Kukula anyezi kuchokera ku sevka

Monga chikhalidwe, anyezi amadziwika, amadyedwa ngati mankhwala, ngakhale a Sumerian. Ku Russia, chikhalidwe cha anyezi adawonekera kuzungulira zaka za XII. Masiku ano amalimidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Mtengowu udatchuka chifukwa cha mankhwala komanso thanzi. Anyezi ndi anyezi wobiriwira cholembera zimakhala ndi zinthu zosasintha - mavitamini "A", "B", "B1", B2 "," C "," PP ", mchere wamchere ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwa anthu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya zatsopano mu masaladi, komanso pokonza mbale zotentha ndi kupangira makontrakitala. Munkhaniyi tikambirana za agrotechnics zokulira anyezi kuchokera ku sevka.

Anyezi.

Zachilengedwe za anyezi

Anyezi ndi mbewu imodzi, ziwiri, ndi zitatu chaka chimodzi. M'chaka choyamba, anyezi kapena arbazheika zimapezeka kwa anyezi mbewu (chernushka) - anyezi yaying'ono 1-2 masentimita awiri 2,5 gramu. Kwa zaka 2, babu lalikulu (chiberekero) limapezeka kuchokera pagulu. Mababu a uterine ndi anyezi wogulitsa. M'chaka chachitatu, mutabzala chiberekero, amalandira mbewu za anyezi, zomwe zimatchedwa nigella za utoto.

Kumagawo akum'mwera, mbeu ya anyezi ikhoza kupezekanso ndi kulima kwa zaka ziwiri: chaka choyamba amalandila babu yayikulu ya chiberekero ndipo mchaka chachiwiri testis imakhala pamtunda wokwera kwambiri wowongoka momwe imakhazikitsira inflorescence yozungulira.

Zosiyanasiyana anyezi

Anyezi, molingana ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yakuwala, amagawika m'magulu awiri akuluakulu:

• gulu la mitundu yamtundu wakumpoto. Nthawi zambiri amakula ndi kupanga zipatso (bulb) ndi zipatso (chernushka) nthanga ya maola 15-18 okha patsiku. Mitundu ya Kumpoto mikhalidwe ya nthawi yochepa masana imakhala ndi nthawi yongokulitsa nthenga zobiriwira zokha, koma sizipanga mababu konse.
• Zosiyanasiyana zakum'mwera zigawo zimapanga mbewu yabwinobwino yochepa masana - maola 12 patsiku. Mukakulitsa nthawi yakuwala kumitundu yakum'mwera, mababu samacha, sasungidwa bwino.
• Masiku ano, obereketsa amabzala mitundu yomwe siyimagwira mwachangu kutalika kwa tsiku ndipo nthawi zambiri imakula ndikukula kumpoto ndi kumwera, pansi pazinthu zina.

Ndi kukoma, anyezi agawika m'magulu atatu:

• lakuthwa
• peninsular
• wokoma kapena saladi.

Mafuta ofunikira, kapena m'malo mwake, kuchuluka pakati pa mashuga ndi mafuta ofunikira, amapereka lakuthwa kapena kuwawa kwa anyezi. Shuga wocheperako, mafuta osafunikira kwenikweni, chifukwa chake anyezi wowonda kwambiri ndi masamba a anyezi (nthenga). Masiku ano, obereketsa amapereka mitundu yopanda kuwawa, yotchedwa saladi wokoma.

Anyezi kuyambira sevka mpaka mababu akulu.

Njira zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito njira zaulimi wa anyezi

Zotsogola ndi kuyenderana

Anyezi ali ndi mizu ya fibrous, yomwe singapange zokolola zambiri popanda zakudya zowonjezera. Chifukwa chake, anyezi amayikidwa pambuyo pa zokolola zomwe zimalandira manyowa nthawi yophukira (kabichi koyambirira, tomato, nkhaka, mbatata zoyambirira ndi zapakati, zukini, mavwende, nyemba).

