kulima ma violets sikufuna maluso apadera ndipo ngakhale oyamba maluwa angachite. Tsoka ilo, posachedwa nzika zakunyengo sizinasangalale ndi chikhalidwe ichi, chomwe chinapangitsa malo ena apadera kumalo osungirako zigawo za Russia ndi mayiko mpaka chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20.
Pazina la Vespers, nocturnal violet kapena Hesperis maluwa amagwirizanitsa masanjidwe pafupifupi 30, ena omwe anapeza malo m'mabedi az maluwa ndi m'mapaki. Oimira ena amtunduwu amakula ku Asia Minor ndi Caucasus. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo abwino, heseris ndi chomera chamadzi chopezeka pena paliponse kuthengo, kuyambira m'misewu mpaka m'mphepete mwa nkhalango komanso m'mphepete mwa madzi.
Mu chikhalidwe, usiku wa violet wakula ngati biennial, yomwe imalola kukwaniritsa zokongola komanso zamaluwa.
The hesperis stems yokutidwa ndi masamba osavuta a lanceolate amafika kutalika kwa 90 cm. Masamba ake amakhala ndi tsitsi laling'ono, lomwe limamangidwa ndi mphukira pa petioles lalifupi. Potsitsa dothi, kukula kwake ndi kukula kwa masamba, pomwe masamba okulirapo amatha kupitirira 12 cm kutalika ndikufika 4 cm mulifupi.
Ma inflorescence ndi wandiweyani, mumtundu wa burashi kapena chipewa. Maluwa a mitundu yonse ya violets, monga chithunzi, lotseguka kuchokera kuzowonekera mpaka pakatikati. Nthawi zina, kutalika kwa burashi kumafika masentimita 20-30. Maluwa enieniwo ndi ochepa, omasulira. Makulidwe a Corolla kuchokera 1 mpaka 2 cm.
Masamba oyambilira amatsegulidwa mu Meyi, ndipo kenako ma hesperis amatulutsa pafupifupi yopuma mpaka pakati pa Julayi. M'malo mwa maluwa, timatamba tating'onoting'ono timatulutsa timbewu tating'onoting'ono tofiirira kapena tofiira. Ngati ma peduncles sanadulidwe, mbewu zakupsa zimatulutsa ndipo amatha kutulutsa mphukira zazing'ono chaka chamawa.
Ngakhale kutsegulidwa kwa usiku kwa corollas ndi kununkhira kwa maluwa a violet usiku, ndi chomera chosangalatsa. Koma kuwala kwa dzuwa komwe kumayambitsa dzuwa kumakhala kovutitsa kwa hesperis, ndibwino kubzala nthambi pamthunzi pang'ono.
Momwe mungasamalire ma violets kuti phwando lamadzulo lizisangalala ndi maluwa komanso fungo labwino? Chomera chimafuna dothi lopepuka, lokhazikika lomwe limapereka chakudya chabwino ku mbewu. Maluwa abwino kwambiri amawonekera pang'onopang'ono zamchere kapena nthaka yosalowerera. Pa kukula ndi maluwa, maluwa a usiku amatipatsa madzi okwanira, koma musaiwale kuti kusayenda bwino kwa chinyezi sikukhudza chomera m'njira yabwino. Koma ngakhale pakalibe madzi, munthu samadikira kuti maluwa ambiri atuluke.
Komabe, kulima kwa hesperis ndikokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso osati kolemetsa. Kwa mitundu yayitali yamtundu wa violets, monga chithunzi, perekani madzi kumbuyo. Ndipo maluwa mobwerezabwereza, muyenera kudula nthawi yomweyo maluwa omwe akuchotsa pazomera.
Kukula ma violets kuli kofanana ndi ukadaulo waulimi wa mitundu ina yachilengedwe. Zomera zimafesedwa ndi mbewu, zomwe zimafesedwa kuti zibzalire kunyumba, kenako ndikuziika m'nthaka. Ndikothekanso kufesa m'mabizinesi opanga mafilimu pomwepo, izi zimalola mbande kuzika mizu mwachangu komanso mopweteka.
Mphukira zimawonekera patatha masiku 20-30, nthaka ikatentha mpaka madigiri 18. Zomera zomwe zidapanga masamba atatu owona zimabowola, ndipo kumapeto kwa chilimwe zimabzalidwa pamalo okhazikika. Pofika nthawi ino, zigamba zimapangidwa mokwanira ndipo zimatha kupulumuka nyengo yozizira. Pakati pazomera za usiku wa batsts, ndikwabwino kusiya nthawi yama 25-30 cm.
Makatani otentha nthawi yachisanu, ngati palibe chipale chofewa pamalopo, kuphimba ndi zinthu zopanda nsalu kapena kuwaza ndi singano.
Mattiola: momwe angakulire komanso kusamalira moyenera ma violets
Monga ma venda, matthiola ndi a banja lopachikika ndipo amafalitsa fungo lake kwamadzulo m'munda. Mitunduyi idapezeka koyamba ndikufotokozedwa kale m'zaka za zana la 16 ndipo idatchulidwa polemekeza dokotala wotchuka wa ku Italy komanso wazachipatala a Pietro Mattioli.
