Mandarin amachokera kumwera kwa China ndi Kokhinkhiny (wotchedwa South Vietnam pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa France kumeneko). Pakadali pano, mandarin samapezeka kuthengo. Ku India, mayiko a Indochina, China, South Korea ndi Japan - izi ndiye mbewu zazikulu za zipatso. Mandarin adalowetsedwa ku Europe kokha kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, koma amalimidwa kudera lonse la Mediterranean - ku Spain, kumwera kwa France, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, ndi Turkey. Amakulidwanso ku Abkhazia, Azerbaijan ndi Georgia, komanso ku United States (ku Florida), Brazil ndi Argentina.
Mandarin ndi dzina lenileni la mitundu ingapo ya mitundu yobiriwira ya zipatso za mtundu wina wa Citrus (Zipatso) banja Rutovye (Rutaceae) Liwu lomweli limagwiritsidwa ntchito kutcha zipatso za mbewu izi. Mutha kuwerenga zambiri zamitundu ya mandarin omwe ali mgawo "Mitundu ndi mitundu ya mandarin" pazomwezi.
Mtengo wa Mandarin mumphika.
M'mayiko ambiri, mandarin nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi tchuthi cha Chaka Chatsopano, popeza nthawi yokolola imagwera m'mwezi wa Disembala. Kumpoto kwa Vietnam ndi China, ma tangerine amaikiridwa matebulo azikondwerero pa Chikondwerero cha Chaka Chatsopano pa kalendala yoyendera mwezi, koma mawonekedwe amtundu wokhala ndi zipatso, omwe angatengedwe ngati mtundu wina wamtundu wa mtengo wathu wa Chaka Chatsopano.
Liwu loti "mandarin" limabwerekedwa ku Russia kuchokera ku chilankhulo cha Chispanya, pomwe liwu loti mandarino limachokera ku se mondar ("zosavuta kusenda") ndipo lili ndi chidziwitso cha malo omwe zipatsozo zimayimira kuti zisiyanike mosavuta ndi zamkati.
Kulongosola kwa Mandarin
Chimandarin (Citrus reticulata) - mtengo wosapitirira 4 metres, kapena shrub. Mphukira zazing'ono ndizobiriwira zakuda. Milandu akufotokozedwa pomwe, pofika zaka 30, tangerine adafika pamtunda wa mita isanu, ndipo zipatso za mtengo wotere zidakhala zipatso 5,000,000.
Masamba a Mandarin ndi ochepa, ovoid kapena elliptical, petioles pafupifupi popanda mapiko kapena mapiko pang'ono.
Maluwa a Mandarin ndi osakwatiwa kapena awiri mumasamba azitsamba, miyala yoyera yoyera, stamens nthawi yayitali ndi anthers osakhwima ndi mungu.
Zipatso za Chimandarini ndi mainchesi 4-6 ndikuchepera pang'ono kuchokera pansi mpaka pamwamba, kotero kuti m'lifupi mwake ndi wokulirapo kuposa kutalika. Peel ndi yopyapyala, imakulira mpaka zamkati mwachisawawa (mitundu ina peel imasiyanitsidwa ndi zamkati ndi mpweya wosanjikiza), magawo khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi, olekanitsidwa bwino, mnofu ndi wachikasu; Fungo lamphamvu la zipatsozi limasiyana ndi zipatso zina za malalanje, zamkati nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsekemera kuposa lalanje.
Mtengo wa Tangerine.
Zomwe zimachitika posamalira kunyumba
Kutentha: Tangerines akufuna kuwala ndi kutentha. Kusoka, kutulutsa maluwa ndi kukhazikika kwa zipatso kumachitika bwino pa kutentha kwapakati ndi mpweya + 15 ... 18 ° C.
M'nyengo yozizira, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tisunge tangerine m'chipinda chowala (chozizira + 12) C. Kusakhalako nyengo yachisanu yozizira kumatha kubweretsa kuti mbewuyo singabale zipatso.
