Njira zowongolera nkhungu

Greenhouse - malo otchingidwa pomwe nthaka ili mwapadera. Mosiyana ndi dothi lotseguka lotetezedwa, limasowa mwayi wodzipulumutsa. Zochitika zonse zachilengedwe zimadutsamo mwachangu, zomera ndi nyama zoyipa zimadziunjikira kwambiri. Kuthimitsa nthaka mwachangu kuti muwonetsetse momwe zinthu zilili bwino popanga zinthu zofunikira nthawi zonse kumafuna kuti zibwezeretsedwe ndi michere ndi chinyezi, kuyatsa kokwanira ndi kutentha kwa mpweya ndi nthaka. Kusintha kwa chinyezi cha mlengalenga kuphatikiza kutentha kwambiri kumathandizira kukula mwachangu kwa nkhungu zomwe zimakhudza zinthu zamoyo, komanso kuwononga nyumba zilizonse zamatabwa obisalamo kapena nyumba zotentha, zomwe zimawononga thanzi la munthu.

Kodi bowa ndi chiyani?

Munjira yazomera, bowa amagawika muufumu wina mu nyama zakuthengo. Pazonse, pali mitundu yoposa 250 ya zolengedwa zazikuru, zomwe zimayikidwa m'magulu molingana ndi zikhalidwe zamagulu m'magulu ndi madongosolo. Pa gulu lamakono lapadziko lonse lapansi, mafangayi a nkhungu (Fungi bissoidei) amagawidwa m'ndondomeko ya 6 ndipo amayimilidwa makamaka ndi mitundu yachilengedwe, yokhala ndi mitundu yambiri. Amatchedwa micromycetes chifukwa cha kukula kwakakulu kwa oyimira pawokha.

Nthawi zambiri nkhungu imamera m'makola akuluakulu, omwe mawonekedwe ake amaimiridwa ndi nthambi ya mycelium yopanda matupi akulu a zipatso. Mafangayi ambiri amakhala ndi majeremusi oyenera kapena majeremusi oyanjana (mwachitsanzo, majeremusi omwe amakhala m'malo okhala ndi iwowo kapena pawokha). Madontho a spold amatha kupulumuka m'malo, permafrost, mumikhalidwe yowonjezereka. Mitundu yokhayo imamwalira ikawonekera kwa iwo kwa maola osachepera atatu pamawonekedwe otentha + 100 ° C.

Madera ogulitsa

Bowa wokulira amatha kukhala ndi kubereka m'madzi kapena dothi. Madera awo akuluakulu ndi malo okhala malo otentha komanso otentha omwe amakhala ndi chakudya chokwanira. Malo oterewa nkhungu ndi dothi lobiriwira. Ubwino wa gawo lapansi limatengera thanzi la mbewu, zomwe zimatengera mtundu wa mbande zomwe zakula. Kusintha kwa magawo abwino a nthaka yanthaka kumawonongeratu kukula ndi kukula kwa mbande. Kuwonetsedwa koyambirira kwa kugonjetsedwa kwa mbande ndi bowa wowonjezera kutentha kumayambira ndikuwonekera panthaka yobiriwira ya zokutira yoyera, yomwe ndi mycelium yavuto loyipa.

Zimayambitsa nkhungu mu wowonjezera kutentha

Kuphwanya malamulo a sayansi yaulimi mukamakulitsa mbewu ndi mbande pamalo otetezedwa, zomwe zimabweretsa kukula kwakukulu kwa microflora ya pathogenic.

Utoto umagawidwa makamaka m'zipinda zodetsa. Chifukwa chake, wowonjezera kutentha ayenera kutsukidwa mwadongosolo ndikuchiritsidwa ndi mankhwala antifungal (kuchapa, malaya, penti, ndi zina).

Zofalitsa pakukula

Ma Microscopic spores amaloledwa mosavuta ndi mafunde amlengalenga ndipo amatha kugona kwa zaka zingapo kapena zingapo. M'mikhalidwe yoyenera, kukula mwachangu ndi kubereka zimayamba ndikulanda kwa chomera chamoyo chokhala ndi minofu yofewa (mbande za mbewu zamasamba, tomato, nkhaka, ndi zina).

