Kudziwika kwa munthu wokhala ndi aspidistra kunachitika pang'ono pasanathe zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Ndipo munthawi yochepa chonchi, malinga ndi mbiri yakale, mbewu zochokera kudera la Asia zidatha kupanga zinsinsi zambiri, zimakhala chizindikiro cha antifascism panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse komanso chizindikiro cha gulu lapakati panthawi ya Mfumukazi Victoria.
Aspidistra: nkhani ya kupezeka kwa chomera
Zomera zoyambirira, zomwe zapatsidwa tsopano kwa banja la Asparagus, zidapezeka ndi kufotokozedwa mu 1822 ndi botanist Gene Goler. Adapereka dzina la katswiri, koma malinga ndi malingaliro omwe adalipo, mtunduwo adawupereka ku banja la Lilein, komwe adakhala mpaka 2009.
Chomwe chidawerengedwa ndi mbewu zokhudzana ndi katsitsumzukwa ndi kakombo wa chigwa ndichakuti, mosiyana ndi maluwa, analibe mababu. Ndikosadabwitsa kuti ma pundits mochedwa adazindikira izi, koma kuyambira pachiwonetsero mpaka 80s ya zaka zapitazi sanayang'anitsidwe chidwi ndi mbali ya mitsempha.
Izi zitha kuweruzidwa pokhapokha njira za mungu wochokera pachomera sizikudziwika bwino, ndipo maluwa omwe adawerengedwa adaphunzira pang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, mu 70s, asayansi adalongosola mitundu ya 8-10 yokha, koma m'zaka khumi zotsatira mitundu ina makumi atatu idapezeka ku China. Pofika chaka cha 2008, asayansi anali kale ndi mitundu 93 yodziyimira yokha ya mbewu ya aspidistra. Ndipo lero akulankhula za mitundu ya 101, ndipo kutali ndi zomwe zapezeka, chifukwa zidapezeka kuti mitundu ya mitundu yolonjezayi ili ndi mitundu yambiri.
Kodi aspidistra amakula kuti?
Kwawo kwa aspidistra kumatha kuonedwa kumwera chakum'mawa ndi Asia kummawa. Zomera zamtunduwu ndi gawo la zomera zapadziko lapansi m'nkhalango zonyowa za East India, Taiwan ndi Japan. Komabe, chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha mitunduchi chinapezeka m'chigawo cha China cha Guangxi, ndipo Vietnam ndi mtundu wachiwiri wotseguka kwambiri, pomwe mtundu wina watsopano udapezeka mu 2013.
Kuwona kovuta pofufuza ndi kufotokozera mbewu sikufotokozedwa kokha ndi kuchuluka kwazomera zam'madera omwe akukula, komanso chifukwa chakuti pakati pa mbewu za aspidistra pali mitundu yambiri yamapeto yokhala ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino.
Chomera cha Aspidistra: malongosoledwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Aspidistra, mosasamala kanthu za malo okhala, ndi zomera zosatha za herbaceous pomwe zokwawa pamtundu wa peizomes, zangokhala zokha kapena zosonkhanitsidwa pang'ono, popanda wopanda tsinde, masamba athunthu ndi belu lanyama kapena maluwa osiyanasiyananso, mitundu ndi kukula kwake.
Maluwa, monga masamba, ali ndi petioles lalifupi kwambiri, kotero kwa alimi ambiri maluwa kutulutsa kwa chomera chaididistra kumadabwitsa kwambiri. Chipatso chomwe chimapangidwa pambuyo pa kupukusa kwa maluwa ndi mabulosi owongoka kapena mabulosi owoneka ngati peyala limodzi ndi njere zamkati mkati.
Ngakhale kuti chidwi cha asayansi, chidwi chazomwe zimafotokozedwa mwachangu mu chikhalidwechi. Zoposa zaka zana zapitazo, mtengowo udayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malo ku United States. Apa aspidistra amakula mkati, ndipo amakula poyera, phindu ndikuti mphamvu zikhalidwe zimaloleza kulekerera ngakhale kutentha pang'ono kwa subzero, kuthirira kochepa komanso mthunzi.
Ndipo ku Europe, makamaka ku UK, apidisistra wamkulu kapena elatior ayikiratu kwambiri. Komanso, mtengowo sunatchuka chifukwa chokha chokongoletsera masamba obiriwira owoneka bwino, komanso chifukwa chodabwitsanso modabwitsa.