KuwalaKuwala kowala. Zidzakhala zabwino pafupi ndi mazenera akum'mawa ndi kumadzulo, komanso pazenera lakumpoto. Kuchepetsa dzuwa lochokera kolunjika kumafunika kumapeto kwa chirimwe ndi chilimwe panthawi yotentha kwambiri.
Kuthirira: M'chilimwe ndi masika, zochulukirapo 1-2 patsiku ndi madzi ofunda, nthawi yozizira, kuthirira ndizosowa komanso zolimbitsa - nthawi 1-2 pa sabata komanso ndimadzi ofunda. Komabe, nthawi yozizira, chikomokere chamtundu suyenera kuloledwa kuwuma, chifukwa izi zimapangitsa kuti masamba azithothoka komanso masamba osati masamba okha, komanso zipatso. Komabe, munthu sayenera kuyiwala kuti mbewu zimafa chifukwa chinyezi zambiri. Kuyambira mu Okutobala, kuthirira kumachepetsedwa.
Chinyezi cha mpweya: Tangerines amathiridwa manyowa nthawi zambiri mchilimwe, koma ngati amasungidwa m'chipinda chomwe chimatenthetsa nthawi yachisanu, nawonso amathiridwa mu nthawi yozizira. Mukasungidwa mchipinda chokhala ndi mpweya wouma, malalanje amawukiridwa ndi tizirombo (nkhupakupa ndi tizilombo tambiri).
Thirani: Mitengo yaying'ono iyenera kusinthidwa chaka chilichonse. Kuika sikuyenera kuchitika ngati mizu yanyengayo sinakulongetse dothi. Pankhaniyi, ndikwanira kusintha ma draina ndi malo apamwamba mumphika. Mitengo yobala imabzalidwa osaposanso kamodzi pa zaka 2-3. Wogulitsa isanayambe kukula. Pamapeto pa kukula kwa mbewu, kusinthanitsa sikulimbikitsidwa. Pamene kuziika sikuyenera kuwononga dothi lonyowa. Ngalande zabwino ziyenera kuperekedwa. Khosi lomwe limakhala m'mbale yatsopano liyenera kukhala mulingo womwewo mu mbale yakale.
Dothi la tangerines achinyamata: Magawo awiri a turf, gawo limodzi la nthaka yamasamba, gawo limodzi la humus ku manyowa am ng'ombe ndi gawo limodzi la mchenga.
Dothi la anthu akuluakulu: Magawo atatu a turf, gawo limodzi la tsamba, gawo limodzi la humus kuchokera manyowa amphaka, 1 gawo la mchenga ndi dongo laling'ono lamafuta.
Calamondin, kapena citrofortunella (Calamondin) - mtengo wobiriwira wolimba komanso wolimba kwambiri - wosakanizidwa wa mandarin ndi kumquat (fortunella).
Tangerine Feteleza: Mu theka loyambirira la chilimwe, feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimawonjezera shuga zomwe zipatso zimachepetsa ndipo zimachepetsa kukoma kowawa komwe kumadziwika ndi zipatso za citrus. Chomera chimafunikira feteleza, chokhwima komanso kuti chimakhala nthawi yayitali m'mbale umodzi. Feteleza umathiridwa pambuyo kuthirira. Ndi zowonjezera zowunikira, ma tangerine m'nyengo yozizira amafunikiranso kuthira manyowa. Ma mandarins, feteleza wa organic (ng'ombe slurry) ndi feteleza wophatikiza amathandizika; m'maleshopu maluwa mutha kugulanso feteleza wapadera wa zipatso za zipatso.
Kuswana: Kuberekanso tangerine, komanso mandimu, nthawi zambiri kumachitika ndi katemera, kudula, kugontha ndi mbewu. M'malo amkati, njira yofalikira kwambiri yazipatso zamtchire ndi kudulidwa.
Malangizo a kukula kwa mandadarin
Ngati mumakonda zipatso za malalanje ndikusankha kudzipangira nokha tchuthi kunyumba, ndiye kuti mutha kuganiza za momwe mungakulitsire tangerine kunyumba. Mandarins nthawi zambiri amafalitsidwa ndi katemera kapena magawo (njira yachiwiri ndi yovuta kwambiri). Poyamba, muyenera kuda nkhawa musanakumane ndi katundu, pomwe mbewu iliyonse ya malalanje ndioyenera - lalanje, mandimu kapena mphesa zomwe zakululidwa kunyumba kuchokera ku mbewu.
