Mtengo wa Melon

Asayansi a Botany ali ndi chidaliro mu mwayi wokulitsa vwende lowoneka bwino mdziko lathu - mtengo wa vwende. Musaganize kuti chifukwa cha izi ayenera kubwereza mphukira zazotsika za mavwende athu onse odziwika bwino kukhala mitengo ikuluikulu. Mtengo wa Melon udapangidwa kalekale ndi chilengedwe, ngakhale kuti ntchitoyi ikuyandikira. Mitundu ya Melons, kapena m'malo mwake, zikhalidwe zawo ndi mitundu, makamaka amachokera kumapiri a Anterior (Transcaucasia, Kopetdag, Asia Minor, Armeniani ndi Iran, Mesopotamia, Peninsula ya Arabian, Levant) ndi Central Asia, ngakhale, malinga ndi akatswiri ena, makolo akale mavwende anakula madera otentha a Africa ndi Asia. Mitengo yathu yonunkhira komanso mitengo ya vwende yomwe imamera pamakoko ndiyabwino kwambiri, koma pena pake zinthu zomwe zimapezeka mu chipatsocho.

Mtengo wa Melon ndi wa banja la papaya. Imafalitsidwa kwambiri m'maiko otentha. Komabe, botanists amaona mtengo wa vwende ngati mtengo ngati herbaceous. Adamupangira dzina la sayansi la carika papaya, ndipo nthawi zambiri amadzitcha papaya. Kupatuka kwachilendo kwa botaya wa papaya kumaphatikizapo caulifloria, ndiko kuti, kuthekera kopanga zipatso osati panthambi, koma mwachindunji pamtengo.

Ogonjetsa aku Spain a m'zaka za zana la 16, pomwe adawona koyamba papaya ku Panama, adachita chidwi ndikuwoneka ngati mitengo yazitengo pafupifupi khumi, yomwe mitengo yake yaying'ono pansi pa korona zazing'ono zazazungulidwe zolemba masamba amiyala yayikulu yobiriwira. Kukoma kwa zipatso kunali kudabwitsanso kwambiri: adalawa ngati mavwende ndi maponda, ngakhale anali okoma.

Papaya ndiwofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha mapangidwe enzyme amapezeka mu madzi a chipatsocho, omwe amakhala ngati michere ya m'mimba. Papain amasintha chimbudzi, chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera pa matenda a zilonda zam'mimba komanso matenda ammimba komanso matumbo. Papain amasungunula nyama yaiwisi, amaphwanya mapuloteni. Ingowonjezerani madontho ochepa a madzi a papaya ku msuzi, ndipo nyama yovuta kwambiri imakhala yofewa. Monga othandizira othandizira odwala, papaya amalimbikitsa kusinthika kwa maselo akufa ndikuthandizira kukula kwa zimakhala. Mankhwala achikhalidwe amati zipatso za mtengo wa vwende zimabwezeretsa mphamvu kwa anthu omwe atopa ndi matendawa kapena atagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso.

Masamba, makungwa, chipolopolo cha zipatso zobiriwira za papaya, pachimake pa tsinde lake muli zinthu zina zambiri zothandiza. Osangokhala zamankhwala, komanso muukadaulo, m'makampani, m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, kukonzekera zana ndi zinthu zomalizidwa zopangidwa kuchokera ku papaya ndizodziwika.

Chikhalidwe cha Papaya ndizofala kwambiri kuzilumba zambiri za Oceania. Zakumwa zamankhwala, marinade, jams ndizokonzedwa kuchokera ku zipatso zake. Madzi omwe amapezeka kuchokera ku zipatso amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu yapadera ya ayisikilimu, manyumwa ndi zakudya zina zambiri zabwino.

M'malo otentha, zovuta kwambiri ndikututa kwa papaya. Sizovuta kupeza chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri za papaya - juisi ya latex yokhala ndi papain. Amachotsa zipatso zosapsa ndi kusesa kwachilendo: zipatso zimapangika kuchokera kumitundu ingapo mpaka inayi yozungulira; Madzi omwe amayenda kuchokera mabala omwe amachokera amasonkhanitsidwa m'mitsuko yamagalasi yomwe imayimitsidwa chipatso, chifukwa imagwirizana ndi zida zachitsulo.

