Pakati pa masamba okondedwa a udzu, mitundu yokhala maluwa achikasu idakhalabe yabwino kwambiri, yosowa komanso yofunikira kwa theka la zaka tsopano. Gulu lapadera la nzimbe za interspecific zopezeka podutsa udzu ndi mitengo yofanana ndi mitengo ili pafupi kwambiri ndi nyenyezi za udzu malinga ndi "machitidwe". Kufa kwa ziwalo zam'mlengalenga nthawi yozizira sikulepheretsa munthu kuti awone ngati mbewuzi zidachokera. Mithunzi yapamwamba ya maluwa akuluakulu, owoneka bwino amasangalatsa komanso amakopa, ndipo peony iliyonse yachikasu m'mundamu imangokhala nyenyezi yapadera, komanso kunyadira koona kosonkhanitsa.
Ito-peonies - mbiri yakale yosankhidwa, mitundu yabwino kwambiri ndi chisamaliro.
Ma peonies achikasu okhala ndi udindo wapadera - Ito-peonies
Ziphuphu za Ito, Ito-peonies, kapena Ma peonies (mayina apadziko lonse lapansi - Gulu la Itoh Hybrid, ma-hybrids, Itoh hybrids, Gulu la Itoh, Yodutsa hybrids) - gulu kapena gulu la mitundu yosakanizidwa ya peonies yopezeka podutsa mtengo peony (Paeonia x aderuticosa) ndi peony-flowered peony (Paeonia lactiflora, poyambirira wokhala ndi mawonekedwe osanja-pawiri). Ali ndi mawonekedwe a peonies onsewa, koma m'magulu ogulitsa ndi ukadaulo waulimi ali pafupi kwambiri ndi udzu chifukwa chakuti gawo lazomera limafa nthawi yozizira.
Ma hyto a Ito adadziwika kuti amalemekeza wasayansi yemwe anali woyamba kukwaniritsa mtundu wachikasu wa mitunduyi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zowonongera mbewu. Ntchito yake adagawa mbiri ya peonies kukhala "kale" ndi "pambuyo" ndikusintha, ndikukulitsa utoto wamitundu ya peonies wokhala ndi mithunzi yachikasu.
Ili ndiye gulu lotchuka kwambiri komanso losankhika pakati pa minda yamaluwa. Anthu ambiri amatcha mbewu kuti ndizabwino kwambiri, chifukwa kuthekera kwa kusintha kosakanikirana ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe zimatseguka mosiyanasiyana pakulima mitundu yatsopano. Ngakhale kuti kuwoloka udzu ndi mitengo yokhala ngati mitengo kungathe kukonza mawonekedwe onse osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kukongola kwa masamba, kukhazikika, kupirira, zotere makulidwe osakanizidwa (mogwirizana) adakhala wotchuka chifukwa cha khomo limodzi - mtundu.
Ito-hybrids ndi amphamvu, ndikupanga tchire lalikulu lokumbika ndi mphukira zolimba za peonies. Mazu ake akufalikira, apamwamba, olemekezeka ndi zaka. Kapangidwe kabwino ka tchire, kamene kamakula kwambiri m'lifupi kuposa kutalika, chifukwa chokhala ndi nthambi zambiri komanso masamba owonderera amathandizira kuti mbewuzo zizioneka zazikulu komanso zokongola.
Kutalika kwa masamba achikasu kumatulutsa masentimita 50 mpaka 90. Mphukira zimasokera kapena kugwada, koma sizimagona kawirikawiri pansi pa kulemera kwa inflorescence. Masamba a Ito hybrids ali ngati masamba a masamba opangidwa ndi mitengo. Zovuta komanso zosema, amapanga pilo yobiriwira yakuda yomwe imasunga kukongoletsa mpaka kuzizira kwambiri. Mitundu imasintha kukhala yachikaso m'dzinja mwa mitundu ina yokha.
Zipatso za Ito zimaphukira pamwamba pa nsonga za pachaka, monga udzu wa masamba. Koma kukongola, ma inflorescence akulu amtunduwu amakumbukira kwambiri abale ngati mitengo. Masamba okhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa bulauni amafanana ndi zipatso za mimbulu.
