Chitani - Re - Mi - Nyemba!

Nyemba ndi chimodzi mwazomera zakale padziko lapansi. Pakadali pano nyemba ndi zina mwa nyemba zachiwiri padziko lapansi pambuyo pa soya.

Nyemba zinafika ku Russia posachedwa - m'zaka za zana la 16 - kuchokera ku Turkey ndi France. Poyamba ankatchedwa nyemba ndipo ankalimidwa mwapadera kuti azikongoletsa. Monga masamba, nyemba zidalimidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1800 zokha.. Zaka zaposachedwa, nyemba zatchuka kwambiri.

NyembaChilatini - Phaseolus.

Mitundu ya mbewu za banja lamu.

Cholandira ndi disc yophika. Mapiko a corolla ya njenjete amakhala ochulukirapo komanso ochepa poti adaluka ndi boti, sipinimirayo yayitali, yomwe, ndi zisonyezo ndi mbali zake zimapindika. Nyemba ya bicuspid, pakati pa mbewu yokhala ndi siponji yosakwanira. Zomera za Herbaceous, nthawi zambiri zimasinthidwa, makamaka zopindika, ndi masamba a mitengo ya cirrus. Leaflets 3, osowa kwambiri 1. Zonse tsamba limodzi ndi pepala lililonse limaperekedwa. Maluwa mumayendedwe a axillary. Mbewu ndizachuma pamiyendo ndi wowuma.

Kukonzekera malowa kwa nyemba

Nyemba ndi chomera chomwe chimakonda kutentha, chifukwa chimayenera kutenga bedi pamalo otentha. Kulima nyemba m'malo otetezedwa ndi mphepo yozizira kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pakuchulukitsa zokolola. Madera opanda dothi kapena acidic acid (pH 6-7) amasinthidwa pansi pa nyemba. Ngati ndi kotheka, dothi liyenera kukhala likuchepera musanafese.

Dothi liyenera kukhala lachonde, koma lopanda nitrogen yambiri. M'mundamo, nyemba zamasamba ziyenera zofesedwa kwa zaka 2-3 mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wachilengedwe. M'minda yamasamba, pomwe dothi nthawi zambiri limakhazikitsidwa ndi feteleza wachilengedwe, ndikokwanira kuwonjezera kokha mchere, makamaka phosphoric ndi potashi. Feteleza wa nayitrogeni sathandizira, chifukwa chake michere yamphamvu yambiri imayamba kuyipitsa zipatso.

Pa dothi lokhala ndi humus yochepa, feteleza wachilengedwe mu mawonekedwe a kompositi amaikidwa mu nthawi yophukira kukumba pamlingo wa 4 makilogalamu (theka la ndowa) pa 1 sq.m. Chapakatikati, feteleza umagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa nyemba: 30 g ya superphosphate, 20 g wa potaziyamu mankhwala ena pa 1 sq.m. Zomwe zimayambitsa kwambiri ndi nkhaka, kabichi, phwetekere, mbatata. Pamalo omwewo, nyemba sizingafesedwe kale kuposa zaka 3-4.

Nyemba zimabzalidwa magawo awiri: koyambirira, nthaka ikafika pakuya kwa 10 masentimita mpaka 12-14 ° C, ndipo patatha masiku 7-10. Tisanafesere, mbewuzo amazipangira 20 min mu 1% yankho la potaziyamu permanganate (10 g pa 1 lita imodzi yamadzi), ndikutsukidwa m'madzi oyera ndikuwuma.

Nyemba zamtchire zofesedwa mpaka 5-5 masentimita pa mzere wa masentimita 40 kuchokera pamizere ndi 20-25 masentimita pakati pa mbewu. Nyemba za curly zimabzalidwa pamtunda wa 50 cm cm kuchokera mzere, 25-30 cm pakati pa mbewu. Kwa iye, zogwirizira zimakhazikitsidwa mpaka kutalika kwa 1.5 mita. Powuma, dothi lotenthetsedwa bwino, nyemba zimabzalidwa pamalo othyathyathya, komanso pazizirala ozizira zomwe zili ndi malo oyandikira pansi pamadzi - pamapiri.

