Mbatata - mkate wachiwiri, ndiwo zamasamba popanda zomwe sitingathe kuziyerekeza ndi moyo wathu. Kwenikweni, mu mbale iliyonse mumakhala mbatata yamtundu uliwonse kapena, ndipo, m'chigawo chilichonse zana kapena awiri ndikugawa. Kalanga ine, kuti aliyense amadziwa momwe angakulire mbatata molondola, sakudziwana ndi malamulo oyambira alimi a mbewuyi, chifukwa chake mbewu nthawi zina zimakhala zochepa chabe. Lero titsegula chophimba chachinsinsi pa njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yosamalirira mbatata - hilling.
Kukula mbatataKodi mbatata ndiyotani?
Kutengera ndi dzinali, mwambowu umakhala mukupaka zitsamba za mbatata ndi dothi mofewa komanso lotayirira. Nthawi zina, kuti apeze zokolola zochuluka, zonse zomwe mbatata ikufuna ndikulimbana ndi namsongole, tizirombo ndi kulipira mitengo yabwino, yomwe nthawi zina imateteza motsutsana ndi zovuta za nyengo.
Kodi kulondola kwa chiyani kukuchitika? Zimatsimikiziridwa osati pamaziko a malamulo a njirayi, komanso kutsimikiza kolondola kwa nthawi yopumira. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina kuyerekeza koyamba komwe kumapangitsa bizinesi kukhala bwino, ndiye kuti gawo lachiwiri ndikukhazikitsa chiwerengero chokwanira cha mapiri ndipo chachitatu ndi nthawi ya tsiku komwe kubowola kotetezeka ndikotetezeka kwambiri kwa mbewu zamapoto.
Ndikofunika, mukakulitsa mbatata, kugwiritsa ntchito khasu kuti izi zisawononge mphukira zazing'ono za mbewu ndi mizu. Ili ndiye cholakwika chofala kwambiri: pambuyo pa zonse, ngati zina zowonongeka kwambiri (ndipo nthawi zina zimawonongeka pang'ono), izi zimatha kusokoneza kakulidwe kazomera, ndipo kuwonongeka kwambiri kwa mphukira kuli pachiwopsezo cha kufa kwathunthu kwa chitsamba kapena ambiri a iwo.
Ponena za mawuwa, apa malingaliro a akatswiri onse ndi olima "wamba" amasiyana. Mwina chokhacho apa ndikuti nthawi yopanga ndalamayo isankhidwe kutengera kutalika kwa mbatata ya mbatata, komabe, manambala omwe amapezeka nthawi zina amasiyanasiyana kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, ena amati ndalama yoyamba ikhoza kuchitika ikayambira kutalika kwa 13 cm, ina ku 15, yachitatu pa 18 ndi ena mpaka 20. Nthawi zina pamakhala zidziwitso kuti ndalama zoyambira ziyenera kuchitika mutangolumikizidwa. 6-8 masentimita kapena, mwachidziwikire, yang'anani mwachilengedwe (kutengera nyengo, nthaka, ndi zina).
Inde, ndizotheka kusokonezeka, koma tizingoyang'ana kwambiri malangizo a "odziwikiratu", chifukwa chake amawalangiza kuti aziluka mbatata mwachangu, osazengereza, popeza kufalikira kungachepetse kuchulukitsa kwa nthaka komanso kumasula kwake. M'madera ozizira, pakati pazinthu zina, hilling imathanso kuteteza (nthawi zina kupulumutsiratu) mbewu kuchokera kuzisanu zobwerera.
Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yoyamba kubwezeretsa koyamba kumadaliranso nthawi yomwe munabzala mbatata. Mwachitsanzo, ngati munabzala mbatata m'mawu achikhalidwe ichi, ndiye kuti, kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, ndiye kuti mkati mwa mwezi uno, pomwe mbande zikukula kale, ndizotheka kuchita koyamba kubereka. Pakadali pano munthawi yake, hilling ichitanso mbali ziwiri - kuphatikiza monga chitetezo.
Mbatata zosenda.
