Kukula kwa mbewu kumafuna chisamaliro choyenera cha mbewu yamtsogolo. Matenda a mbatata amatha kuwononga kwambiri ngati njira zoyenera sizinatenge nthawi. Ndi matenda ati omwe alimi amakumana nawo komanso momwe angathanirane nawo?
Kodi kuthana ndi vuto lakumapeto kwa mbatata? Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa
Matenda ofala kwambiri ndi vuto lochedwa. Kuchulukana kwake sikudalira dera la dzikolo. Kugonjetsedwa kwa matendawa kumachepetsa zokolola za mbatata ndi 50-70%.
Mu chithunzi, mochedwa choipitsa cha mbatata - tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhudzana kwambiri ndi tubers, koma matendawa amawonekanso pamwamba. Mwa chibadwa chake, tizilomboti ndi chinthu chonga bowa chomwe chimagwirizana ndi kutentha kuyambira madigiri 1 mpaka 30. Spores imagwera pansi, pambuyo pake imakhudza tubers. Kuperewera kumatha kuchitika mukakolola - spores kuchokera padziko lapansi imasunthidwa ku tubers. Matenda amapezeka pakuwonongeka kwa makina. Malo abwino kwambiri opanga spores ndi chinyezi.
Chifukwa chiyani masamba a mbatata amasanduka achikasu? Chimodzi mwa zifukwa ndi phytophthora. Mawonekedwe - mawonekedwe a bulauni mawanga pamasamba ndi zimayambira. Pulogalamu yonga intaneti imatha kukhazikika kumbuyo kwa pepalalo. Pa tubers - necrosis amawona bulauni. Matendawa ndi osatheka kuchiritsa ngati matendawa atayamba kale, motero kupewa ndiye njira yayikulu yolamulira.
Kodi kuthana ndi vuto lakumapeto kwa mbatata? Pali njira zingapo zomwe zatsatidwa pofuna kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda:
Pamaso kukwera:
Pamaso kukwera:- Chachikulu ndikuchotsa ma tubers omwe akhudzidwa ndi mbeu, yomwe ndi gwero lenileni la matenda pantchito yonse yamtsogolo. Zida zodzala ziyenera kutsatira miyezo yonse.
- Ndikofunikira kusankha malo oyenera okulira mbewu yanu.
Chonde dziwani: malo omwe amafikira sayenera kukhala m'malo otsika, ndibwino kuuma mvula ikagwa! Chinyezi chosasunthika chimathandizira kuti pakhale vuto lochedwa:
- Ganizirani malo obzala mbewu zina - mbatata zimatha kupatsirana ndi tomato, zomwe zimatetezanso matendawa.
- Ngati pali minda ya anthu ena pafupi, muyenera kulabadira kuti kulibe mabedi okhala ndi tomato pafupi.
- Ndikulimbikitsidwa kumera tubers musanabzale.
- Chofunika kwambiri ndikupanga mankhwala apadera. Phytophthora "sakonda" mkuwa, chifukwa chake imayamba bwino m'madothi omwe alibe bwino pazinthu izi zamafuta.
- Nkhondo yolimbana ndi vuto lakumapeto kwa nyengo yakula:
- Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuthira dothi pochotsa matenda ndi namsongole. Musadikire kuyambika kwa zizindikiro - gwiritsani ntchito fungosis.
- Kubzala mizere italiitali kumachepetsa mwayi wokhala ndi matenda pachitsamba cha mbatata.
Njira zodzitetezera sizikupanga nzeru ngati maziko a matendawa akhazikitsidwa kale.
Ku kukonza mbatata mochedwa choipacho kuyenera kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a 1-2 nthawi imodzi. Masabata awiri asanakolole, ndikofunikira kuchotsa nsonga - izi zimateteza tubers ku matenda mukakolola.
- Mukamayeretsa komanso mukamaliza:
- Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti musakolole pasanathe masiku 14 atamwalira nsonga.
Ngati mvula yamvula ikamwalira, chinyezi chimathandizira kukulitsa kuchedwa kwa blight - muyenera kukolola mwachangu, koma osati nthawi yamvula.
- Ngati mbeu yanyowetsedwa pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, perekani bwino kuti mabulidwewo akhale ouma.
- Musanaike mbewuyo posungira, sinthani - ndikofunikira kuzindikira ndikuchotsa ma tubers omwe ali ndi kachilomboka.
Tsamba lakuda: njira zopewera matenda
Chimodzi mwa matenda wamba ndi nkhanambo yakuda kapena rhizoctonia. Izi matenda zili ndi malo ambiri modabwitsa ofalitsa. Wothandizirana ndi causative ndi fungus yomwe imapangitsa kuti ma tubers ataye chinyezi. Zizindikiro za matendawa zimawonekera pang'onopang'ono maluwa. Kukula kwa matenda amapezeka bwino pa kutentha kwa + 16 + 18 madigiri, chinyezi - 70%. Mosiyana ndi phytophthora, kuchuluka kwa nkhanambo kumadalira zinthu zingapo:
- kuchuluka kwa bowa m'nthaka;
- mtundu wa mbewu;
- kubzala mtundu - kachulukidwe komwe kuli mbatata za mbatata;
- mbatata zomwe zikukula;
- mtundu wa dothi - matendawa amakula bwino pang'onopang'ono;
- Chofunika koposa, mulingo woyenera wa nthaka acidity ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa mbatata za mbatata.