Chisamaliro

Mwayi wosakayikitsa wa nyemba - modabwitsa.

Ichi ndi chomera chokonda kutentha ndi chithunzi, koma amalima, akubzala mbewu mwachonde kumapeto kwa Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni. Ndikotheka kukhazikitsa nthawi yobzala nyemba zokha, zimabzalidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi nkhaka, ndiye kuti, ngati simungathe kuopanso chisanu.

Nyemba zimakula bwino pamtunda wowala, wachonde, komanso madzi. Musanadzalemo m'munda pangani humus kapena kompositi. Nyemba za Bush zimamera m'mizere m'mizere itatu ndikubzala mu cheke. Mukabzala, mbewu ziwiri zisanakhazikike zimayikidwa mu dzenje lakuya masentimita 3-6 (kutengera kapangidwe ka dothi, lozama m'mapapu). Mtunda pakati pa mabowo ndi 20-30 cm, mizere ndi 30-45 cm.

Musanabzale nyemba zopindika komanso zopindika, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa zitsulo zolimba kuchokera pamtengo kapena pamatabwa (pulasitiki ndi zitsulo sizoyenera, chifukwa mtengowo sungathe “kuwapeza”) 2-2,5 m kutalika. Bowo limapangidwa pafupi ndi chithandizo chilichonse, pomwe mbewu ziwiri zimayikidwa pakama 5 cm. Mtunda pakati pa mabowo ndi masentimita 15. Kupereka kukhazikika kwa zimayambira, zikumera zomwe zidaphukira zimakhala zokhotakhota.

Kuwombera kumawonekera patatha masiku 5-7, iwo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chisanu. Pakakhala chiwopsezo chozizira, mbande zimakutidwa ndi spanbond kapena zinthu zina zophimba. Zomera zazikulu zimatha kupirira nthawi yayitali yozizira. Kutentha kwambiri kuti mbewu zikule ndi kukula ndi 20-25 ° C.

Kusamalira nyemba kumakhala kudulira kokhazikika, kuthirira (nyengo yotentha, yopanda mvula) ndikutulutsa tchuthi mzere. Kuti muchepetse kuthirira ndi udzu, dothi limatha kuwumbika. Nyemba (masamba amkati) zimakololedwa m'masabata awiri kapena atatu kuyambira pomwe maluwa adayamba.

Kuswana

Nyemba zofesedwa ndi mbewu. Nthaka yakonzedwa mu kugwa: iwo anakumba, kale atabalalitsa feteleza wa phosphorous pamalo ake - 30-40 g / m. sq. Feteleza wa potashi (20-30 g / m2) umayikidwa mu nthawi ya masika musanafesere kapena monga kuvala pamwamba pamtundu wa tsamba lenileni la 2-3. Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, kumtunda kwa thonje kumasulidwa ndi kakhola, kuphimba chinyezi. Kufesa kumachitika nthaka ikatentha mpaka 8-12 ° C (kum'mwera chakum'mwera - zaka khumi ndi zitatu za Epulo, pakati komanso kumpoto - I-II zaka khumi za Meyi). Zofesedwa m'njira wamba malinga ndi pulani ya 45 × 20-25 masentimita amitundu yamitundu yokwera komanso 25-30 × 10 - 15 cm pachitsamba. Kubzala mozama masentimita 3-4.Mbewu zimawonekera patatha masiku 4-6 mutabzala. Mu gawo la tsamba loyambirira, mbande zimadulidwa. Mukukula, dothi m'mizere ndi mizere imamasulidwa katatu, ndikuchotsa udzu. Nyemba ndi mbewu yolekerera chilala, koma mchaka chouma, kuthirira kumafunika.

