Nthawi yomweyo pangani malo oti sitikuyankhula za mtengo woyipa - cannibal, omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu nthano zakale, zikhulupiriro komanso osati kale kwambiri. Botanists adayang'anitsitsa ngodya zakutali kwambiri komanso zosafikira padziko lapansi pano ndipo sizinakumane ndi izi. Zikhala za Anchar.
M'chipululu modabwitsa,
Panthaka panapsa ndi kutentha
Anchar, ngati wamalonda oopsa,
Zofunika - ndekha m'chilengedwe chonse.
Mkhalidwe wa zokhumba zamapazi
Adabadwa patsiku la mkwiyo,
Nthambi zakufa zobiriwira
Ndipo mizu analedzera ndi poyizoni ...
A. S. Pushkin
Anchar poizoni, kapena Antiaris toxicaria (Antiaris toxicaria). © VIRBOGAM'mbuyomu, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anali "mtengo waimfa." Dotin wa ku Netherlands G. Rumpf adayambitsa ulemu wopanda ulemu wa Anchara. Mkati mwa zaka za XVII, adatumizidwa ku colony (ku Makassar) kuti adziwe kuti ndi mbewu ziti zomwe zimapatsa mbuto zapoizoni mivi yapoizoni. Kwa zaka 15, Rumpf adangodandaula, kutenga zomwe amafuna pa nkhani zamitundu yonse zimadutsa pakamwa kupita pakamwa pambali ya kazembe wa komweko, ndipo zotsatira zake zidali "wovomerezeka"Nenani za" mtengo wakupha. "Izi ndi zomwe analemba:
"Palibe mitengo, kapena tchire, kapena udzu womwe umamera pansi pa mtengo pawokha - osati pansi pa korona wake, koma ngakhale patali ndi mwala woponyedwa: nthaka yake ndi yopanda, yakuda komanso ngati yoyatsidwa. Kuopsa kwa mtengowo nkwakuti mbalame zikukhala panthambi zake, kumeza mpweya wapoizoni, zidakwa ndikugwera pansi ndikufa, ndipo nthenga zawo zimaphimba dothi. Chilichonse chomwe chimagwira kukokoloka kwake chimawonongeka, kuti nyama zonse zizipewe ndipo mbalame zimayesetsa kuti zisawuluke. Palibe amene angayese kubwera kwa iye".
Pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chopanda tanthauzo, chophatikiza Mulungu, Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin nthawi ina analemba ndakatulo yodziwika bwino, "Anchar". Nthawi yayitali idadutsa chomera ichi chisanafufuze mwatsatanetsatane, kuthetsa malingaliro olakwika ponena za icho, chikuwonjezeredwa ndi dzanja lamtundu wa Rumpf ndikunenera kwatsopano.
Anchar amakonzedwanso, kufotokozedwa mwasayansi ndikuyamba kutchulidwa dzina la zasayansi - Poison Anchar (Antiaris Toxicaria - Antiaris toxicaria) a botanist Lesheno. Zinapezeka kuti mtengo wokongola wamtaliwu umamera pachilumba cha malawi, ndipo ndiwofala ku Java. Thupi lake lochepera, lomwe m'munsi mwake mumakhala mizu yolumikizira mizu yambiri yotentha, imafika mpaka 40 mita ndipo limanyamula korona yaying'ono. Amakhala a banja la "mtengo wa mabulosi" ndipo ndi msuweni wapamtima wa mabulosi komanso amakhala ku ficus.
Masamba a Anchar poyizoni. © Wibowo DjatmikoOfufuzawo oyambirirawo, atamva nkhani zambiri zowopsa za mtengo uwu, adadabwa kuwona mbalame zikukhala munthambi zake osavulala. Popita nthawi, zinaonekeratu kuti si nthambi zokha, komanso mbali zina za nangula, zomwe sizili zovulaza kwa nyama ndi anthu. Madzi akhungu okhaokha omwe amatuluka ndikuwonongeka kwa thunthu lake ndiwowopsa, ndipo nzika zakezo zinawakuta ndi mivi. Zowona, kulowa thupi, msuzi umangoyambitsa zilonda pakhungu, koma kumwera madzi a anchovy ndi mowa kumakwaniritsa poizoni wambiri (anti-arina), womwe ndiwopseza moyo.
Koma tiyeni tisiye nkhaniyi kwa kanthawi ndikumvera misempha. Adapeza kuti nangula ndi mbewu yokhala ndi maluwa achimuna ndi achikazi, ndipo inflorescence yachikazi imafanana ndi maluwa a hazel athu, pomwe inflorescence yachimuna ndi yofanana ndi bowa wochepa wa uchi wotseguka. Zipatso za Anchar ndizochepa, zozungulira-kuzungulira, zobiriwira. Masamba amafanana ndi masamba a mabulosi, koma amagwa, ngati mitengo yonse yobiriwira, pang'onopang'ono.