Kufalikira kwa Mandarin
Ndikofunika kutenga ana azaka 2-4 zokhala ndi mapensulo. Pa iwo, mitundu yosankhidwa imapangidwa ndi diso kapena shank. Opaleshoniyo imagwira ntchito pa nthawi ya kuyamwa, pomwe khungwa limasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi nkhuni, ndikuwonetsera cambium. Chifukwa chake, maluwa amatha kuchitika kawiri pachaka pa kukula kwakukulu - kasupe ndi kumapeto kwa chirimwe. Kuti ayambitse madzi kutuluka, mbewu masiku angapo asanatetezedwe madzi ambiri. Kenako amawunika momwe khunguyo limagawikidwira, ndikudula pang'ono pamwamba pa malo omwe akufuna kuphukira.
Ndikwabwino kwa oyamba kumene kuti azizolowera poyambira nthambi za mbewu zina, mwachitsanzo, pa linden. Popewa kukwera kwamadzi, masamba onse amachotsedwa pachimake, kusiya petioles (panthawi ya opareshoni, amagwira zikopa za maso).
Pa tsinde la mmera 5 mpaka 10 cm kuchokera pansi, sankhani malo oti mutulidwe ndi khungwa losalala, lopanda masamba ndi minga. Mosamala kwambiri, ndikusuntha komwe kwa mpeni, yambani kupanga khungubwi (osapitirira 1 cm), kuchokera pakati mpaka pamwamba mpaka pansi pakatali (2 - 3 cm). Makona amakungwa akhazikikika amapukutidwa pang'ono ndi fupa la mpeni wa oculation ndi "kutsegulira" pang'ono. Kenako amabwerera pomwe anali, koma pamwamba pomwe samakanikiza (diso lidzayikidwa pamalo ano).
Atatha kukonza sitoloyo, osazengereza, amayamba njira yabwino kwambiri - adadula impso kuchokera kunthambi ya scion, yomwe m'mbuyomu inali chikwama cha pulasitiki. Poyamba, scion imadulidwa mzidutswa, chilichonse chomwe chimakhala ndi petiole komanso impso. Kudula kwapamwamba kuyenera kukhala 0,5 masentimita pamwamba pa impso, ndipo pansi kuyenera kukhala 1 cm. "Chitsa" choterocho chimayikidwa pansi ndipo chikhomo chokhala ndi nkhuni yopyapyala chimadulidwa ndi tsamba. Atayala ngodya za khungubwi pachala ndi fupa la mpeni, mwachangu amaika diso mu mawonekedwe a T, ngati mthumba, ndikusintha kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. Kenako, tsamba la katemera limamangidwa mwamphamvu ndi tepi ya polyethylene kapena polyvinyl chloride, kuyambira pansi, kuti madzi asapitirire patsogolo. A var wa m'munda amatha kuyikidwa pamwamba pa tepi.
Ngati patatha milungu iwiri kapena itatu kuti petiole ya scion itembenuka chikasu ndikugwa, ndiye kuti zonse zakonzedwa. Ndipo ikamuma ndikukhalabe, muyenera kuyambiranso.
Patatha mwezi umodzi utakula, gawo lokwera limadulidwa. Chitani izi mwanjira ziwiri. Poyamba, 10cm kuposa katemera, kuti asawonongeke, ndipo ikamera, ndiye kuti pamwamba pakepo pali pomwepo. Nthawi yomweyo chotsani bandeji. Nthawi zambiri mitengo yakaleyi imalumikizidwanso, osati pamtengo, koma pa nthambi za korona. Njira yogwirira ntchito ndi yomweyo.
Zobiriwira (zosakhwima).
Kucheka kwa zodula kumachulukirachulukira ngati tsinde limakulungidwa ndi ubweya wonyowa thonje pansi pamtengowo ndipo thumba la pulasitiki limayikidwa pamwamba pamtengowo, lomwe limapanga chake chochepa kwambiri chinyezi.
