Sindinalingalirepo kwenikweni za njira zakupangira mbewu. Beets, kaloti, radives, amadyera onse okometsedwa amabzala ndi mbewu, zakuda ndi zofiira currants - mwa kudula kapena kudula, tulips, maluwa ndi maluwa ena, komanso anyezi, adyo - anyezi, etc. Okwezedwa (munjira zosiyanasiyana) ndikufalitsidwira, kuyambira makedzana, chabwino, zili bwino. Sindinaganizirepo mpaka nditazindikira: mbatata za mbatata zomwe zidabzalidwa m'mundamo zidatha zaka, osanenapo kanthu kuti chaka chilichonse zimayamba kudwala matenda osiyanasiyana. Izi zinkangokulirakulira, chifukwa malo anali ochepa komanso ochepa mbatata m'mundamo m'mene kuchuluka kwa mabedi okhala ndi masamba ena abwino kumakulira. Tsabola uliwonse wa belu unasungidwa pamabedi, kenako mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kabichi (kabichi yoyera, kohlrabi, broccoli, ndi zina). Ndipo dimba (mitengo ya maapulo, rasipiberi, currants, gooseberries, sea buckthorn) idakula bwino mpaka kukula. Panalibe lingaliro loti angakane kubzala mbatata, adaganiza kuti izi zingakhale kutaya miyambo ndi kukumbukira kwa makolo athu, omwe timawakonda ndipo akukhulupirira kuti ndi angelo athu osamalira bwino. Mapeto ake anali achiwonekere: ocheperako, koma bwino, i.e. muyenera kusamala kwambiri pakubzala zinthu kuti mupeze bwino mbatata.
Maluwa a mbatata. © Jay & Melissa MalouinZambiri
Chifukwa chake, mmera wazomera, chifukwa cha njira zingapo zopangira anthu amtundu wawo, kusintha kwamtundu uliwonse kwamitundu kumachitika. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti popanga kubereka kuphatikiza mitundu ya zinthu zamtunduwu kumatha kuchitika, ndikuphatikizira maonekedwe amasinthidwe obadwa nawo m'thupi. Chifukwa chake, kusiyanasiyana kwamtundu wa anthu pamtundu umodzi kumatulukira ndipo maziko a kusinthika ndi kusinthika kwina kwa mtundu winawake kwayikidwa. Zomera zimapanga njere chifukwa cha umuna wa umuna ndi umuna kudzera mukusokoneza maluwa. Pafupifupi pafupifupi onse oimirira mu ufumu wa chomera amadziwika ndi kubereka kwamtundu wina, wotchedwa mawonekedwe. Imachitika ndi zomimba zowumitsa: zimayambira, mizu, masamba, kuphatikiza pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo, kudulidwa ndi kumalumikiza, komanso mizu yosintha ndi mphukira: ma tubers, mababu, masharubu. Tiyenera kudziwa nthawi yomweyo kuti pofalitsa mbewu, kuphatikiza bwino chikhalidwe cha chomera china chitha kuphwanyidwa (akuti akuti zaswedwa motsimikizika), chifukwa mbewu zimapangidwa chifukwa chobala, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kubweretsanso mitundu. Kubala zodziwikiratu kumakuthandizani kuti muwonjezere anthu ambiri amtunduwu (pazabwino). Kuphatikiza apo, ndi njira iyi yobereka, ana onse amakhala ndi mtundu wofanana ndi mayi. Amakhulupilira kuti ndi kubereka kophatika, palibe kuwonjezeka kwa mitundu, komwe kungakhale kofunikira ngati kuli kofunikira kuzolowera kusintha kwa moyo. Pachifukwachi, chifukwa cha nzeru zachilengedwe, zochuluka za zinthu nthawi ndi nthawi kapena kubereka nthawi zonse pogonana.
Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka zofunikira kwambiri kudziwa kuti thunthu la mbewu zatsopano zomwe zidamera zokha kuchokera kwa mayi m'modzi limadziwika kuti "clone" (kuchokera ku Chigriki. Clone - "ana", "nthambi"). Mapangidwe a clones amalola mbewu iliyonse kukhala ndi ana ophatikizika, kuti ibwererengenso mu mbadwa zawo popanda kusintha chikhalidwe chobadwa nacho. Kuphatikizana kumapangitsa kuthekera kwa kukhalabe ndi zida zoyambira za mayi nthawi yayitali.