Zachikulu, kuyambira masentimita 15 mpaka 20, komanso mawonekedwe okongola a miyala yamaluwa yomwe imapanga maluwa okongola, inflorescence nthawi zonse imakulolani kuti musirire malo okongola a stamens ndi staminode, omwe akuwoneka kuti ndiowoneka pakati. Chifukwa chakuti malo akuwonekera, ma Ito-peonies ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mitundu iwiri ndipo sakhala ochepa gulu la terry, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ma petals kupitilira zoyembekezera zilizonse. Pansi pamiyala, malo amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Mitundu yambiri singathe kudzitamandira kafungo kabwino ka mphamvu.
Maonekedwe a Ito-hybrids samaphatikizira timitengo ta rose-yoyera-yokhazikika, komanso mawonekedwe osowa kwambiri achikasu - kuchokera mandimu owala mpaka vwende, golide wonyezimira, mthunzi wozizira wa laimu wopsa, nthawi zambiri wokhala ndi kusintha kosabisika kwa nuances. Mitundu yonse, maluwa amakonda kutopa: padzuwa komanso monga maluwa amatuluka, mtundu wake umayamba kuzimiririka.
Chimodzi mwazinthu za Ito-hybrids ndi kusakhazikika kwa utoto. Ngakhale mbadwo womwewo wa mbewu ungasiyane utoto ndi utoto, kutengera kuthekera mukukula, zaka, chisamaliro. Chitsamba chomwecho mu zaka zosiyana chikhoza kusiyana mawonekedwe a korona, ndi mtundu wa inflorescence, komanso kukula kwake. Zomwezi zinapangitsa kuti athe kupeza Ito-peonies a gulu la "chameleon" - kusintha mtundu kangapo pa maluwa.
Nthawi yamaluwa yachikasu imayenderana ndi maluwa ophukira masamba a herbaceous. Samachita maluwa pachilimwe kumayambiriro, kusangalatsa pamene ambiri mpikisano akutuluka kale m'munda. Ito-peonies pachimake kwa milungu itatu, mphamvu ya maluwa ochulukirapo imatheka chifukwa chakuti apical masamba amayamba kuphuka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo othandizira amangootsatira.
Ito-hybrids ndi abwino odulidwa mitundu. Samangokhala m'madzi motalikirapo kuposa maluwa ambiri ngati maluwa ndi ma herbaceous, komanso, mosiyana ndi maluwa omwe atsalira pamtchire, mitundu ya odulidwa imakhala yokhazikika komanso yosasinthika mpaka kufota.
Ito-peony, kalasi "Bartzella".
Mbiri yakusankhidwa kwa peonies wachikasu
Mbiri yakusakanizidwa kwa peonies ndi kubereka kwamtundu wachikasu m'maluwa pawokha ndizosangalatsa kwambiri. Mithunzi yodabwitsa ya pinki ndi mkaka wamadzi amadzi awa adapeza mitima kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, koma m'zaka za zana la 20, ndi chitukuko cha kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe, ndi mafakitale athunthu, chidwi chofuna kupeza peony yokhala ndi utoto wosapangika mwachikulire zidakula msanga.
Maonekedwe achikasu a peonies sizinasinthe kutchuka kwa peonies zomwe zimakhala ndizithunzi zambiri, koma zidasinthiratu chidwi ndikuwonjezera pamndandanda wazopezeka momwe mungapangire njira yapadera, yapamwamba, yomwe imasakidwa ndiminda yonse yazomera ndi osonkhetsa, komanso olima dimba wamba - zowona mafani a chomera chodabwitsachi.
Mbiri yonse ya kubereka kwamtundu wachikasu m'miyendo ya udzu imatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu.
Gawo 1 - amayesera kuti akwaniritse mtundu wachikaso podutsa msipu wa udzu.