Mtsogolomo, mphukira yomwe imachokera ku stock iyenera kuchotsedwa, apo ayi ikhoza kumeza scion. Zomera zometsedwazo zimayamba kubala zipatso chaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu.
Kusamalira Mandarin Kwambiri
M'malo mchipinda, ma tangerine, monga lamulo, amakhala odumphika ndipo pang'onopang'ono amasintha kukhala mitengo yaying'ono yoyambirira. Pakutha maluwa, zipatsozo zimamangidwa popanda kupukutira uchi, kupsa patapita miyezi ingapo, nthawi zambiri pofika kumapeto kwa chaka. Kukoma kwawo kumadalira chisamaliro choyenera cha mbewu, zomwe zimayenera kusinthidwa chaka ndi chaka m'mapanga akuluakulu ndi dothi labwino lachonde, kusamala kuti zisawononge mizu. Kuphatikiza apo, mitengo nthawi zonse imadyetsedwa ndi feteleza - mchere ndi organic. Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito kulowetsedwa kwa manyowa, kuchepetsedwa maulendo 10 musanagwiritse ntchito. Manyowa abwino amathanso kumwa tiyi, yomwe imatsekedwa kumtunda.
Ndikofunikira kuyang'anira chinyontho nthawi zonse "m'munda wa zipatso." Mbale yayikulu ikhoza kuyikika pafupi ndi mbewu. Ndikofunika kupopera mafuta korona wa mandarins tsiku lililonse ndi madzi firiji.
Chofunika kwambiri ndi kuwunikira. Mitengo iyenera kukhala pazenera lowala kwambiri. Chakumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira komanso nthawi yozizira, ndikofunikira kukonza magetsi wamba apamwamba pamwamba pawo. Amaphatikizapo m'mawa ndi madzulo, kuwonjezera nthawi masana mpaka maola 12.
M'chilimwe, ngati kuli kotheka, ma tangerine amasungidwa kunja kwambiri, koma komwe kulibe mphepo yamphamvu komanso dzuwa lowala. Zomera amazolowera zinthu pang'onopang'ono - m'masiku oyambilira amazitulutsa kwa maola ochepa, ndipo ngati zili bwino kunja, dongo lonyowa limanyowetsedwa ndi madzi ofunda (mpaka 40 ° C). Kunyumba, imathiriridwa pafupifupi tsiku lililonse, ndikuonetsetsa kuti nthaka mumphika nthawi zonse imakhala yonyowa. Ndikofunika kuti musagwiritse ntchito madzi apampopi, koma mvula kapena madzi oundana.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya mandarin
Mandarin amadziwika ndi polymorphism yolimba, chifukwa chomwe magulu amitundu yake (kapena mitundu payokha) amafotokozedwa ndi olemba osiyanasiyana ngati mitundu yodziyimira payokha. Zipatso za mitundu yotentha zimapezekanso mosiyanasiyana.
Nthawi zambiri, mitundu ya tangerine imagawidwa m'magulu atatu:
- pagulu loyamba - kwambiri thermophilic ma tangerine abwino (Malitrus nobilis), wokhala ndi masamba akulu ndi zipatso zazikasu zazikulu za lalanje zokhala ndi masamba akulu akulu;
- Gulu lachiwiri lili ndi thermophilic komanso laling'ono ma tangerine, kapena ku Italy zoopsa (Citrus reticulata) yokhala ndi zipatso zazikulu zofiira lalanje zokhala ndi mawonekedwe pang'ono, ophimbidwa ndi chubby peel (fungo lake mwa mitundu ina ndi lakuthwa koma osasangalatsa kwambiri);
- gulu lachitatu likuphatikiza satsuma (kapena unshiu) (Malitrus unshiu) Wobadwira ku Japan, wodziwika ndi kuzizira, masamba akulu ndi zipatso zazing'ono zazikasu za lalanje (zambiri zimakhala ndi peel greenish). Ndi satsums omwe amapirira nyengo yaying'ono yocheperako (mpaka -7 madigiri), amakula bwino pagombe la Black Sea.