Kukhwima kwa katswiri wa masamba a katsitsumzukwa kumachitika masiku 44 mpaka 47 ndipo masiku 50-55 ali mkati mwa zipatso zakupsa. Pofika nthawi imeneyi, nyemba zosankhwima zimafika kutalika kwa masentimita 10 mpaka 15, ndipo mbewu zomwe zili mkati mwake ndizofanana ndi kanjere ka tirigu. Kukolola kumachitika mosankha, pamene nyemba zimakula, kwa masabata awiri.

Madeti okolola nyemba zatsopano amathanso kuwonjezeranso mwa kufesanso. Zofesedwa mu June, mbewu zimayamba kufika kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, zikafesedwa mu Julayi - patatha mwezi umodzi. Nthawi zambiri, nyemba zimafesedwa ndi mbewu yachiwiri mutakolola masamba oyamba (kabichi, mbatata, letesi, radishes). Pofesa mobwerezabwereza, nyemba zoyambirira za chinangwa. Nyemba zochokera mobwerezabwereza mbewu zimakhala zofewa.

Makhalidwe a Feteleza

Ngati nyemba zimabzalidwa masamba atalandira masamba akuluakulu a feteleza wachilengedwe ndi michere (muzu, kabichi, mbatata, nkhaka, phwetekere), ndiye kuti safunikira feteleza wina.

Ngati nthangala zakonzedwa kuti zibzalidwe ngati apainiya pamalopo kapena zofesedwa pamadothi osabereka, feteleza ayenera kusankhidwa bwino kuonetsetsa kuti mbewu zikufunika komanso osapereka zochuluka.

Chowoneka pakupanga zakudya zopatsa mphamvu ndikuwonjezeranso kufunika kwa calcium poyerekeza ndi mbewu zina, chifukwa chake, kuwonjezerapo laimu kapena gypsum pakukumba kwa yophukira kumakupatsani mwayi kuchita zinthu ziwiri zabwino za nyemba - kupanga mulingo woyenera wa nthaka ndikuwapatsa calcium yofunikira.

Masamba oyamba akangobereka mu nyemba, kuvala koyamba koyambirira kumachitika, ndipo patatha milungu itatu - wachiwiri.

Popeza nyemba, chifukwa cha mabakiteriya omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, gwiritsani ntchito mpweya wa nayitrogeni, feteleza wopanda zonse wa nayitrogeni yekha amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuvala pamwamba. Nyemba zimayankha bwino zakudya muzakudya zomanga thupi kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza youma. Mulimonsemo, kutsirira pambuyo pake kuyenera kuchitika ndi madzi oyera, kutsuka masamba bwino.

Palibe chifukwa ngati feteleza owuma kapena njira zikagwera pamasamba nyemba, apo ayi mbewuzo zimayaka kwambiri. Masamba a Nyemba ndiwotchereketsa pankhaniyi. Ngakhale kuthira feteleza pompopompo ndi madzi oyera nthawi zonse kumalepheretsa kuyaka. Chifukwa chake, mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza, muyenera kusamala kwambiri. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wouma, dzanja ndi feteleza liyenera kupezeka pafupi ndi nthaka. Ndipo poika chovala chamadzimadzi pamtunda, mauna kuchokera kuthirira amatha kuchotsedwa, ndipo mphuno imatumizidwa kunthaka pakati pa mizere.

Kubzala nyemba kawiri kumachitika bwino mukatha kudyetsa.

Popeza mbewu za nyemba siziphimbidwa kwenikweni, kulima ndikofunikira: mbewuzo zimalandira chithandizo ndipo sizigona mvula ikagwa. Nyemba zimadulidwa pomwe nthaka imayamba kuwuma pambuyo poika umuna ndi kumwetsa kuthilira. Nthawi yoyamba yomwe mbewuzo zikulungidwa ndi dothi kumunsi kwa tsamba loyamba, kachiwiri - kukwera pang'ono.