Mpaka 1948, kusankha mwachangu kunachitika padziko lonse lapansi komanso kuyesa kupeza mitundu yopanda utoto wachikuda popanda kupitilirapo. Zotsatira zakusankhidwa kutengera peony wamkulu, Mlokosevich ndi Wittmann, omwe mwachilengedwe amakhala ndi utoto wa chikasu mwachilengedwe, mitunduyo inali yofatsa komanso yokhala ndi tsatanetsatane wachikaso.
Munthawi imeneyi, Earl White, yemwe adalandira koyamba mtundu wamitundu yachikaso Claire de Lune, yemwe utoto wake wachikasu udafowoka kwambiri kotero kuti udangopereka maluwa okongoletsa zonona ndi minyanga ya njovu, adathandizira kwambiri pakukonzanso ma pion.
Munthawi imodzimodziyo, mitundu ina yokhala ndi ma kirimu amtundu wachikasu kapena wachikasu mumayendedwe okha ndi ma staminode, koma osati m'matumba omwe amaikidwa m'minda yamaluwa padziko lonse lapansi (omwe akufunikirabe masiku ano Ballerina (Ballerina), "Mchenga Woyera" (Masamba oyera), Cheddar (Tchizi cha Cheddar), Chovala chagolide (Chovala chagolide), "Mwezi wa Oyambira" (Prairie mwezi) ndi pr).
Gawo 2 kuswana Ito-pions
Kubwezeretsa kosiyana kwa msipu wokhala ndi udzu ndi mitengo wofanana ndi wobzala Toichi Ito inali njira yayitali kuyembekezera posankhidwa kwa peonies. Kubalaza peony chikasu (Paeonia delavayi), tsamba limodzi lokha lomwe mtundu wachikasu wa carotenoid linawonetsa kukana ndikulola kuyimitsidwa popanda kutaya kamvekedwe, udzu wachiwiri wobiriwira kuloledwa kupeza mitundu yoyamba m'mbiri ndi maluwa okongola achikasu.
Chaka chovomerezeka cha "kuyamba" kwazomera zachikaso chikuwoneka kuti ndi 1948, maluwa athunthu okhala ndi mitundu yapadera adachitika pambuyo pa womwalitsa. Mpaka mu 1967, pomwe ufulu wa ma hybrids udagulitsidwa, mitundu inayi yachikasu ya Ito yophukira idaphukira, ndipo lero ikulipirabe.
Gawo lachitatu - kupeza maufulu a ma hybrids ndi chiyambi cha mbiri yakale yaku America ya peonies
Kuyamba kwa mbiriyakale yachikasu m'chigawo cha New York peony nazale Luis Smirnov ndikulembetsa mwalamulo kwa mitundu pansi pa dzina la Ito-Smirnov ndikolembanso zakusonkha mitundu komanso chiyambi cha mbiri yamakono yachikasu.
Mitundu inayi yoyambirira, yolembedwa mu 1974, idayamba kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo tanthauzo la "Ito hybrids" silidangokhala gulu la peonies lolembetsedwa ndi gulu lotsogolera la American pion, komanso dzina lotetezedwa. Obereketsa ena aku America adagwiranso ntchito mwakhama kukulitsa phale la chikasu kapena chikasu chachikasu, ndipo kwa zaka makumi awiri pafupifupi chaka chilichonse dzina latsopano lidawonekera m'mabuku kuchokera ku gawo la Ito Hybrid.
Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80 zapitazi, kuswana kwa ma hyto a Ito, komanso ma peonies ambiri, sikungathe kudzitamandira chifukwa champhamvu zambiri. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse pamsika yakhala ikugulitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo ngati zinthu zatsopano zikuwoneka, ndizosangalatsa.
Mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya Ito-hybrids
Masiku ano, ma hybrids ndi gawo la peonies omwe amasankhidwa ndi mitundu ndi mithunzi, kutali ndikuchepetsedwa penti yachikasu. Zachidziwikire, mitundu yachikasu ya Ito peonies imakhalabe yotchuka komanso yopeka kwambiri. Koma, ngakhale mtengo wokwera bwino komanso mawonekedwe apadera okongoletsa m'mundamo, ma Ito ochulukirapo azitha kugulitsa msika wa "oyera-ofiira" ofiira.