Khungu limakhudza mbali zonse za tchire ndi ma tubers:
- Pa tubers, nkhanambo imawoneka ngati mawanga, necrosis ya net, yomwe imayamba nyengo yotentha. Kupsinjika ndi maenje zimapangidwa mumikhalidwe yonyowa chinyezi.
- Itha kuumba mbande - "mitengo yovunda".
- Tsinde la mbewu yomwe yakhudzidwa ndi matendawa imatha kutsika kwambiri kuposa enawo.
- Mu nyengo yonyowa ndi kotentha, "mwendo woyera" wa tsindewo umapangidwa.
Nthawi zina, mbande zimatha kukhudzidwa, chifukwa chitsamba chimafa isanafike panthaka. Mulingo wovulaza matendawa: 10 mpaka 40% ya mbewu zimafa, pamsika wamafuta, nkhanambo imadetsa chiwonetsero.
Matenda a mbatata ndi kulimbana nawo amafunika njira zoyenera - choyambirira, kupewa. Ndikofunika kudziwa osati momwe tingalimire ndi dothi, komanso komwe tingabzala mbatata.
- Ndikwabwino kubzala mbatata pamalo pomwe adalima: fulakesi, rye, rapese, chimanga, mbewu zosapsa.
Sitikulimbikitsidwa kuti mubzale kabichi, beets, maungu, tomato, clovers. Izi zikhalidwe zimathandizira kukulitsa nkhanambo zakuda. Kukonzekera kuzungulira kwa mbewu ndi gawo lalikulu la agrotechnical pofuna kuthana ndi matendawa. Zochitika zamakono zapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yosagwirizana ndi matendawa.
- Ndikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala - kuchitira ndi fungicide. Kuwongolera zamankhwala kumatengedwa kuti ndi njira yopindulitsa kwambiri komanso yothandiza. Ndikothekanso kusanja mbeu ndi nthaka.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya nkhanambo, koma njira zochitira ndi izi ndizofanana.
Bacteria L-virus: njira zowongolera
Kodi mbatata imasiya bwanji? Zomwe zimayambitsa izi zimatha kukhala Leaf Twist Virus, yomwe imatha kuwononga 20 mpaka 70% ya mbewu ya mbatata. Aphid matenda, omwe amanyamula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, amatenda. Kukula kwa matendawa kumathandizira kunyowa. Zizindikiro zake ndi:
- Masamba akuyamba kuwalira, ndipo masamba akumtambawo amapindika.
- Masamba amakhala otumphuka ndi kutumphuka mwamphamvu.
- Kumbuyo kwa pepalalo kumakhala siliva oyera.
Kulimbana ndi matendawa kumafuna kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa mbatata yomwe yatenga mbewu ndikusololedwa, pomwe matendawa akupitiliza kuzizindikira. Njira zazikulu zodzitetezera ndikutsatira nthaka ndi mbatata zamtchire ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, zomwe zimanyamula matenda.
Kuwola kwa mphete: Zizindikiro ndi njira zowongolera
Matenda ofala omwe amakhudza mbali zonse za chomera. Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za matendawa zikufota ndi kuvunda kwamkati mwa tuber. Zizindikiro zooneka zimatha kuwoneka paudzu wazomera. Kukula kwa matendawa kumathetsa tsinde la kuthekera kulandira chinyezi, ndichifukwa chake kuyang'ana kumawonedwa.
Ndikosavuta kupatsira chomera kapena ma tubers athanzi. Wothandizirana ndi causative amabisala mosavuta mu mbatata zomwe zimakhudzidwa, ndipo ndizotheka kupatsira mbeu mbewu ndikudula tuber ndi mpeni. Mbatata yomwe ikukhudzidwa ndiyosavuta kuisiyanitsa kuchokera wathanzi, makamaka ngati zamatenda zimapangidwira - ndikokwanira kudula tuber kuti muwone chikasu pamodzi ndi mphete ndikupangidwira zowola kwambiri.
Njira zolimbana:
- Kukwaniritsidwa kwa malamulo onse akusintha kwa mbeu.
- Ndikofunikira kuchotsa nsonga zake pa nthawi.
- Musanabzale, ndikofunikira kupukuta mbewu - kwa milungu iwiri pamtunda wa +15 madigiri.
- Pambuyo pouma, ndikofunikira kuzindikira zomwe zakhudzidwa.
Matenda osiyanasiyana a mbatata (chithunzi), mafotokozedwe ndi chithandizo chomwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, amafunika kupewa nthawi.