Tcherani khutu!

Nyemba za Shrub ndi zabwino monga mbewu yachiwiri pambuyo poti masamba onse atakolola kale Julaye.

Nyemba zimafesedwa kuyambira m'ma Meyi nthawi zosiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa dothi komanso kuwonekera kwa malowo.

Ndikwabwino kubzala masabata awiri aliwonse kuti mukukolola nyemba zobiriwira mosalekeza. Komabe, muyenera kukumbukira kuti Julayi 15 ndiye nthawi yofesa nyemba, pomwe mutha kupeza mbewu. Nthawi imeneyi iyenera kukumbukiridwa makamaka pamene nyemba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbewu yapakatikati pa mbewu ya zipatso ya katsitsumzukwa. M'madera ozizira (kumpoto) kukawonetsedwa, sizingathandize kubzala nyemba pambuyo pa Julayi 10. Ndikofunikanso kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yochenjera yokha yofesa mochedwa.

Kuti mupeze mbewu ya nyemba, iyenera kufesedwa kumayambiriro, popeza ndikabzala mochedwa tiribe nthawi yokwanira. Tsiku lobzala posachedwa pamadothi opepuka ndi khumi oyambilira a Juni. Panthaka zina zonse, nyemba siziyenera kufesedwa kuti zikhalebe kumapeto kwa Meyi.

Pakakulitsa nyemba za mbewu, mitundu yambiri imabweretsa zipatso zochuluka kuposa mitundu yopanda fiber: pamenepa, sikuti malingaliro a nkhanu omwe ndi ofunikira, koma kukula kwa mbewu youma. Mitundu yakale ya North Star ndiyoyenera kwambiri izi. Ili ndi mbewu zoyera zoyera komanso zokolola zambiri. Mwa mitundu yonse ya nyemba zamtchire, imakhala ndi nyengo yayifupi kwambiri. Zosiyanasiyana siziyenera kufesedwa osati zazikulu kuposa zomwe tafotokozazi.

Kutola nyemba kwa mbewu kumapangidwa atakhwima kwathunthu. Osachotsa nthanga zamphesa pakuwonongeka nthawi zonse. Nthawi yokolola ikhoza kutsimikizidwa ndi masamba owuma, oterera a ma pod. Ngati nyengo yamvula ikuyembekezeka ndi nthawi yokolola, mbewu zonse, osakhudza nyemba zanu, zimadulidwa pamtunda (koma osazichotsa ndi mizu). Nyemba zomangidwa m'matumba a mbewu zimapachikidwa pamalo owuma, podutsa mpweya (wokhetsedwa, chapamwamba). Pano ali mpaka nthangala zosankhwima ziume, pambuyo pake zitha kupendana.

Mizu yosakhudzidwa pamodzi ndi mabakiteriya a nodule amakhalabe m'nthaka. Apa akuwola ndikulemeretsa nthaka ndi humus ndi nayitrogeni.. Izi zimabweretsa kuti mbewu zomwe zakulidwa nyemba, zimakula kwambiri popanda kuyambitsa feteleza wa nayitrogeni. Komabe, kukula kwama bakiteriya kungoyembekezeredwa kumene nyemba zokha zitakula bwino.

Mitundu ndi mitundu

Nyemba zamitundu yonse zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: mashelufu, shuga, shuga. Maonekedwe a nyemba ndi chitsamba, chopindika komanso chokhotakhota. Mwa kukhwima, mitunduyi imagawidwa kukhala yoyambirira kucha (mpaka masiku 65), sing'anga koyambirira (masiku 65-75), sing'anga (masiku 75 - 85), kupsa kwapakatikati (masiku 85-100), mochedwa (masiku opitilira 100).