Zabwino kwambiri za Ito zokhala ndi maluwa achikasu
Gulu "Yellow Paradise" (Thambo lachikaso- - phula lamadzi lalikulu, lokhazikika komanso lokhazikika, lokhala ndi masamba okongola kwambiri, ndipo pang'onopang'ono limatha maluwa owala achikasu padzuwa. Mtunduwu ndi umodzi mwazithunzi zinayi zoyambirira zolembedwa zachikasu, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe a buttercup komanso makonzedwe a pamakhala.
Gulu "Maloto achikasu" (Maloto achikasu) - imodzi mw mitundu itatu yoyambirira ya peonies wachikasu, chitho chodabwitsa kwambiri chachikaso chowala kawiri komanso chofewa, ngati kuti chatsekedwa mayi wa utoto wa ngale, malo owala pamunsi pa mapiri ndi staminodynia wokongola. Poyerekeza ndi masamba amdima, ma inflorescons akuluakulu amawala ndi dzuwa, kunyezimira ndi mitundu yofewa komanso ngati kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Gulu "The Yellow Emperor" (Emperor wachikasu) - Imodzi mwa mitundu yoyambirira yachikaso yolemba Ito, terry, ndi wavy, pamitundu yayikulu, mawonekedwe a duwa ndi lalanje staminodynia.
Ito-peony, kalasi "kumwamba kwa Yellow" (Yellow kumwamba).
Ito-peony, kalasi "Yellow Dream" (Chiloto Chachikasu).
Ito-peony, kalasi "Emperor wachikasu" (Emperor wachikasu).
Gulu “Korona wachikasu” (Chisoti chachifumu- - zokongola, zowoneka bwino - "progenitor" ndi kuwala wachikaso, utoto wamafuta, wotsimikizika ndi amtundu wakuda wa lalanje pakatikati pa duwa. Maluwa amawoneka ngati ophulika, masamba ali owala bwino komanso owala, mbewu yonseyo imawoneka yokongola modabwitsa komanso yapamwamba.
Gulu "Curb Charm" (Chingwe chokongola- - peoni yachikasu chopepuka komanso malo owoneka ngati lalanje, ngati kuti ikupanga mizere pakati pa mizere ya petals. Ziphuphu ndizosiyidwa kwambiri, kuzimiririka pakati, pafupifupi kuphatikiza ndi staminode.
Gulu "Kugonana kwambiri" (Kupita nthochi) - mawonekedwe osiyanitsa okongola ndi mawonekedwe a mandimu a kuwala achikaso achikasu ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wakuda wakuda m'munsi mwa mapiri.
Gulu Prairie Charm (Chithumwa cha Prairie) - mitundu yokhala ndi mtundu, wautoto, wowoneka wachikasu komanso wonyezimira, nthawi zambiri wopindika wamkati wokhala ndi mawanga ofiira, omwe amadziwika ndi malo owoneka bwino a maluwa okhala ndi chikasu staminodynia.
Gulu "Maloto a Ndimu" (Ndimaloto- - wapadera komanso wamtengo wapatali wokhala ndi utoto wamitundu iwiri, pomwe wapawiri, wokhala ndi matalala opepuka, maluwa okhala ndi staminogia wamkulu amawonekera pogawa maluwa pakati ndi utoto wosiyana - theka pinki, theka chikasu.
Gulu "Viking Full Moon" (Viking mwezi wathunthu) - mawonekedwe okongola modabwitsa okhala ndi miyala yambiri ikuluzika mowonekera ndi mawonekedwe opendekera, maziko a chitumbuwa ndi m'mphepete mwake, ndikupanga kupindika.
Gulu "Dzuwa la Sonoma" (Sonoma dzuwa) ndi yamtengo wapatali komanso yosowa kawiri pawiri yokhala ndi mtundu wowala wagolide komanso malo akuluakulu owonetsedwa ndi lalanje staminode.