Pambuyo pake, botanists adazindikira ku India mtundu wachiwiri wa nangula - nangula wosavulaza. Utoto wapamwamba kwambiri umapangidwa kuchokera ku zipatso zake, ndipo ulusi wopota komanso matumba athunthu amachotsedwa pamtunda. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti anthu amderali amadzitcha kuti mtengo. Njira yopezera matumba ndi yosavuta: Amadula chipika cha kukula koyenera ndipo, atamenyedwa kwambiri pamakungwa, amachotsa mosavuta pamodzi ndi bast. Kulekanitsa pamphumi ndi khungwa, mumapeza "nsalu" yomalizidwa, yomwe mumangofunika kusoka kuti musiye chikwama cholimba komanso chopepuka.
Koma, poyang'ana "mtengo wakufa" weniweni, tiyenera kukumbukira mbewu zina ziwiri zowopsa.
Ngati mungakhale mu Sukhumi Botanical Garden, chidwi chanu chidzakopeka ndi mtengo, womwe umazingidwa ndi kabati wachitsulo. Pafupi ndi ichi pali chenjezo: "Osakhudza! Zowopsa!"
Otsogolera akuwuzani kuti uwu ndi mtengo wa lacquer wochokera ku Japan. Pamenepo, lacquer yakuda yotchuka, yodziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha mawonekedwe osowa: kukhazikika, kukongola komanso kulimba, imapangidwa kuchokera ku madzi ake oyera amkaka. Masamba okometsetsa a mtengo wake ndi oopsa kwambiri.
Masamba a sumac nawonso samakhala otsika kwa iwo - creepers omwe amadziwika ndi botanists ngati toxidendron radicans. Itha kupezeka ku dipatimenti ya North America ya Sukhumi Botanical Garden. Mphepo zamiyala ya poizoni pamenepo. Zingwe zake zosinthika, zopyapyala zimaduladula mitengo ikuluikulu ya anthu ena, ndipo masamba atatu, ofanana ndi masamba a nyemba, amaphimba bwino mipesa yonse ndi ma cypress amphamvu. M'dzinja, masamba a sumac amakhala okongola kwambiri, owala bwino kwambiri ndi mitundu yosalala ya kapezi. Koma kukopa kwawo ndikupusitsa. Munthu amangogwira momwe khungu limayambira kwambiri, pomwe, limadutsa posachedwa. Pakatha maola ochepa, kutupika pang'ono kumachitika ndi khungu laling'ono kwambiri, kuyimilira kumayambiranso, chilichonse chimawonjezeka, kenako kupweteka kwambiri. M'masiku otsatirawa, ululu umakulirakulira, ndipo kulowerera mwachangu kokha kwa mankhwala kungaletse zotsatira zoyipa za poizoni. Poizoni wowopsa wokhala ndi sumac ungathe kubweretsa imfa. Mwa njira, osati masamba ndi zimayambira poizoni, komanso zipatso, komanso mizu. Uwu ndiye mtengo weniweni wa imfa.
Anchar ndi poizoni. © Anna FrodesiakPomaliza, ku America otentha ndi Antilles, mtengo wina umakula womwe uli wofunikira ndi mutu wathu. Ndi wa banja la euphorbiaceae, lotchedwa marcinella, kapena Latin, hipomane marcinella. Izi apa, mwinanso, zopitilira kuchuluka zimafanana ndi nangula wa Pushkin, chifukwa zimatha kugunda patali. Ndikokwanira kuyimirira kwakanthawi pafupi ndi iye ndikutulutsa fungo lake, monga poyizoni woopsa wam'mimba yopuma.
Mwa njira, mitundu yokhala ndi poizoni imadziwika osati pakati pamitengo, komanso pakati pa masamba a herbaceous. Mbali zonse za maluwa athu okongola m'chigwachi, masamba ndi zitsamba za tomato, fodya zimakhala ndi poizoni.
Vuto lotengedwa kuchokera kumera lakhala likuthandizira m'mbuyomu komanso zolinga zoyipa kale. Tsopano, ziphe zakudzu, strophanthin, curare ndi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala: strophanthin amachiritsa mtima, ndipo kupendekera kumathandizira pakugwira ntchito pamtima ndi m'mapapu. Akatswiri aluso opanga mankhwala amasintha madzi owopsa a sumac kukhala othandizira omwe amachiritsa ziwalo, rheumatism, matenda amanjenje ndi khungu. Mitengo yotseguka tsopano imatsegulidwa pamaso pa mitengo ya imfa.
S. I. Ivchenko - Buku lonena za Mitengo