Anyezi amalumikizana bwino ndi mitundu yonse ya kabichi, kaloti, beets, radishes, zobiriwira, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wophatikiza mbewu izi ndi mbewu zophatikizika.

Zofunikira zadothi

Anyezi nthawi zambiri amakula pa dothi losalowerera pH = 6.4-6.7. Ngati dothi limapangidwira ndikugwiritsira ntchito feteleza wazaka zambiri, ndiye kuti zaka ziwiri musanabzalire anyezi, dothi pansi pa mbewu zakale limasungunuka ndikugwiritsa ntchito laimu wosalala, ufa wa dolomite 200 g / m². Kuchepetsa nthaka musanafesere, kubzala anyezi sikololera. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito phulusa la nkhuni 300-400 g pa 1 mita imodzi.

Anyezi sindimakonda zatsopano monga organic, koma dothi lomwe latha mu nthawi yophukira kapena masika, mutha kuwonjezera ma humus okhwima pa 1.5-2.0 kg / m² malo. Mukugwa, ma phosphorous ena ndi feteleza wa potashi amawonjezeranso kukumba.

Hafu yachiwiri ndi kuphatikiza feteleza wa nayitrogeni imagwiritsidwa ntchito masika musanafesere ndikubzala mbewu. Pazinthu zolemera, amakhala ndi mwayi wokhazikitsa zinthu zowola kuti zikumbe. Pa peat, feteleza wa nayitrogeni samachotsedwa, ndipo mlingo wa phosphorous umachulukitsidwa ndi 30-40%.

Zofunika zachilengedwe

Anyezi ndi mbewu zosagwira. Chifukwa chake, kufesa ndi kubzala kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yotentha, pomwe kutentha kwa nthaka mu 10 masentimita kukwera mpaka + 10 ... + 12 ° C, ndipo mpweya sugwa pansi + 3 ... + 5 ° C. Anyezi akuwombera sawopa kubwerera kwakanthawi kochepa kasupe wozizira. Kuzizira mpaka -3 ° C sikuvulaza mbande, koma mbewu zachikulire kumayambiriro kwa kutentha kochepa (-3 ... -5 ° C) kuyimitsa kukula ndi chitukuko, kucha kwa mbewu.

Anyezi amafunika chinyezi chokwanira, makamaka pakapangidwa kwa mbeu ndi babu a chiberekero. Mbewu zopanda chinyontho zimagwidwa ndi kumera kochepa, ndipo mababu ndi ochepa komanso osayamwa.

Anyezi wakula m'njira zingapo: mbewu, sevk (arbazheyka), nyemba, mbande.

Zomwe zikukula za anyezi otembenukira ku sevka

Njira yodziwika kwambiri m'zigawo zonse zopangira mababu akuluakulu ndizokulitsa mbeu.

Kukonzekera dothi kufesa

Mukulima m'munda, anyezi amabwezeretsedwa m'malo awo oyambira zaka 3-5. Mukugwa, mutakolola zotsogolera, nthaka imamasulidwa ku namsongole ndikuthirira, ndikupangitsa namsongole kutuluka. Kenako kukumba mwakuya (25-30 cm).

Asanayambe kukumba pa dothi lodzala, chimbudzi chanyowa kapena kompositi (0,5 ndowa), ndi feteleza wophatikiza - 25-30 g wa urea ndi granular superphosphate, 15-25 g wa feteleza wopanda chlorine wopanda chokoleti amayambitsidwa pa 1 m². Chapakatikati, musanafese, mmera umayambitsidwa ndikutseka tini ya 10-15 g nitroammophoski.

Anyezi amakonda kudziwonetsera muulemerero wawo wonse, chifukwa chake pamadenga onyansa omwe amawokedwa pamapeto pomwe babu amatsegulidwa 1/3 kuchokera pagawo la kukula kwa mpiru (mapewa amasulidwa). Njira imeneyi imathandiza kupanga anyezi wamkulu komanso kukhwima panthawi. Pamwamba, yobisika pansi panthaka yolemera, imasonkhanitsa madzi (makamaka nyengo yamvula) ndipo imakhudzidwa ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus.