Gulu "Chikumbutso cha Kelly" (Chikumbutso cha a Kallie) - mitundu yodabwitsa ya kirimu-fawn-pink-chikasu, pomwe maonekedwe akuda a bulauni-abulauni kumunsi kumatsindika kusewera kwa mithunzi yamadzi. Chimodzi mwamitundu yodabwitsa kwambiri yamadzi am'madzi pakati pa peonies.
Gulu "Dzuwa Lobisika" (Dzuwa lowala- - chikasu chowala, pang'onopang'ono chosinthika pang'onopang'ono ndi kuwala kwapinki pang'onopang'ono pamiyala yowonjezereka ndi lalanje yowunikira.
Gulu Chuma ChaMunda (Chuma cham'munda) ali ndi mafashoni osiyanasiyana okhala ndi masamba amdima, utoto wonyezimira wamafuta-achikaso ndi maluwa osachepera awiri bwino okhala ndi mawanga a lalanje pamunsi omwe amawonetsa kwambiri chikasu chowoneka bwino.
Ito-peony, kalasi "Border Charm" (Border Charm).
Ito-peony, mofuta wa Prairie Charm.
Ito-peony, kalasi "Lemon Lot" (Lemon Lot).
Gulu Amayala a Canary (Zithunzi za Canary- - wapadera wamadzi am'madzi amitundu yosiyanasiyana yosakanikirana ndi utoto wamtundu wachikasu ndi wachikasu, kuchokera pakatikati mpaka kumapiri apamwamba kwambiri a halftones komanso malo amdima kwambiri m'munsi mwa pamakhala.
Gulu "Kuyimba Mumvula" (Kuyimba mumvula- - mitundu yosinthika mwapadera yomwe imasintha mtundu kuchokera ku pinki kupita ku lalanje ndi chikasu cha golide, wokhala ndi ma paleti achikasu owoneka bwino. Imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa zipatso za Ito zabwino kwambiri komanso zapamwamba kwambiri.
Gulu "Julia Rose" (Julia adanyamuka) - mitundu yapadera yosachedwa ndi utoto wachikaso. Wapinki, utoto wosasinthika m'tchire inflorescence amasintha mtundu kukhala utoto wachikasu pamene ukutulutsa. Kukonzanso kwamadzi kumapangitsa tchire kukhala chozizwitsa. Awa ndi ma peonies onunkhira pang'ono okhala ndi malo a pinki ambiri pofikira pamiyendo ndi staminodynia yochepa kwambiri.
Gulu "Lollipop" (Lollipop) - Nthawi zambiri ndimapereka maluwa ofiira ndi ofiirira osiyanasiyananso ndi maluwa amtundu wachikuda, wophatikizidwa ndi pinki-wofiirira mikwingwirima, mikwingwirima ndi mawanga, ndikupatsa maluwa owirikiza kawiri ndi maluwa opendekera.
Gulu "Chikomo chamtengo" (Mwala wachikasu) - peony yapawiri-yopendekera yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe owongoka owongoka komanso mawonekedwe a silika, kutsindika kukongola kwa kamvekedwe kabokosi kamadzi oyera achikasu.
Gulu “Bartzella” - tsamba loyera, chikasu chowala bwino, chomwe chimakhala ndi maluwa owala pang'ono, owoneka bwino, osawoneka bwino komanso owoneka ngati malalanje m'munsi. Kutalika kwa maluwa mpaka 20 cm kumakupatsani mwayi wothokoza ndi chidwi cha mitundu, komanso fungo labwino.
Gulu "Kuwala" (Kuwala) - wachikaso mopepuka, wokhala ndi maziko owala amitundu, mtundu wachikasu wamitundu iwiri wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a maluwa.
Masiku ano, si ma hybrids achikasu okha omwe amaimiridwa pamsika. Mitundu ya Cherry, pinki, fuchsia, fawn, awiri-toni ndi chameleon (kusintha mitundu) yokhala ndi mithunzi yapadera, yodziwika ngati ma Ito peonies, imakupatsani chidwi cha kuphatikiza kwapadera ndi mawonekedwe.
