Chomera chamaluwa mirabilis (Mirabilis) ndi membala wa banja lachilendo. Mitundu iyi imagwirizanitsa mitundu yoposa 50. Pazinthu zachilengedwe, zimatha kupezeka m'malo otentha komanso otentha, ndipo zimapezeka kwambiri ku South ndi North America, koma pali mtundu umodzi womwe umachokera ku South Asia. Kuchokera ku Latin, "mirabilis" amatanthauzidwa kuti "zodabwitsa". Mirabilis yamtunduwu, monga Yalapa, amatchedwanso "kukongola kwa usiku", ndipo adapeza chikondi chachikulu kuchokera kwa wamaluwa. Maluwa awa ndi osavuta poyang'ana koyamba, koma amakhala ndi chidwi chodabwitsachi. Pa maluwa a mirabilis m'munda mumadzaza fungo labwino. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi kusadzikuza kwake komanso kutsika kwa nyengo zomwe zikukula. Nthawi zambiri, chomera choterocho chimakhala ngati chopanda chingwe chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chimawoneka chowala komanso chosangalatsa.
Zinthu za mirabilis (kukongola usiku)
Malo obadwira mitundu ya mirabilis Yalapa ndi Mexico. Chosatha ichi chimakhala ndi mizu yotupa, imalilidwa ngati chomera pachaka. Tchire limakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndipo kutalika kwake kumasiyana kuchokera pa 0.3 mpaka 0.8 mamita. Mphukira zowongoka zokhala ndi nthambi zowongoka zimapakidwa utoto wofiirira, mbali yake yam'munsi imakhala yolumikizika pakapita nthawi. Zolemba zotsutsa za petiole zotsutsana zimakhala ndi ovoid-elongated mawonekedwe ndipo zimakhala zobiriwira zachikuda. Mitundu yofiyira ya apory corymbose inflorescence imakhala ndi maluwa okongola kwambiri mpaka masentimita 2,5, omwe amatha kujambulidwa mu rasipiberi, lalanje, wofiirira, zoyera, zofiirira, zachikaso, zofiirira, komanso zokhala ndi mitundu iwiri kapena itatu. Maluwa amatseguka patatha maola 16, ndipo amatseka m'bandakucha. Ngati nyengo ndi yotentha, ndiye kuti maluwa a mirabilis amakhala otseguka tsiku lonse. Pa chitsamba chomwecho cha maluwa, maluwa amitundu yosiyanasiyana amatha kuphuka. Mwachitsanzo, maluwa okhala ndi mithunzi yosiyanasiyana ya pinki (kuyambira rasipiberi mpaka salmon) amatha kukongoletsa chitsamba chimodzi cha mirabilis, ndipo zimachitika kuti mikwingwirima yokongola imadzaza pamiyala. Chipatso chachikulu chokhala ndi mbewa chimodzi chimakhala ndi nthiti zakuthwa komanso mtundu wakuda. Mbewu zimakhalabe zotheka kwa zaka zitatu.
Kukula kwa mirabilis kuchokera ku mbewu
Kufesa mbande
Mirabilis yamtundu wa ilap ikhoza kufalitsidwa ndi njira yambewu. Musanapitirize ndi kufesa mbewu, ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse iwo, chifukwa ndikofunikira kuvulaza chipolopolo chawo, pogwiritsa ntchito sandpaper kapena fayilo. Thirani mu thermos yamadzi ofunda ndikuthira mbewu pamenepo, ayenera kukhalapo kwa maola 24. Mbewu zausiku wokongola zimafesedwa mbande kuyambira koyamba mpaka pakati pa Epulo. Kuti muchite izi, tengani magalasi amwini, omwe ali ndi mafuta pang'ono osakanikirana kapena osakanikirana ndi dothi, mutha kugula m'sitolo yapadera kapena mutapanga nokha. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kuphatikiza kompositi (humus), peat, dongo lonyowa komanso mchenga wosambitsidwa (1: 2: 2: 0.5), ndiye phulusa lamatanda (malita asanu osakaniza ½ chikho phulusa) kapena ufa wa dolomite (5 l osakaniza 2 supuni zazikulu za ufa). Dzazani makapu ndi kusakaniza kwa dothi ¾ kwama voliyumu, osayiwala kuyinyamula bwino. Kenako pangani kuti madziwo azithirira ndi njira yothanirana ndi mafangayi. Mu kapu imodzi imodzi, mbewu zingapo zimabzalidwa, zomwe zimakutidwa ndi mulifupi wosaneneka (kuchokera pa 10 mpaka 15 mm) wa gawo lotayirira, ndiye mbewuzo zimafunikira kuthiriridwa kuchokera mfuti yosemedwa bwino.
Kenako mbewu zimatsukidwa mu hotbed, kutentha kwa mpweya komwe kuyenera kukhala kuchokera ku digrii 18 mpaka 20.