Pali malingaliro oti ngakhale popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi kusamalidwa, chikhalidwe chimakhalabe chothandiza, ndipo dzina ladzina loti "chomera chachitsulo" lakhala likusiyidwa kumbuyo kwa proidistra pafupifupi zaka zana. Chikhalidwe chimalekerera mosavuta zomwe zili mumithunzi yakuya, m'malo othirira kwambiri kapena chinyezi chochepa. Ngakhale kutentha kwa -5 ° C kapena kutsika sikuvulaza kukongoletsa ndi thanzi la mbewu.
Kuphatikiza pa mbewu zomwe zili ndi masamba obiriwira osalala, kakumbutsidwe kakang'ono kwambiri ka chigwa, M'malo momwe katswiri wa spidistra amakulira mwachilengedwe, toyesa ndi masamba a masamba amiyala ndi mitsempha. Masiku ano, potengera mtundu wa Variegata wamtunduwu woyera kapena wachikaso, mitundu yambiri yazomera imakutidwa kutalika konse kwa tsamba. Pali ma spidistra okhala ndi malekezero ofotokoza masamba, ndi masamba okhala ndi masamba owoneka bwino.
Chiwerengero cha mitundu yomwe chilipo kwa okonda zamaluwa zamkati lero chili m'makumi. Zina mwazomera zomwe zimakondweretsa kwambiri ndi:
- "Asahi" kapena "dzuwa" mu chilankhulo cha Japan zimasiyana chifukwa masamba achichepere amakhala ndi chokoleti cha bulauni chokoleti, kenako pang'onopang'ono amatembenukira wobiriwira kuchokera pansi kupita pamwamba;
- "Hoshi-Zora" kapena "nyenyezi yakuthambo" yokhala ndi masamba akulu, okongoletsedwa ndi malo owala osowa;
- "Nyimbo za Lennon" zokhala ndi masamba ataliitali, owongoka, ndi mzere wobiriwira wamtundu wa masamba obisika;
- "Okame" yokhala ndi mikwaso yoyera poterera kutalika konse kwa pepalalo.
Aspidistra: mfundo zosangalatsa
Pali mbewu zambiri zokhala ndi mbiri yayitali yosangalatsa, monga ya aspidistra, pazaka 200 zomwe zakhala zikudziwika sayansi, chikhalidwe ichi chatha kukulitsa nkhani zowoneka bwino komanso zodabwitsa kwambiri.
Chochititsa chidwi choyamba chokhudzana ndi aspidistra chimatchula dzina lake. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kumva mtundu womwe mbewu imatchedwa ndi "spids", ndiye kuti njoka. Komabe, tikatembenukira ku zomwe zikupezeka pachikhalidwe cha anthu, zimadziwika kuti, potchulanso chomeracho monga spidistra, wopanga botolo adaganiza za mawonekedwe ake masamba, omwe mwa mitundu ina amafanana ndi malupanga awiri konsekonse. Popeza, monga J. Goler adatonza, dzina "gladiolus" lidatengedwa kale, kunali kofunikira kuyitanitsa lotseguka la genus aspidistra.
Mwambi wachiwiri kapena chinthu chosangalatsa chokhudza aspidistra chikugwirizana ndi njira ya kupukusa mbewu. Olemba ambiri amati maluwa okhala ndi chikho pansi panthaka amapukutidwa ndi ma slgs, nkhono, ndipo ngakhale crustaceans yaying'ono. Mtunduwu, womwe wakhalapo kwazaka zambiri, tsopano umadziwika kuti ndi nthano chabe.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa yemwe wachitika mmaiko angapo ndi asayansi ochokera ku Britain, China, USA ndi Russia awonetsa kuti kusamutsidwa kwa mungu, kutengera malo omwe aspidistra amakulira, kumachitika ndi misomali yaying'ono, udzudzu wa bowa ndi midges. Komanso, kwa mphutsi zakumapeto, maluwa a aspidistra amakhala nyumba. Mphutsi zomwe zimasiyidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndikukula mkati mwa corolla timayesa ngakhale mungu, koma, pakucha, amatuluka panja ndikusunthira tinthu tomwe timapukusira mungu kuchokera kwa stamens kupita ku pestle.