Momwe mulingo woyenera kufalikira kwa fungus ndi:

• chinyezi chamkati choposa 95%,
• kutentha kwa mkati + 20 ... + 22 ° С,
• kusowa kwa mpweya wabwino, mpweya wabwino
• chonde chinyontho ndi chinyezi chamadzi pachimake mutatha kuthirira, chifukwa cha ulimi wothirira, kusungunuka kwamadzi m'malo owonongeka ndi payipi yothirira,
• kuyatsa kosakwanira (nyengo yamitambo popanda kuwonekeranso, magetsi osakwanira amiyeso yolowera kulowa munakhuthala).

Njira zopewera komanso kuwongolera nkhungu m'malo obisalamo

Mold imalumikizidwa ndi biocorrosion komanso kuwonongeka kwa masamba. Chifukwa chake, nkhungu imakula kwambiri m'dzinja. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kokha kwa mankhwalawa sikungathandize polimbana ndi bowa. Kupanga malo abwino kwambiri kuti mbewu zikule ndi kutukuka, m'malo otetezedwa dongosolo lofunikira likufunika.

Mukugwa, mutakolola, wowonjezera kutentha / wowonjezera kutentha ayenera kudulidwa kuti akonzekere nyengo yotsatira yomera mbande ndi ndiwo zamasamba m'njira yopanda mmera. Mutha kuthira feteleza ndi dothi m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Njira imodzi yothandiza kupha nkhungu ndikuwathandiza mchipindacho ndi "FAS".

Ngati nkhungu idapezeka mu wowonjezera kutentha mu chaka chatha, ndiye kuti mu nthawi ya masika ndikofunikira kubwereza mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'chipindacho ndi yankho la potaziyamu permanganate ndi kuwonjezera kwa zomatira (sopo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito).

Pakulima mbande ndi mbewu, khalani ndi kuwunika pafupipafupi kwa mpweya ndi chinyezi.

Sungani chida chothirira bwino. Pewani kulowetsa madzi. Pakakhala mwendo wakuda m'mbewu (chimodzi mwazomwe zikuyimira madzi), ndikumwaza dothi pansi pa mbande ndi mchenga wouma. Vindikirani chotsekeracho bwino bwino (osakonzekera).

Madongo salolera kuti malo azikhala ndi mchere wamchere, kotero kuti nthaka yobiriwira pansi pa mbewu zonse katatu pachaka pakadutsa masabata 3-4 iyenera kufesedwa ndi phulusa ndi makala (1: 1), kuti ikhale fumbi.

Nkhungu ikawoneka panthaka (makamaka yophatikiza), nthaka yobiriwira imatha kuthandizidwa ndi peat, yomwe imayimiriridwa ndi ma briquette owuma kwambiri. Torfoline ili ndi polima yopanga yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati ufa wophika m'nthaka ndipo, ikanyowa, imachulukitsa kangapo. Kuti muchepetse kukhathamiritsa kwa nthaka, mankhwalawa amachitika ndi yankho la mkuwa la peatoline, feteleza wosungunuka wa madzi amawonjezeredwa.

Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kwa mbewu pogwiritsa ntchito matenda oyamba ndi fungus (blackleg, fusarium wilt, mizu ndi zowola, ndi zina), mbewu zimaperekedwa ndi biofungicides 8-10 patatha masiku kumera, pogwiritsa ntchito phytosporin-M, mazikoazole, Alirin-B, Gamair-SP, Planriz malinga ndi malingaliro -G. Zomwezi biofungicides zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito povunda pansi pa mbewu. Kuchiza ndi zinthu zachilengedwe (dothi ndi chomera) kumachitika mobwerezabwereza pambuyo pa masiku 15 mpaka 20, pokhapokha ngati akufotokozerani mwanjira ina.

Mukakulitsa mbande kunyumba, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito dothi lapadera, makamaka kwa oyamba kulima. Dothi loterolo limathandizidwa makamaka kuchokera kumatenda ndi tizirombo ndikuthira manyowa molingana ndi zofunikira zaulimi.

Kukula mbande ndi mbande mu wowonjezera kutentha ndi nyumba zimafunika kuonetsetsa zochitika zaulimi mosamalitsa. Kupanda kutero, njira zoteteza zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito sizingakhale ndi zotsatira zomwe mukufuna.

Kumbukirani - nkhungu si zovulaza thanzi la munthu. M'chipinda chomwe muli ndi nkhungu, munthu amatha kudwala matenda a bronchi, mphumu, chifuwa cha matumbo, otitis media. Kukhazikika m'mapapo, zoteteza ku nkhungu zimayambitsa matenda am'mapapu, mpaka zotupa za oncological. Osagwiritsa ntchito zakudya, kuphatikizapo masamba ndi zipatso, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi nkhungu.