Ma tangerine.
Mosiyana ndi mandarin odziwika bwino komanso ma tangerine, mbewu ndizosowa kwambiri mu zipatso za satsum - chifukwa chake, mwina, mtunduwu umatchedwanso mandarin wopanda mbewu. Mukabzala mumbale, mitundu yake nthawi zambiri imakula mpaka 1-1.5 m. Slender tangerine mitengo yokhala ndi korona wokongola wa masamba obowoka pang'ono, wokutidwa ndi masamba obiriwira ambiri amtundu, nthawi yamaluwa ndi maluwa ambiri amakongoletsa nyumbayo ndikuyidzaza ndi fungo labwino.
Chifukwa chodutsa mandarin ndi zipatso zina za citrus, ma hybrids osiyanasiyana adapezeka:
- makalasi (Clementina) - (mandarin x lalanje) - wokhala ndi kakang'ono kapena kakang'ono, kakang'ono kwambiri, zipatso zonunkhira kwambiri za lalanje, wokutidwa ndi peel yowonda kwambiri (masamba angapo opangira mbewu amatchedwa Montreal);
- elendale (Ellendale- - (mandarin x tangerine x lalanje) - yokhala ndi zipatso zofiirira-zosaoneka ngati lalanje mpaka kukula kwakukulu, ndi kukoma ndi kununkhira kwakukulu;
- ma tangali (Ma Tangans- - (lalanje x tangerine) - yayikulu (m'mimba mwake mwake masentimita 10-15), zipatso zothimbirira, zofiirira zokhala ndi khungu loonda komanso lalikulu;
- ma minneols (Minneola- - (tangerine x mphesa) - zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana mitundu yazipatso zofiirira (kuchokera zazing'ono mpaka zazikulu kwambiri), mawonekedwe - ozungulira, omwazikana, okhala ndi "tubercle" ndi "khosi" pamwamba;
- tangelo, kapena tangelo (Tangelo) - (tangerine x pomelo) - wokhala ndi zipatso zazikuluzikulu za lalanje zofanana ndi lalanje wamba;
- ma santins (Suntina, kapena Dzuwa tina) - (clementine x Orlando) - wokhala ndi zipatso zomwe zimawoneka ngati ma tangerine abwino, amakhala ndi kukoma komanso kununkhira kopambana;
- agle (Ugli, Ugly) - (tangerine x lalanje x mphesa) - yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa ma hybrids (zipatso zokhala ndi mainchesi 16-18 cm), yothinitsidwa, ndi masamba oundana, obiriwira achikasu obiriwira, lalanje kapena achikasu.
Mtengo wa Mandarin mumphika.
Kuti mudzalime m'nyumba, mitundu yotsatirayi ya mandarin imalimbikitsidwa:
- “Unshiu"- zosagwira chisanu, zoyambirira, zabwino kwambiri. Mtengowo unadulidwa, nduwira yofalikira ya nthambi zoonda, zosinthika kwambiri zokutidwa ndi masamba owala. Nthambi zowonongera izi zimakongola bwino, zimakula msanga, zochuluka komanso mofunitsitsa. Zipatso zooneka ngati peyala, zopanda mbewu. Ndi magetsi okumba, amakula osatha.
- “Kovane anali"- Mtengo wolimba wokhala ndi nthambi zazikulu; nthambi monyinyirika. Tangerine yamtunduwu imatha kukula kwambiri kukula kwake kwa nyumbayo. Masamba ndi amtundu, owuma. Limaphuka kwambiri. Zipatsozo ndizapakatikati kukula, lalanje-chikasu.
- “Shiva Mikan"- mtengo wokhazikika, womwe ukukula msanga wokhala ndi masamba akuluakulu, owonda komanso obiriwira. Oyambirira, limamasula mwangwiro. Zabwino ndizapakatikati; zipatso zolemera 30 g.
- “Murcott”(Wokondedwa) - mtundu wosowa kwambiri ndi chitsamba chowoneka bwino. Kuguza kwa tangerine uyu, kucha chilimwe, kumakhala kokoma ngati uchi.