Pamtunda wowola, ndikuchita chimodzimodzi, arbazheika imabzyala pamalo athyathyathya. Dothi lolowererapo silimalola kuti madzi azituluka mwachangu, ndipo mapewa otseguka amalandila gawo loyera la dzuwa.

Kukonzekera kwa seti

M'dzinja, mutatha kukolola ndi kuyanika, mbewu yomwe yatuta imagawidwa m'magawo awiri. Kubzala zinthu ndi mainchesi a 1.5-3.0 masentimita (kufesa) komanso yaying'ono kuposa masentimita 1 amasankhidwa. Oatmeal, nthawi zambiri m'malo otentha, amafesedwa nyengo yachisanu panja, komanso m'malo ozizira a kumpoto - mu wowonjezera kutentha.

Chapakatikati, masabata awiri asanabzalidwe, mbewu zimasankhidwa kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndipo anyezi yaying'ono yobzala amodzalidwa mosiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale ndi mababu ofanana. Zinthu zomwe zasankhidwa zimamasulidwa ku mababu owuma komanso odwala, mamba owuma ndi zinyalala zina zazing'ono.

Arbazheyka wokhala ndi mulifupi mwake kupitirira masentimita atatu (3) amawokedwa mosiyana. Mababu akulu amawombera koyambirira ndipo sapanga babu wamba. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze nthenga zobiriwira.

Zomwe zimasankhidwa kuti zithetsedwe zimawotha kwa maola 6-7 pa kutentha kwa + 40 ... + 45 ° C. Musanabzale, kubzala zinthu kumachotsera njira imodzi yothetsera 1% ya potaziyamu permanganate (maola 0,5). Posachedwa, mayankho a biofungicides (planriz, mauir, phytosporin) amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Sevc adanyowa kwa maola 1-2 musanachotsedwe nthawi zonse.

Tikufika

Arbazheika wabzalidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito nokha, nthawi zambiri mu mzere umodzi, kusiya mzere wa masentimita 40 ndi mzere wa masentimita 4-6. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kufesa pakati pamizere yopingasa kwa 20 cm pakadali kubzala .. Pakadali pano, mzere wapakati pa nthiti zitatu umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthenga. Malo omasulidwa azilola kupangidwa kwa babu yayikulu.

Kuzama kwakamatera kumayendetsedwa ndi kukula kwa arbazheika. Anaziyala kuti "mchira" usakutizidwe ndi dothi. Mu nyengo youma, kuthirira kusanachitike kumachitika, kapena mizere imathiriridwa kuchokera kuthilira musanadzale.

Kuwombera kumawonekera patsiku la 9-12. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti musayambe kufesa ndikuchotsa udzu ndi kutumphuka panthaka pa nthawi yake. Kutsegulira sikwachilendo kuti kungawononge mizu yokhazikika ya mbewu yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 10-30 cm. Simungathe kupota anyezi!

Mavalidwe apamwamba

Kudyetsa koyamba kumachitika m'gawo la kukula kwa masamba, pakatha milungu iwiri, makamaka ngati anyezi atuluka nthenga zokulirapo. Nthawi zambiri, urea umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 20-25 g pa 10 malita a madzi ndipo yankho limayikidwa pansi pa muzu kwa metre 10-12. Munthawi imeneyi, zotsatira zabwino zimaperekedwa ndi kuvala kwapamwamba ndi nitrofos, nitroammophos, 25-30 g / m² amalo pansi pa kuthirira kapena yankho, komanso urea. Mukavala ndi njira zothetsera, ndikofunikira kutsuka mbewu ndi madzi oyera kuchokera kuthilira ndi kaphokoso kakang'ono.

Chovala chachiwiri chapamwamba chimapangidwa ndi feteleza wa phosphorous-potaziyamu khumi khumi a Juni kapena masabata atatu itatha yoyamba. Konzani yankho la 20-30 g ya superphosphate ndi 10-13 g ya potaziyamu. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito nitroammophosco - 40 g / 10 L yamadzi (supuni ziwiri zopanda pamwamba).