Kuyambitsidwa koyamba kwa mbatata
Ngakhale pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana, timamverabe akatswiri: amalimbikitsa kuti kubzala koyambirira kuchitike pamene kutalika kwa mitengo kuyambira kuyambira sikisi mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu mpaka zisanu ndi zinayi kuchokera pansi. Nthawi yomweyo, ngati kuzizira kwamphamvu kukuyembekezeka, kufikira chisanu ndiye kuti ndizovomerezeka kuphimba tchire lonse ndi mutu, "kwathunthu." Zikatero kuti chisanu sichimayembekezeredwa, ndiye kuti palibe chifukwa chokwanira kuphimba tchire, popeza malo oterowo angalepheretse kukula kwa mbewu.
Poterepa, zikhala zokwanira ngati mungakweze nthaka kuzungulira mbatata mbatata masentimita angapo. Kuchita koyamba koyambirira kumatha kuchitika ndi treta yoyenda kumbuyo ndi manja, i.e. khasu, ndiye kuti ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito khasu, ndiko kuti, chida chamanja, ngakhale ngati muli waluso pa thirakitala loyenda kumbuyo, ndizovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito. Chachikulu ndikuyesa kutenga dothi pozungulira-patalikiralo ndikugaya mbewuzo kuti dothi likhale mbali zonse, osati kuchokera kumodzi kapena awiri.
Kugunda kwachiwiri kwa mbatata
Kupitilira apo, mikangano sikulankhula za nthawi yoyamba yokwanira, koma za kuchuluka kwa mapiri. Koma pano wamaluwa ambiri akadali ofanana mu chinthu chimodzi: kuchuluka kwa mapiri kuyenera kukhala kofanana ndi atatu kapena anayi ndipo osachepera awiri.
Chifukwa chake, itatha yoyamba kuponya, ndikofunikira kuchita yachiwiri, pomwe ma tubato mbatata ayamba kale kupanga. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika patadutsa masiku 15-18 kuchokera nthawi yoyamba kumenyedwa, ndiye kuti, ikafika koyambirira kwa Meyi komanso koyambira koyamba kumapeto kwa Meyi, yachiwiri imatha kuchitika koyambirira kwa Juni. Chofunikira ndi kukhala nthawi maluwa asanayambe, chifukwa nthawi ya maluwa, akatswiri amalangiza mbewu za mbatata kuti zisataye, ndipo nthawi zambiri yesetsani kuti zisawakhudzenso.
Kugulitsanso kwachiwiri ndi njira yovuta kwambiri komanso yolimbikira ntchito, sizingatheke kuyendetsa mizere ndikutenthetsa nthaka pang'ono, monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi yoyamba. Pakukula kwachiwiri, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti kutalika kwa mgawo pafupi ndi chomera chilichonse cha mbatata ndi 15-17 masentimita, apo ayi, timatumba titha kutuluka m'nthaka ndipo, motsogozedwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, kudzikundikira kwa poizoni wa solanine mwa iwo titha kuwonedwa, titha kuwonedwa kuchokera pa atypical, mtundu wobiriwira wa tubers .
Lachitatu komanso lotsatira kutha kwa mbatata
Chotsatira, kubowola kachitatu, nthawi zambiri kumachitika kutalika kwa mbatata kufika pa 23-26 cm. Pochita izi, khasu lifunika kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala, sikofunikira kuphimba mbewu zambiri, monga momwe ambiri amachitira; Izi ndizolakwika, komabe, dothi laling'ono liyenera kuponyedwa pakati pa mphukira. Njira imeneyi imathandizira mbatata kukula m'lifupi. Zotsatira zake, kumapeto kwa gawo lachitatu la hilling, kutalika kwa wokwerako kuyenera kukhala pamlingo wa 17-19 cm.
Kukula kwachitatu sikuchitika ndi aliyense, komabe, kwatsimikiziridwa kuti kukhazikitsa kwake kungathandizire kukulitsa zokolola za mbatata, ngati mungakhale ndi mwayi, ndiye kuti simuyenera kunyalanyaza hill yachitatu.
Ngati tchire layamba kugwa ndipo zisa m'mphepete mwa nyanjayo sizinawonedwe, ndiye kuti kusanja kwachitatu kuyenera kuchitika.
Ngati kubzala mbatata kumakula kwambiri, zomwe zimachitika munthaka yokhala ndi michere komanso yanyontho, pomwe tchire limakula mosadukiza komanso m'lifupi ndi ma tubers nthawi zina limabowoleka pansi pambuyo pa mapiri atatu, ndiye chovomerezeka kuchita ndichinayi chomaliza.
Kukula mbatata.
Nthawi yabwino kwambiri yopewa mbatata ndi iti?