Magulu A Nyemba

Mahelling, kapena njere, - adalimidwa kuti azipeza mbewu, chifukwa masamba a nyemba izi amakhala ndi zikopa. Ambiri mwa iwo omwe ali mkatikati mwa Russia ndi osayenera kukula - saipsa, ndipo sangagwiritsidwe ntchito kusapsa.
Semi-shuga - nyemba zokhala ndi zofowoka kapena zosachedwa zikopa, zimakhala ndi ulusi wosasangalatsa womwe uyenera kuchotsedwa musanaphike, womwe, sichabwino kwambiri.
Shuga kapena katsitsumzukwa, - zilibe ndi zikopa. Pakati pawo, mitundu yomwe mulibe ulusi wolimba pakati pa masamba ndiyotchuka kwambiri.

Nyemba Zosiyanasiyana

'Chachiwiri'- nyemba zoyambirira za nyemba za shuga. Mtengowo ndi wamtchire, wopindika. Ma pod osapsa ndi cylindrical, opanda ulusi, obiriwira, kutalika kwa 10-12 cm.
'Saxa' - Mitundu yoyambirira ya chinangwa. Nyemba zimakhala ndi kukoma kosakoma komanso kunenepa.
'Sax yopanda fiber 615' - mitundu yoyambira ya nyemba za chitsamba. Zosiyanasiyana ndi nyemba zachikondi za shuga, zokoma kwambiri, zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yopanga zipatso. Mbewu zachikasu zachikasu.
'Pinki' - Zodzipereka zapakatikati mwa nthawi ya nyemba zopindika. Kuyambira mbande mpaka kukolola koyamba kwa scapula masiku 65-85 akudutsa. Nyemba ndi zazitali, zapinki pamtengo, xiphoid, zopanda zikopa ndi ulusi, mumbewu iliyonse 6-10.
'Flat long' -popanda zipatso zoyambirira kucha za tirigu wopindika. Nthawi kuyambira mbande mpaka kukolola koyamba kwa scapula ndi masiku 45-50, kupsa kwa mbewu ndi masiku 70-75. Nyemba ndi zobiriwira zakuda, xiphoid, flat, 24-25 cm, popanda zikopa ndi ulusi.
'Moto wamoto' - mkulu-wodzipereka wopanda waya nyemba zosiyanasiyana. Nyemba zakonzeka kukolola patatha masiku 90 mutabzala. Nyemba ndi zobiriwira zakuda, thabwa, nyemba zosakwana 30 cm.
'Violet' - nyengo yapakati pa nyemba zopindika. Nthawi kuyambira mbande kupita paukadaulo ndi masiku 65-85. Nyemba ndi zazitali, zopanda zikopa, zokutetemera, zopindika pang'ono, zofiirira, mumitundu iliyonse ya 6-10.

Matenda ndi Tizilombo

Mwa tizirombo, zovulaza kwambiri ndi nyemba nyemba - Anthoscelides Discoverectus Say. Beetle 2.8-3,5 mm kutalika, yokutidwa ndi imvi ndiotuwa pamtunda pamwamba, ndikupanga mawanga osasalala; pi-hydium chikasu-chofiirira, chakunja cham'mbuyo chopanda mano mkati, zowonjezera kapena zochepa; m'chiuno cha miyendo yakumbuyo kuchokera pansi, pampendero wamkati, dzino limodzi lakuthwa ndi mano awiri ang'ono kumbuyo kwake. Egg 0.55-0.7 mm kutalika, 0,24-0.31 mm mulifupi, mulitali-chowongoka, chooneka ngati ndudu, chosakhala chopindika pang'ono, choyera, matte. Mphutsi zachikale, zomwe zimaswa mazira, kutalika kwa 3-5 mm, choyera kwambiri, m'malo mwa miyendo, ma tubercles ang'ono. Mphutsi za m'badwo woyamba ndi zoyera, ndi miyendo yolimba. Pupa 3-4 mm kutalika, chikasu choyera.

Kugawidwa pagombe lakuda la Caucasus, North Caucasus, ku Western Ukraine, Crimea ndi Moldova.