Mtengo wa vwende suzadziwika kuthengo mwina ku Central America, kumene azungu adaziwona koyamba, kapena kumayiko ena. M'nkhalango za Colombia ndi Ecuador zokha ndi pomwe zidatheka kupeza m'bale wake wodabwitsa - phiri la papaya. Chiyambire Columbus atazindikira kuti America, dera lomwe anthu azikhalidwe za papaya adakulirakulira. Pakadali pano, papaya amalimidwa ku Africa, India, pafupifupi. Sri Lanka, kuzilumba zambiri za Mala Archipelago ndi Australia. M'mayiko amenewa simunapezeke zabwino ngati zawo.

Papaya imakula mwachangu kulikonse, nthawi zina imafikira kutalika kwa nyumba ziwiri-zitatu. Nthawi zambiri, kutalika kwake ndi mamita 3-4, ndipo ndikosavuta kusakatula zipatso pamitengo yazitali. Nthawi zina, akamadzala mitengo ya vwende, amasinthana ndi njira zachikhalidwe zomwe zimachedwetsa kukula kwake kutalika.

Thunthu la mtengo wa vwende silimamera, makulidwe ake am'munsi amafika masentimita 30. Imabala zipatso zaka 10. Chochititsa chidwi, zipatso za papaya zimasiyana kwambiri pakumvetseka osati mu mitengo yosiyanasiyana, komanso mkati mwa mtengo womwewo. Kukula kwawo ndi mawonekedwe ake zimasiyananso kwambiri, koma kulemera kwawo nthawi zambiri sikupitirira 2 kilogalamu.

Mtengo wa Melon ndi thermophilic kwambiri ndipo sulekerera kutentha pafupi ndi zero. Chifukwa chake wina akhoza kulingalira ntchito yovuta yomwe amakumana nayo a Gagrinsky olimba a Main Botanical Garden of the Academy of Science ataganiza zokhala ndi chikhalidwe cha papaya pagombe la Black Sea ku Caucasus.

Zowona, anali ndi kulimbikira molimba mtima komanso mosalekeza. Ngakhale chisanachitike Mapeto a Great October Socialist Revolution, wopanga botolo V. Markevich adayesa koyamba ku dimba la Sukhumi ndi malo oyesera zaulimi. Popeza adalandira mbande za mtengo wa vwende kuchokera ku St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, adakula bwino mitengo yaying'ono, ngakhale sanapeze zipatsozo.

Soviet botanists zinapita patali. M'minda yawo yobiriwira, papaya amabala zipatso nthawi zonse. Kuchokera pamtengo umodzi pachaka, ndizotheka kukolola zipatso zomwe zimalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 30.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, asayansi akhala akudziwa bwino chikhalidwe cha mitengo ya melon poyera. Mwezi wa Januware - Febere amabzala mbewu za papaya mu zobiriwira, ndipo ndikutentha kokhazikika (Meyi - June) amaphunzitsa achinyamata zovala zathu nyengo ya spa. Zikhala kuti amamuchitira zabwino kwambiri kuposa malo okhala malo obiriwira, ndipo mbewu zoseguka zimafikira nthawi yophukira ndi theka la mita, mbiri yathu. Mitengoyo imaphuka bwino, itamangidwa ndikuthira zipatso, zomwe m'nthawi ya nyengo yophukira imatha kulemera pafupifupi magalamu 150. Akatswiri amati zipatso zimasowa mwezi kapena iwiri nyengo yabwino. Ena mwa iwo apangitsa papaya kukula mwachangu. Ena amati kubweretsa mbewu za mitundu yosazizira kwambiri kuchokera ku Southern California kuti zizigwiritsa ntchito kupanga mitundu yovuta yolimba ya mtengo wa vwende. Mwanjira ina, asayansi akufuna kutengera zida zonse za sayansi ya Soviet ndi zapadziko lonse, komanso chidziwitso chazambiri pakugwira mwaluso kwa chomera chakunja.

Maulalo azinthu:

• S. I. Ivchenko - Buku lonena za mitengo