Kukula mbande
Mbande zoyambirira zimatha kuwoneka pakatha masiku 5 kapena 6. Mbewu zikaoneka, musaiwale kuchotsa pogona ndikukonzanso makapu m'malo abwino. Mbewu zikaonekera papepala limodzi lokhazikika, zidzakhala zofunikira kuti muchepetse mbande. Kuti muchite izi, mu chikho chilichonse chokhala ndi lumo ndikofunikira kuyang'ana kumtunda kwa gawo lokhala ndi mbeu yomwe imawoneka yofooka kwambiri, kuti isasokoneze kukula ndi kukula kwa chomera cholimba. Nthawi yomweyo, mbande izifunikira kudyetsedwa koyamba, kugwiritsa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, Fertiku, Rastvorin kapena Krepysh.
Kuthirira mbande ndikofunikira pokhapokha dothi lapansi mugalasi likhala louma, ndipo zonse chifukwa zimakhudzana kwambiri ndikubowoleza kwa gawo lapansi. Mbewu zikakhala kuti zimatalika masentimita 10-15, zifunikira kusamutsidwa kumiphika yayikulu ndikudyetsedwanso kachiwiri pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza wovuta wa mchere. Mbewu zikamera bwino, zimafunika kuyamba kuumitsa. Kutalika kwa mbewu ndi theka ndi mwezi, nthawi yomwe azolowera zachilengedwe. Kuti muumitse mbande, ziyenera kusinthidwa tsiku lililonse kupita kumweya watsopano (khonde kapena dimba), pomwe nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala pamsewu iyenera kuchulukitsidwa pang'ono, pamapeto pake mbewu zimatha kukhala komweko tsiku lonse.
Kubzala mbewu za Mirabilis panthaka
Kubzala mbewu za kukongola kwausiku zitha kuchitika mwachindunji panthaka. Konzani mbeu zofesa ndendende ndi nthawi yofesa mbande. Kufika kwawo ukuchitika m'masiku otsiriza a Epulo kapena oyamba - mu Meyi. Fesani mbewuzo m'makola omwe adakonzedwa kale, ndikusunga mtunda wa masentimita 7 mpaka 8 pakati pawo. Kuti mukumbe mbewuzo m'nthaka mumangofunika 30 mm basi. Mbewu zimafunikira kuthiriridwa ndi madzi ofunda, pambuyo pake chiwembucho chimakutidwa ndi filimu kapena zinthu zosakongoletsedwa. Mbewu zoyambirira zikaonekera, pobisalira pamafunika kuchotsedwa. Maluwa akakula, adzafunika kuti adulidwe.
Kubzala mirabilis poyera
Nthawi yoti afike
Kubzala mbande za mirabilis panthaka lotseguka kuyenera kuchitika pokhapokha nthaka itatentha bwino ndipo sipadzakhala chowopseza kuzizira kozizira. Monga lamulo, nthawi ino imagwera kumapeto kwa masika. Maluwa oterowo ndi a thermophilic, kotero muyenera kusankha malo abwino ndi owotcha dzuwa kuti mubzale. Yesetsani kugawa malo abwino kwa mbewuyi momwe zingathere, apo ayi m'malo mwa maluwa oyandikira, popeza ndi amkali. Kuti duwa ili lithe, tikulimbikitsidwa kusankha loamy wathanzi kapena dongo lanyumba, lomwe limakhala ndi laimu. Ngati dothi ndi acidic, ndiye kuti liyenera kukhala likuchepera. Chomera sichilola kuti madzi azithothoka m'nthaka, potere, chifukwa chodzala, simungasankhe dothi lonyowa kapena lowerera.
Zowongolera
Mbande zimabzalidwa mzere, pomwe pakati pa toyesa mtunda wa 0.4-0.5 m ziyenera kuonedwa. Kukula ndi kuyikira kwa dzenje lobzala kuyenera kukhala kotero kuti zonse zomwe zili mumphika (mizu ndi chotumphukira pansi) zikhale bwino. Thirirani mbande maola 1-2 asanabzalidwe, pomwe mbewu zimatha kuchotsedwa mwachangu mu thankiyo ndikuzaboweka mu bowo lomwe likufunika kuphimbidwa ndi dothi. Zomera zobzalidwa zimafuna kuthirira bwino.
Kusamalira mirabilis m'munda
Mukakula m'mundamo, kukongola kwausiku kumasiyanitsidwa ndi chilengedwe chake, motero ndizosavuta kuusamalira. Kuti chomera chikule pachimake, chimafunikira kuthirira kambiri, komwe kumachitika nthawi ndi nthawi. Munthawi yayitali yadzuwa, muyenera kuthilira maluwa ngati amenewa kuyambira 1 mpaka 3 m'masiku 7. M'nyengo yotentha, makamaka, simudzakhala madzi a mirabilis konse. Mbewuyi ikathirira madzi kapena mvula ikamadutsa, ndikofunikira kumasula pansi panthaka yomweyo.
Munthawi yachilimwe, kukongola kwausiku kumafunika kudyetsedwa kawiri kapena katatu. Nthawi yoyamba kudyetsedwa kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakukula, yachiwiri - pakati pa chilimwe, ndi chachitatu - masiku otsiriza a chilimwe. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kudyetsa mirabilis ndi kompositi ndi humus, ngakhale ndibwino kuti tisawonjezere nthaka m'nthaka. Zodyetsera gwiritsani ntchito feteleza wamafuta ochulukirapo. Chonde dziwani kuti pakudya kwachiwiri ndi kwachitatu gwiritsani ntchito kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni.