Kunyumba ya aspidistra, ku Japan, masamba a chomerachi agwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri kupatukana pa thireyi wamba kapena bokosi la mbale imodzi, yomwe ndi mwambo wopatsa zakudya fuko. Zowona masiku ano, pamene amadyera mwaluso mwaluso asinthidwa ndi pepala kapena pulasitiki, masamba a aspidistra amawonekera kokha m'malesitilanti azokometsera kapena mu ntchito za ambuye ojambula.
Palibe chosangalatsa ndichakuti aspidistra ndi mbewu yomwe imakonda kwambiri ambuye amakono pakupanga nthambi. Masamba apulasitiki ndi olimba kwambiri ndiwokongoletsa maluwa, maluwa, kapena mabatani, komanso ntchito zazikulu.
Amadyera kwa nthawi yayitali samataya mtundu wawo wolemera, bulilage ndi elasticity ngakhale pansi pa dzuwa ndi zowala, mumphepo komanso kuzizira.
Kodi aspidistra akuimira chiyani?
Mayiko ambiri ali ndi chonena kuti chilichonse chatsopano ndi chakale chosaiwalika bwino, chomwe chimatanthauzira kwathunthu kwa katswiriyu. Masiku ano, alimi a maluwa akutenga chidwi kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chokongoletsa masamba omwe amakhalapobe ngakhale pazinthu zosayenera.
Ndipo mafunde oyamba kutchuka a chomerachi adachitika munthawi ya Mfumukazi Victoria, pomwe zokongoletsera zamaluwa ndi zambiri zambiri mkati mwake zidayamba. Chochititsa chachikulu pa kalembedwe kameneka chinali maluwa atsopano, omwe amawonekera m'nyumba za anthu wamba otchuka, komanso anthu wamba.
Zingaoneke ngati zovuta! Masiku ano sizovuta kukula chikhalidwe chanu chomwe mumakonda mumphika, koma zaka zana zapitazo olima maluwa adakumana ndi vuto loletsa banal. Kuwala kwanyumba zomwe sizinathetse nyanjazo sikukwaniritse zosowa za nyaliyo, Komanso, kuwononga mpweya mopanda chofufumitsa, motero okhawo okhwima kwambiri ndi omwe adapulumuka. Aspidistra ndi mbewu yomwe idakhala yobiriwira komanso yatsopano ngakhale nyengo za England kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazo.
Maonekedwe a mphika wokhala ndi aspidistra mnyumbamo chinali chisonyezo chokomera komanso chosonyeza kuti ali m'gulu lapakati.
M'malo mwake, chomeracho chidakhala chofunikira kwambiri mu buku la George Orwell. Buku la "Keep the Aspidistra Flying" lidasindikizidwa mu 1936. Ku USSR, adasindikizidwa pansi pa mutu wovomerezeka mdziko loti "Long live the ficus!". Bukuli likufotokoza nkhani ya Gordon Comstock, wolemba ndakatulo komanso wolemba yemwe sanathe kuzindikiridwa motero amagwira ntchito muofesi yotsatsa.
Ngakhale ngwazi igwera bwanji, imazindikira kuti katswiri wa moyo, zomwe zikufanizira chikhumbo chokhala moyo wotukuka kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana zapitazi, ndizobiriwira komanso zatsopano.
Kusamvana kwapadera pakati pa munthu ndi chomera kumatha Gordon akakumana ndi chikondi, kukwatiwa ndikupeza kuti adzakhala bambo. Zinafika poti kulakalaka kulemekezana sikunoyipa kwenikweni, ndipo katsimikizidwe kazachipembedzo kazabwino, kamakhala kabwino kwambiri.
Pambuyo pake wolemba adavomereza kuti anachita manyazi ndi bukuli, popeza bukuli linali ndi zochitika paokha ndipo lidasindikizidwa kokha chifukwa cha zovuta za wolemba. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti wophunzirayo mwiniwakeyo adazindikira kuvomerezeka kwa mawu omwe aperekedwa pamutuwo.
Pambuyo pake, mu 1938, katswiri wodziwika bwino uja uja anakhala wotchuka mu nyimbo yotchuka. "Wopidistra wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi" adachitidwa ndi a Gracie Fields, ndipo mkati mwa zaka zankhondo adakhala mtundu wa nyimbo yokana, popeza cholinga chake chidakhala chida chodziwika kwambiri chawailesi yayikulu kwambiri ya ku anti-fascist ku England, yotchedwanso dzina la ASPI kapena "Aspidistra".