Pa dothi lakutha, chovala chachitatu chapamwamba chitha kuchitika (onani mkhalidwe wa mbewu), koma feteleza wa nayitrogeni ayenera kuchotsedwa pamalowo. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito phosphorous-potaziyamu pazomwe mugwiritse ntchito kwachiwiri.

Dziwani kuti dothi, lomata bwino musanabzale, limachotsa mavalidwe apamwamba. Kuchotsa udzu, kulima ndi kuthirira ndizokwanira kupeza mbewu wamba yazipatso zamasamba.

Sevc anyezi.

Kuthirira

Anyezi kuti zinthu zikule bwino ndikukula kwake zimagwiritsa ntchito madzi pang'ono, koma zimafunikira dothi lonyowa m'mwezi woyamba mutabereka komanso nthawi ya kukula kwa babu. Poyamba, kuthirira kumachitika kamodzi sabata ziwiri zilizonse, ndipo ngati nyengo ndi yowuma komanso yotentha - kamodzi pa sabata, ndikutsatira kuyimitsidwa kwa nthaka (kuwononga tizirombo ndi mphutsi), mulching.

Dothi limanyowa m'mwezi woyamba mpaka 10 cm, ndikukulitsa gawo la kukula kwa babu mpaka 20-25 cm.Mwezi watha, kuthirira kumayimitsidwa ndikusinthidwa kuti "kuthirira kowuma", ndiye kuti kumasula dothi, ndikuwononga kutumphuka, kumasula gawo lakumtunda kwa mababu kuchokera dziko.

Chitetezo ku matenda ndi tizilombo toononga

Mwa matendawa, nthawi zambiri, anyezi amawonongeka ndi fungal matenda (downy mildew, mizu zowola) ndi tizirombo tambiri (anyezi ntchentche, njenjete, kupindika, nematode, zipatso, crypto-carnivores) zokhudzana ndi kuphwanya njira yolimbikitsira kulima.

Pakusintha koyamba mu mtundu wamasamba, kuwoneka kwa madontho owala, kuzimiririka, kufinya kwa cholembera, kupota kwake, ndikofunikira kuwaza masamba ndi tank losakanikirana la biofungicides ndi bioinsecticides, malinga ndi zomwe adalimbikitsa. Zilibe vuto kwa anthu ndi nyama. Zipangizo zotchinga zamankhwala sizikulimbikitsidwa, ndipo mukalimidwa nthenga zobiriwira - ndizoletsedwa.

Kututa

Kukhazikika kwa gawo lakucha ndi kututa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi chikhalidwe cha masamba. Malo awo ogona ndi achikasu amawonetsa kucha kwa mababu. Mu nyengo youma ndi dzuwa, mababu amatulutsidwa m'nthaka ndikusiyidwa m'malo mwake kapena kusunthidwa pansi pa denga ndikuwumitsa kwa masiku 7-10. Sanjani ndi kudula, kusiya chitsa cha masentimita 5-6 Ngati dothi ndilopindika, ndiye kuti mizu imadulidwa, kuyesera kuti asawononge babu.

Zosiyanasiyana anyezi zokulitsa zotembenukira mu nyumba zam'chilimwe

Kwa madera akumpoto

• Peninsulas - Azelros, Crimson Ball;
• Pachimake - Bessonovsky wamba, Rostov wamba;
• Saladi - Lisbon White, Isla Bright, Alice, Albion F1

M'madera akumwera

• Peninsulas - Kasatik;
• Lakuthwa - Ladzuwa;
• Saladi - Dniester, Kaba, Kaba chikasu.

Mitundu ya anyezi yosiyanasiyana ndi yolemera kwambiri kuposa zitsanzo pamwambapa. Koma posankha mbewu kapena mbewu zokulitsa dzikolo, onetsetsani kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yazipatso zakomweko. Kusokoneza kosiyanasiyana sikovomerezeka. Simungalandire zokolola zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa, ndipo mababu okhwima adzakhala opanda bwino komanso opanda mawonekedwe.