Masiku ano, akatswiri a zachilengedwe azindikira mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya usiku wamtunduwu, m'chifaniziro, chikukula ku dera la Mediterranean, Kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Asia, m'maiko a Central Europe komanso ku Russia.
Mtunduwu umakhala ndi zokolola zamitundu yonse komanso zazifupi. Matthiola kapena usiku wa violet amadziwika bwino kuti alimi ndi dzina lina - Levka, chomwe chinali chomera chokongola mosadziwika bwino zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Koma, likukhalira kuti ma levkoy amapezeka osati m'mabedi a maluwa okha, komanso kuthengo.
Mwachitsanzo, m'dera la Don, m'chigawo cha Voronezh komanso madera a Rostov-on-Don, fungo lonunkhira lamanzere limakula - chomera chosowa kwambiri chophatikizidwa ndi Red Book. Maonekedwe, mtundu wamtunduwu, monga chithunzi, samapereka chithunzi chokongoletsera. Amayambira mpaka 40 cm kutalika kwambiri. Amakhala ndi masamba ochepa kwambiri ndipo amatha maluwa pang'ono.
Koma dimba levkoy kapena matthiola imvi kuchokera m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean, kumwera kwa France ndi Islands Canary ndizokongoletsa zenizeni za dimba, makamaka ngati woperekayo akulima kulima kwa terry violets.
Mwachilengedwe, matimu ndi ochepa. Amakhala osazindikira komanso osavuta kuwasamalira akalowa m'mundamo.
Pakatikati, maluwa a mtunduwu amalimidwa ngati mbewu zapachaka, ndikupanga kutalika kuyambira 20 mpaka 80 masentimita pakulima. Nthawi zambiri mphukira imakutidwa ndi masamba opapatiza, omwe, kutengera mitundu ndi mtundu, amatha kukhala osalala kapena pubescent, obiriwira kapena siliva.
Terry mitundu ya violets imakhala yokongoletsa komanso yokongola kwa wamaluwa, monga chithunzi. Zomera zotere, monga Mattiola wokhala ndi maluwa osavuta, zimanunkhira modabwitsa, zoyenera kudula komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kutalika kwa malo.
Mu inflorescence imodzi, nthawi zina kuchokera pa 15 mpaka 40 masamba amaphatikizidwa. Ngati corolla yosavuta ili ndi miyala inayi, ndiye mu terry pompom ya violet yausiku, pachithunzichi, amatha kuwerengetsa mpaka madala asanu ndi awiri. Burashi imapitilizabe kukongoletsa mpaka milungu itatu. Maluwa atafota, m'malo mwake mumawoneka zipatso zopapatiza zofanana ndi nyemba za hesperis, mkati mwake momwe mbewu zazing'ono zambiri zimacha.
Kuphatikiza kumanzere, kuminda yamaluwa yaku Russia mutha kuwona Mattiola bicorn, wochokera gombe la Adriatic ndi Asia Minor.
Usiku uno violet wakula kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 16, ndipo munthawi imeneyi obereketsa apeza mitundu yambiri yomwe imapatsa maluwa otulutsa maluwa onunkhira a lilac, burgundy, pinki, oyera komanso achikasu. Matthiola wakhazikika, yosalala kapena, kutengera mitundu, yokutidwa ndi zomverera, zimayambira. Kutalika kwake kumayambira masentimita 20 mpaka 50. Masamba, monga amitundu ina, amakula, nthawi zambiri amatha, amakula mpaka pansi pa rosette.
Kulima kwa Violet kumayamba mu Meyi, nthawi ikafika yoti abzale mbewu zazing'ono za chaka chino. Nthamba zoyambirira zimayamba kudziwika pambuyo pa masiku 8-14, ndipo maluwa amayamba pakatha miyezi iwiri kapena itatu.
Kubweretsa mawonekedwe ofunikira a masamba pafupi, usiku wa violet ubzalidwe ndi mbande, kufesa mbewu mu theka lachiwiri la Epulo. Kukhazikika kwa zophukira kumachitika bwino mu gawo lapansi mopepuka pa 17 ° C mpaka 20 ° C. Zomera zomwe zakulidwa zibzalidwe m'nthaka, ndikuwona nthawi yayitali ya 10-15 cm.
Kusamalira moyenera nyanjayi kumakhala kuthirira pafupipafupi, kuvala bwino kumapeto kwa mwezi, kudulira, kudulira ndi kudulira kwa mapesi owuma maluwa.
Kupalira ndikofunikira makamaka poyambira, mpaka matepi a matthiol atakula. Mukathirira, simungalole kusefukira kwa mabedi amaluwa, ndi kuyanika nthawi yayitali. Feteleza zingatengedwe zovuta, zokongoletsera mbewu.
Choyimira chachikulu kwambiri chomera chimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito matthiola m'magulu obzala kapena kusakaniza mitundu ingapo ya usiku usiku pabedi limodzi la maluwa. Potere, ngodya yamtengoyi imakhala yokongola kwambiri osati tizilombo tosakazira usiku, komanso anthu.