Chifukwa chake, pochita kalendala yosangalatsa komanso kuchuluka kwa zomwe mungachite, tamva kale, tsopano tiyeni tikambirane za nthawi ya zitunda. Izi nthawi zambiri zimafunsidwa ndi wamaluwa a novice omwe amabzala mbatata kwa nthawi yoyamba pamapulogalamu awo ndipo funso ili, ngakhale likuwoneka losavuta, ndilofunikira.
Aliyense wa ife, makamaka ku ma dachas, adawona alimi omwe akugulitsa mbatata kwenikweni kutalika kwa tsiku. Zowonadi, anthu amadzuka m'mawa, kupita ku kanyumba, kudya ndi kutuluka ndi wowononga kumunda masana, kumbuyoko kapena pang'ono. Kodi izi ndizowona ngati, masana komanso nthawi yayandikira, dzuwa, monga lamulo, limawotcha ndipo limagwira ntchito kwambiri? Zachidziwikire kuti ayi, sizowona: alimi ambiri, atamaliza mbatata masana, adazindikira momwe tchire limafalira kwenikweni madzulo.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti nthawi yotentha kwambiri masana, mbewu zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri ndi mitundu yonse yantchito nawo, ndipo timaponyanso tchire nthawi zambiri nthaka yotentha, yomwe nthawi zina imapangitsa kuti chinyontho chachikulu chiwonongeke, kutsika turgor. Poganizira izi, nthawi yabwino kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito mbatata ndi m'mawa kapena nthawi yamadzulo. Ntchitozi zimayenera kumalizidwa pofika maola 10-11 masana ndi kupitiriza pambuyo pa 6 madzulo. Zachidziwikire, ngati nyengo ili yamtambo, ndizotheka kunyamula ndalamazo nthawi ina iliyonse masana.
Mwa njira, mvula ikagwa, ndalama zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa zimawoneka kuti ndizabwino kwambiri kwa mbatata, izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti dothi lanyowetsedwa bwino ndipo silinapunthwe mutatha kuluka, zomwe zingapulumutse nthawi yanu ndi ntchito yanu mtsogolo. Kuphatikiza apo, dothi lonyowa, lodzazidwa ndi mphukira, lidzalimbikitsa mapangidwe mobisa (stolons), omwe ma tubers amapanga mtsogolo, ndipo, chifukwa chake, izi zidzaonjezera zokolola kuchokera ku chomera chimodzi komanso ku chiwembu chonse.
Pakakhala kuti palibe njira ina, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito ndolo masana masana, tikulimbikitsani kuti muthirtse bwino maderawo musanabwerere ndalama, izi zizizilitsa dothi lapamwamba ndikuwonjezera chomera chanu.
Kukula mbatata.
Kodi ndizofunikira nthawi zonse kuti mbatata izitulutse?
Chifukwa chake, mikangano pakati pa olima dimba, makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwa, yayamba osati chifukwa cha nthawi, kuchuluka kwake, komanso chifukwa cha kuchitika kwa chochitika ichi. Ambiri amanenanso kuti kubzala kumangowonjezera ntchito paulimi wovuta wa mbatata, womwe umaphatikizapo udzu, kuwongolera tizilombo, komanso njira zobzala ndi kudzikolola nazonso ndizovuta.
Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tiwone maubwino owoneka bwino a mbatata zokometsera ndikupereka zitsanzo zingapo zokulitsa izi zamasamba pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje ena pamene kuwononga sikofunikira konse, ndipo mukusankha kupanga kapena ayi.
Ubwino wodziwikiratu komanso wopanda pake wa mbatata ndizowonjezera kukula ndi kukula kwa zinthu zam'mwamba ndi zapansi (mizu ndi ma tubers), ngati simuposa kutalika kwa khutu lomwe mwatisonyeza ndipo musadzaze mbewuzo ndi mutu, kupatula nthawi yoyamba, ngati chitetezo cha chisanu chikufunika.
Kuphatikiza kwotsatira ndikusintha kwa mpweya ndi madzi nthaka, chifukwa choti kutumphuka kwa dothi sikupangika pamwamba pake. Mtsutso wina wokonda hill ndikuteteza mbewuyi osati kuzizira, komanso kuyanika, yomwe ndiyofunikira kwambiri nyumba zamalimwe, komwe timachitika nthawi ndi nthawi, ngati pamalo omwe ali pafupi ndi komwe timakhala, titha kuchita zina kunyowetsa nthaka komanso kuthirira mbewu, ngati kuli kouma kwambiri komanso kotentha, ndiye kuti titha kubwerera ku zophukira zouma kupita kunyumba.