Tizilombo ndi matenda
Duwa limakonda kugonjetsedwa ndi matenda komanso tizirombo. Koma nthawi yomweyo, ngati madzi adzasunthika munthaka, ndiye kuti chomera chimayamba kuzuka. Chitsamba choyambukiracho chikuyenera kukumbidwa ndikuwotcha, pomwe malo omwe idakuliramo amayenera kuthiridwa ndi yankho la fungicide, mwachitsanzo, Fundazole. Pazifukwa zopewera, boma la ulimi wothirira tiyenera kuwunikanso.
Nthawi zina, kukongola kwausiku kumatha kuchita dzimbiri kapena chimodzi mwa mawanga. Matenda oyamba ndi fungal amatha kutha mothandizidwa ndi mayankho a fung fung, komabe, musanapitirize ndi chithandizo cha fanizoli lomwe lakhudzidwa, chotsani maluwa ndi masamba kuchokera pamenepo.
Pambuyo maluwa
Ngati mukufuna, mu kugwa, mutha kukumba ma tubers akuda okongola usiku omwe amawoneka ofanana ndi kaloti ndikudula mphukira zawo kutalika kwa masentimita 10. Zomwe zimayambira zikauma, zidzadzigwetsa. Pukutirani timizila tating'onoting'ono mapepala, koma zingakhale bwino kuwasunga ndi mchenga. Zimasungidwa kuti zisungidwe m'malo omwe kutentha kwa mpweya kumasungidwa mkati mwa madigiri 3-7. Mu nthawi yamasika, tubers otere adzafunika kubzalidwe m'nthaka yabwino, kapena atha kumera m'mipika yamaluwa, kuyikidwa pazenera, ndipo ikatentha kunja, maluwa amawayika panthaka.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya mirabilis yokhala ndi zithunzi ndi mayina
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, wamaluwa amakhala makamaka ndi mtundu wa mirabilis - Yalapa, kapena kukongola kwausiku, kapena mirabilis yapamwamba. Mtunduwu wafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya kukongola usiku:
- Iolanthe. Mawonekedwe a theka la mita chitsulo ndi ozunguliridwa. Mphukira zamphamvu komanso zopindika kumtunda kumtunda ndizophukidwa kwambiri. Maluwa okhala ndi mawonekedwe opindika ndi apakatikati kukula ndipo amakula utoto; mizere imakhala pamwamba pa corolla yonse. Maluwa amatenga kuyambira masiku omaliza a Juni mpaka matalala kwambiri.
- Red lollipop. Tchire lalikulu limakhala lalitali mamita 0.9. Mphukira zonenepa kwambiri kumtunda zimapakidwa utoto wonyezimira. Zingwe zosavuta kuzimata zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwake ndi zavy. Danga lamaluwa ofiira okongola kwambiri limakhala pafupifupi masentimita 6.
- Elvira. Tchire la Fluffy ndilapakatikati kukula. Mphukira zosalala ndizolimba kwambiri. Ma phula obiriwira okhala ndi nsonga yosongoka amakhala utoto wakuda. Kutalika kwa mtundu wa maluwawo ndi 3.5 cm.
- Ti Nthawi Yofiyira. Kukula kwa mbewu ndi avareji. Knotty yosenda ikuwombera kumtunda mwamphamvu. Masamba obiriwira obiriwira amakhala osalala-o-mawonekedwe. Maluwa apakatikati opakidwa utoto wofiirira.
- Ti Time Fyomula Remixche. Mawonekedwe a chitsamba ndi ozungulira, amafikira kutalika kwa 0,7-0.9 m.Mapa masamba osavuta okhala ndi nsonga zowongoka amakhala ndi mawonekedwe obisika. Yabowoleka yosalala pansi. Munthawi zophunzirazi, maluwa osalala opindika bwino okhala ndi m'mphepete mwa wavy, utoto wawo umakhala wokhotakhota, ndipo m'mimba mwake amafikira 2.5 cm.
Mirabilis multiflorum imalimidwanso. Chitsamba chamuyaya ichi chimafika kutalika kwa 0,8 m. Mphukira yolimba ilibe kanthu. Masamba osalala okhala ndi mawonekedwe opindika. Maluwa amayamba mu Meyi, axillary inflorescence amapangidwa, omwe amaphatikizapo maluwa 2 mpaka 6 a maluwa obiriwira omwe amakhala m'mabedi ofanana ndi belu. Pakatikati mwa maluwa ndi masentimita 4-6.
Rotundifolia mirabilis akadakulakulidwa. Kutalika kwa tchire laling'ono kumakhala pafupifupi mamita 0.3. Pachikuto chonse cha apical inflorescence, maluwa pafupifupi atatu a utoto wofiirira amapangidwa, m'mimba mwake momwe simapitilira 10 mm. Maluwa amatuluka madzuwa, ndipo amatseka m'bandakucha.