Zosiyanasiyana "Pink Ardor", "Lofiyira", "Ketoni yamkuwa", "Scarlett kumwamba", "Pink Double Dandy", "Kufika Koyamba", "Morning Lilac" ndi ena ambiri - malo abwino kwambiri osagwira chisanu komanso modabwitsa osakhazikika m'malo opezekerapo udzu komanso mitengo. Zomera izi, monga ma Ito-peonies onse, zimasunga, ngati siziposa zonse zabwino zokhudzana ndi mitundu yachikasu.
Ito-peony, kalasi "Morning Lilac".
Ito-peony, kalasi "Pink Ardor".
Ito-peony, kalasi "Yellow gem" (Yellow Gem).
Zambiri za kukula kwa Ito hybrids
Ngakhale ali ndi mitundu yapamwamba, yapadera komanso yosowa, mitundu ya chikasu mosangalatsa imadabwitsa kupilira komanso chisamaliro chosachepera. Amakula chifukwa cha mfundo zomwezo monga masamba wamba.
Ma-Ito-hybrids amakonda chonde, malo apamwamba kwambiri komanso malo otentha. Samalekerera kusayenda kwa madzi kapena kuyandikira kwa osati zitsamba zazikulu ndi mitengo, komanso nyumba. Amafunikira kusankha madera ozungulira osakhala owombedwa ndi dothi lotayidwa osachita nawo pang'ono kapena pang'ono pang'ono.
Nthawi yoyenera kubzala mbewu izi zimawonetsedwa kuti ndi kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndi chiyambi cha nthawi yophukira (kuyambira zaka khumi ndi zitatu za Ogasiti mpaka Okutobala, pofulumira - mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala). Maenje akuluakulu amayenera kukhala akulu kwambiri (mpaka 1 mita mulifupi) ndi kuya. Nthaka imakonzedwa molingana ndi malamulo wamba. Impso pa rhizome zimakhala pamtunda wa masentimita 3-4 kuchokera pansi (koma osati ozama kuposa 5 cm), ndi dongosolo losagwirizana la impso, phokoso limakhazikika. Chomera chimadziyimira modekha pomiza, koma "chiyambi" sichiyenera kuzama kwambiri.
Kusiyira kumachepetsedwa kukhala madzi ambiri kuthilira pachilala. Kubzala kumayambira mchaka chachitatu, kuyambitsa feteleza wa nayitrogeni koyambirira kwa nyengo, ndi potashi-phosphorous panthawi ya maluwa. Kuchotsa udzu palimodzi ndi kumasula ndi muyeso wovomerezeka, monga kwa onse peonies.
Ito-peonies amalimbana modabwitsa ndi tizirombo ndi matenda; samadwala dzimbiri kapena botrytis. Ngakhale peonies wachikasu overwinter komanso udzu; sizifunikira njira zina zovuta pokonzekera nyengo yachisanu. Zimayambira kudula mpaka mu impso (kuchotsa mbali ya masamba yophukira, ngati mtengo peony), pokhapokha ngati mizu yolimba ikhudza tchire (pafupifupi - kuyambira pakati pa Novembala). Tchire lokha lomwe limadzala mochedwa limafunika mulching nthawi yozizira.
Kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumatsimikizira zovuta za kubereka ndi kukonzanso kwa peonies ndi maluwa achikasu ndikofunikira kulingalira kuthamanga kwa mizu. Izi peonies zitha kugawidwa kukhala olimba, odziwika bwino a Delenki pokha pokha pa zaka 3-4, mtsogolomo machitidwe sikuti amangowopsa, komanso angafunikire kuwononga tchire.
Ngati palibe cholinga chowonjezera kusonkhanitsa, ndiye kuti Ito-peonies ingabzalidwe ngati analogue kwa omwe ali mitengo - mbewu ndizolimba ndipo sizimakonda zosinthika, kupatula pangozi. Koma ngati angafune, Ito-peonies amagawana hacksaw kapena saw, ngakhale atakula. Mukamagawa mbewu pagawo limodzi, masamba awiri mpaka asanu amapatsidwanso pambali.