Tizilombo timabisala mkati mwa tirigu m'malo omwe timasungira, komanso m'munda - m'matumba ndi m'nthaka pansi pa zinyalala zomera. Popeza nyemba za tirigu sizimakhalapo pang'ono, zimapitilirabe m'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira nthawi yosungirako ndipo zimapezeka m'magawo osiyanasiyana akukulidwa. M'malo momwe nyemba zimasungidwa, tizirombo timamera mpaka mibadwo isanu ndi umodzi. M'munda, njere imapereka mibadwo 1-2.

Mu nthawi yophukira, kafadala amawuluka kuchokera malo achisanu kuti akole mtunda wa 2.5 km. Amadyetsedwa ndi ziwalo zoberekera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mungu: mungu, matalala, maluwa. Mu nthawi yamasika ndi nthawi yachilimwe, caryopsis imatha kupezeka pamsongole, pa nyemba za nyemba zomwe zimamera ndikudula, pa mbewu za nyemba za nyemba. Pa nyemba, caryopsis amawonekera kumayambiriro kwa kupanga nyemba; en masse - kumayambiriro kwa nyemba kucha, woyamba mitundu yoyambirira, kenako pakati ndikucha kucha. Zachikazi zimayikira mazira awo ming'alu mu msoko wa nyemba ndi m'maenje oyang'aniridwa makamaka munsamu wa dorsal, komanso mwachindunji pa seam (m'malo osungira mbewu) m'magulu a mazira 20 mpaka 40. Chonde cha mayi m'modzi ndi mazira 70-100. Kukula kwa embryonic kumatenga masiku 5 mpaka 11. Mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa iwo umapangidwa ndi 28 ... 30 ° C ndi chinyezi cha 70-80%. Mphutsi zimaluma njere, ndipo mbewu zina zonse zimayamba kumera pamenepo. Mphutsi zimakula kuyambira masiku 18 mpaka 30, mbawala - masiku 8-16.

Pa -10 ° C, nyemba za nyemba zikafa mkati mwa njere zimafa pambuyo maola 12, chimacho chitatha pambuyo pa 8, mphutsi pambuyo pa 7, ndipo mazira amapirira maola opitilira 16. Kuthira kwathunthu kwa mbeu kuchokera kumatenda mumagawo onse a chitukuko kumatheka ndi 0 ° C kwa miyezi iwiri.

Nyemba za nyemba zimawononga mitundu yonse ndi mitundu ya nyemba, koma nthawi zambiri - Mwachizolowezi, komanso anapiye ndi mbewa.Zochepa zomwe zimawonongeka: kuchokera ku nyemba - Tepari, Golide (Mash), Angular (Adzuki), Mpunga, Lima (Lunar) ndi Multiflowered, komanso kuchokera kuzomera zina - vindik, nyemba zam'madzi ndi mphodza. Mu njere imodzi imatha kukhala ndi mphutsi 28 zomwe zimakuta njere, kusungunuka ndi zimbudzi, ndipo mawonekedwe ake opatsa thanzi komanso mbewu amachepa. Monga kachilombo ka ma nyemba nyemba, Diparmus laticepsAshm amadziwika.

Malinga ndi akatswiri azaumoyo, nyemba zili pamndandanda wazakudya 10 zathanzi kwambiri. Nyemba ndizoyenera kudya odwala matenda ashuga komanso kudya mwachangu. CHIKWANGWANI, chomwe chili ndi nyemba zambiri zam'madzi, ndizoletsa zachilengedwe zomwe zimalepheretsa kudzimbidwa.

Mbewu za nyemba ndi nyemba zosankhira zobiriwira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Mtengo wapadera wazakudya za nyemba ukuphatikiza mapuloteni apamwamba kwambiri ndi wowuma, dzuwa, mchere, mavitamini ndi ma amino acid ofunikira. Khalani athanzi!