Mphukira za mbatata. © Doug BeckersMbatata cloning
Phindu lokhala wodziwika kale watchulidwa. Koma palinso zovuta, kuphatikiza polalikira ndi ma tubers. Chifukwa chake, matenda osiyanasiyana amtundu wa bakiteriya ndi mafangasi, olowa mu tuber la chomera (kuphatikiza mbatata), kuthana ndi chitetezo chachilengedwe, amadziunjikira chaka chilichonse ndikuwonjezeka ndikuyamba kufalikira kuchokera ku mbadwo wina kupita ku wina. Matenda a virus ndi nematode amatithandiziranso kudzera m'mazira a mbatata. Zotsatira zake, mbatata zimawonongeka mwachangu m'mibadwo; Zotsatira zake, zokolola zake zimachepetsedwa, ndipo nthawi yozizira timatumba timasungidwa bwino ndikuvunda. Pazifukwa izi, wamaluwa amalangiza mbatata zodzala kuphika makamaka mosamala. Kusankha mbatata kwa mbatata kumawoneka ngati koyenera. Kusankhidwa kwa ma tubers kuchokera ku tchire lobala zipatso kwambiri mukakolola. Monga lamulo, tubers yaying'ono ndi sing'anga (osaposa dzira la nkhuku) amasankhidwa ku tchire. Amatha kupereka mbewu yonse ndikutenga malo ochepa panthawi yosungirako. Ngati m'tchire muli mitengo yayikulu yokha, imatha kuduladula magawo angapo. Ma tubers ayenera kukhala oyera, opanda zizindikiro zilizonse za matenda, madontho ndi zowonongeka, monga ma waya. Ming'alu ndi zophukira siziyeneranso kukhala chifukwa zimatha kukhala zizindikiro za matenda ambiri.
Young mbatata tubers. © Ruth HartnupMalangizo enanso akuwoneka kuti ndi ofunika: mutakumba, mbewuzo "zikhale" kuti zidzozedwe ", ndiye kuti zimasungidwa bwino. Mwakuti ma tubers amapeza mtundu wobiriwira, amasungidwa kwa milungu iwiri padzuwa, kusakanikirana nthawi ndi nthawi. Nthawi zambiri, panthawiyi, tubers timakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira wabwino ndipo umakhala wosayenera kwathunthu chakudya - onse anthu ndi makoswe. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kusunga ma tubers chifukwa chobzala m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba pamtunda wa + 4ºC. Kutentha kwambiri, kumatha kuzimiririka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chuma chake chichepe. Kuyesera komaliza kwa kubzala tubers kumachitika musanabzike. Tubers timamera m'kuwala kuti tipeze mphukira zazitali masentimita 0.5-1. Pakadali pano, ma tubers osawoneka bwino amawonekera bwino ndi masamba awo otulutsa. Ma tubers otero ayenera kutayidwa mwankhanza. Nthawi zina mizu yonse imaphukira, zomwe zimatanthawuza kuti zimayamba chifukwa cha kutentha komwe kudagwa chilimwe kukacha. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kuyang'ana china chodzala, sipadzakhala nzeru kwa tubers okhala ndi masamba otumphuka.
Ndikofunika kulimbikitsa pakusankhidwa kwa mbatata za mbatata nthawi yaulimi, pomwe tchire lokongola kwambiri lopanda chizindikiro pamasamba limadziwika. M'tsogolomu, tchire izi zimayang'anidwa padera: kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa tubers omwe ali pansi pawo ayenera kutsimikizira mphamvu zawo. Amayenera kupatsanso mbatata kawiri kapena katatu kuposa ma tchire ena onse, ndipo ma tubers ayenera kukhala athanzi powoneka, enawo akuwonetsa kusungirako.
Young mbatata tubers. © Jay & Melissa MalouinMapeto:
Olima odziwa zamaluwa amayendetsa ntchito zazikulu pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosankhidwa. Sizovuta - sankhani mbatata kuchokera ku tchire labwino kwambiri, lomwe lili ndi ma tubers ambiri, ngakhale kukula kwake, oyera, osawonongeka ndi matenda, popanda chindapusa, tubers oyipa osazungulira. Sankhani ma tubers omwe amakhala amtunduwu. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo azisunga padera. Ili lidzakhala thumba lanu la golide, lomwe limatha kukweza zokolola 30-50%. Kusankha kwamatsamba komwe kumangolora zokolola zambiri, komanso kudzitchinjiriza ku matenda oyambitsidwa ndi mbatata, omwe amatchedwanso matenda operewera. Mabasi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka ma virus samafa ndipo samangokhala kumbuyo komwe mukukula. Koma mukakumba, mutha kusiyanitsa ana odwala - amtundu woyipa wa tubers, ofanana ndi nyama zapamwamba, komanso - ngati ma tubers ali osiyana kwambiri kukula: ochepa akuluakulu ndi zinthu zazing'ono zazing'ono. Ngakhale tubers zazikuluzikulu ngati zokongola, ngakhalebe, osazibisa kuti mudzabzala mtsogolo, ngakhale mayeserowo ndi akulu. Zilonda zochokera ku chitsamba chodwala sizitha kubereka ana athanzi, chifukwa chake chitani zolimba: zochepa sizabwino, koma ndibwinoponso! Malamulo osankhidwa mwanjira zosavuta samangolepheretsa zokolola zomwe zidagulidwa zosiyanasiyana kuti zichepe, komanso zimatha kuwonjezera zokolola zoyambirira: pazaka 2-3 zosankha ma tubers kuchokera ku tchire zabwino kwambiri, zokolola zambiri zimadzukanso zokhazokha ndi 30-50%, ngakhale sizivuta kuzichulukitsa. Komanso kupitiriza kukhala pamlingo uwu kwa zaka zambiri, koma osayiwala za kusintha kwamitundu mitundu. Ndipo chinthu chimodzi: kusankhidwa kwatsopano sikungotulutsa zokolola zokha komanso kuchuluka kwa matenda.