Pankhani ya kubowola, kumene, monga tidalemba kale, ndibwino kuyigwira mvula ikamatha, chinyontho, komanso mukalowetsa nthaka, chimadzakhala, kupita kumizu osasuluka.
Kupitilira apo, kulima kumatipangitsa kuti tithane ndi namsongole nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa timaphimba dothi ndi danga lina, potero tikulepheretsa kukula kwa udzu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mbatata sizikhala ndi mpikisano ndipo zimalandira chakudya chambiri komanso chinyezi.
Zina zonse, chifukwa cha kukweza, tchire limakhala lonyowa, limafanana ndi maluwa pang'onopang'ono, siligwera, silikula kwambiri, chifukwa chake musadetse mbewu zapafupi. Mwa luso kukonza malowa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito makulidwe a malo omwewo, mutha kuyika mbewu zocheperako khumi ndi khumi ndi zinayi kuposa pamene mukukula osalima, ndikukutola mbewu zazikulu.
Mbatata zosenda.
Pomaliza, hilling idzateteza tubers kuti isakhudzidwe ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa komanso kudzikundikira kwa solanine, yomwe tanena kale. Musaiwale kuti solanine ndi poizoni, imachuluka kwambiri mu mbatata zomwe zimagwera pansi pa kuwala kwa dzuwa, komwe kumakhala ndi ubweya wobiriwira. Zachidziwikire, kwa munthu, mlingo wowopsa kapena mlingo tikakumana ndi poyizoni ndi wokulirapo, komabe, bwanji mukuyesa mwayi wanu ndikupha thupi lanu kachiwiri?
Mwachilengedwe, kuti kuwongolera kumapereka zabwino zonse, muyenera kusamala ndi mbewu. Mukamachita hilling, ndikofunikira kuyesa kupewa kuvulala kwamtundu uliwonse wa mbatata ndi mizu yake, apo ayi simungathe kukonza mbewu, koma kukulira. Kumbukirani kuti simuyenera kuthamangira pano, ngati muli ndi nthawi yocheperako, ndiye kuti ndibwino kuti mufikire masiku awiri kapena atatu.
Kuchita njira ina
Pomaliza, monga tinalonjezera, zitsanzo zingapo za kukula mbatata popanda hilling. Njira yoyamba ndikugwiritsa ntchito nsalu yakuda yopanda nsalu. Apa, sikuti aliyense komanso osati kukumba dothi nthawi zonse. Nthawi zambiri, dothi, lomwe limakumbidwa bwino ndikakumbidwa, limayala mbali imodzi ya chivundikiro, ndipo malinga ndi momwe abzala kale mbatata, mabowo amapangidwira ndipo timabzala timabzala. Kenako imangotsalira madziwo, ngati kuli kotentha komanso kowuma, ndikulimbana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda.
Njira yachiwiri yosinthira hanzi ndi kugwetsa. Pano, mmalo mwake, sitisonkhanitsa timitengo mu mulu, koma timafalitsa padziko lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, pamwamba pa phesi lirilonse pamafunika kuwaza ndi dothi sentimita imodzi, kusiya korona yokha yokha. Koma njirayi imapereka njira yowonjezera maudzu komanso kumasula kwa nthaka.
Chifukwa chake, tatiuza kuti, liti, nthawi yanji masana ndibwino kuchita hill. Kutengera zabwino za mwambowu, zili ndi inu kuti mupeze zoyenera kuchita kuti muthe kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kapena chovala chakuda chopanda nsalu kapena kuyesa kubzala mbatata pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wina.
Chachikulu ndichakuti, ngati mungasankhe kuyesa, osagwiritsa ntchito njira zonse “zoyeserera”, koma sankhani gawo lokhalo pokhapokha, ndipo ngati njira yokhayo yatsimikizika kuti ikuyenda bwino ndikufafaniza zonse zomwe mwaphunzira pa mbatata irrotechnics, ndiye kuti chaka chamawa ndizotheka kupereka tsamba lonse lili pansi pa "kudziwa-bwino", ndipo ngati njirayo siyothandiza kapena siyothandiza, simutaya kwambiri.
