Mbalame zachithunzi - kulima, mitundu ndi mitundu

Amatcheri amatchedwa mitundu ingapo ya mitengo ndi zitsamba za mtundu wa Plum. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame yotchuka yamtchire, yomwe imamera m'nkhalango ndi zitsamba ku Russia konse, ku Western Europe, ku Asia ndipo imalimidwa ngati mbewu yokongoletsera. Chiwonetsero cha mbalame ndi chikhalidwe chosasinthika m'njira zonse, sizovuta kuzikulitsa. Sikuchepetsa nthaka, kuyatsa ndi kuthirira.

M'mbuyomu, mbalame zamitundumitundu zimadzipatula kukhala gawo laling'ono la chitumbuwa cha mbalame (Padasi) wa mtundu wa Plum, womwe pano umatchedwa subgenus Cherry (Makamera).

Chitumbuwa chofala cha mbalame (Prunus padus). © Anu Wintschalek

Mayina azilankhulo zosiyanasiyana: Chingerezi chitumbuwa cha mbalame (mtengo); itala. ciliegio selvatico; Spanish cerezo aliso, palo de San Gregorio, árbol de la rabia; iye. Traubenkirsche (kutanthauzira komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa Faulbaum, Faulbeere siolondola); Chituruki idris (mtengo); Chiyukireniya chitumbuwa cha mbalame, chitumbuwa chakuthengo, chitumbuwa chakuthengo (cha chitsamba chosiyana); Chifalansa merisier à grappes, putiet, putier.

Mitundu yachilengedwe yamchere ndi North Africa (Moroko), South, Central, Western, North ndi Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, Central ndi East (kuphatikiza zigawo zambiri za China), ndi Transcaucasia. Ku Russia, ndizofala ku gawo la ku Europe, Siberia Yakumadzulo ndi Kum'mawa, ndi Kum'mawa Kakutali. Zinayambitsidwa ndikuwonekera padziko lonse lapansi m'malo otentha.

Mtengo wamtchire umakonda dothi lonyowa, lolemera lomwe limapezeka kwambiri pansi panthaka. Imakula makamaka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'nkhalango zamtsinje (ma urems) ndi m'nkhalango zamaluso, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, pamchenga, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango.

Chitumbuwa chofala cha mbalame (Prunus padus). © Axel Kristinsson

Kukula kwamtchire mbalame

Kubzala ndi kubereka

Mbalame yamatchire imafalitsidwa: ndi mbewu, mphukira, masanjidwe ndi odulidwa. Pofalitsa ndi zodula, zimadulidwa mchaka munthawi yamadzi yotaya ndikubzala kuti zizike mizu.

Mwa kufesa mbewu, chitumbuwa cha mbalame chimafalitsidwa mu Ogasiti-Seputembala (pomwe zida za chomera cha mayi sizisungidwa). Ngati analibe nthawi yofesa mu kugwa, ndiye kuti mbewuzo zimasungidwa miyezi 4, ndipo m'mitundu ina mpaka miyezi 7-8 (mbalame yodziwika bwino, chitumbuwa cha mbalame Maak, chitumbuwa cha mbalame pambuyo pake). Amayikiridwa mumchenga wonyowa, wonyowa, ndikuthiridwa m'chidebe, ndikuyika malo abwino. Ndipo mbewu zikayamba kukulira, chidebecho chimamizidwa mu chisanu. Nthawi zambiri, pansi pa korona wa zipatso zobala zipatso, chifukwa chodzala mbeu zokha, mbande zambiri zimapangidwa zomwe zimabzyala pamalo osatha pazaka ziwiri.

Saplings a mbalame chitumbuwa okhazikika bwino mu kugwa, ndi kasupe. Dzenje la mmera liyenera kukhala lalikulu kotero kuti mizu imakwanira momasuka. Onjezerani feteleza wa mchere malinga ndi zomwe zimachitika phukusi ndi organic, koma osaziphatikiza ndi zomerazo. Chinyontho chambiri komanso chinyezi chambiri chingapangitse kuti nkhuni zisowe komanso kuti ziume munthambi. Zomera zamadzi pambiri pobzala komanso zina 2-3 nthawi yakula. M'tsogolomu, ndibwino kuthirira chete ndi chilala. Multi dothi ndi utuchi, humus kapena chivundikiro ndi filimu. Mukabzala, muyenera kuganizira kutalika kwa mbewuzo, korona wawo wandiweyani, wopatsa mthunzi wambiri. Popeza mitundu yambiri ndi yolimira mungu, ndibwino kubzala mitundu ingapo pamalowo. Nthawi yomweyo, zipatso wamba zamtchire zimabzalidwa patali paitali mamitala 4-6 kuchokera pa inzake, ndipo namwali wamtchire wamkazi - patali la 3-4 m.

Mukabzala, dulani mbewu kutalika kwa masentimita 60 kuti zichepetse nthambi zoyambirira za chigoba. Chaka chamawa, dulani mtsogoleriyo kutalika kwa 50-60 masentimita kuyambira gawo loyambirira la nthambi zamankhwala - kenako gawo lachiwiri lidzayikidwa, etc.

Mbambo chitumbuwa Maak (Prunus maackii).

Kusamalira chitumbuwa cha mbalame

Ngakhale chitumbuwa cha mbalame sichinyalanyaza, chimakula ndikukula bwino m'malo opepuka ndi dothi labwino, lonyowa. Mitengo yokhwima imapereka mthunzi wambiri - izi zimayenera kukumbukiridwa popanga nyimbo.

Pochulukitsa zipatso, ndibwino kubzala mbeu ziwiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma maluwa nthawi imodzi: kudzilimbitsa kwa mbalame chitumbuwa kumakhala kofunikira, kupukutidwa kwodutsa ndikofunikira komanso nkofunikira kwa iwo.

Ma birdcocks Maak ndi Siori, omwe amazolowera nyengo yachilengedwe Yotentha kwambiri, samalekerera kuwuma kwambiri kwa dothi - ayenera kuthiriridwa madzi ambiri ngati kuli kofunikira, kupewa kuphatikizana ndikuuma kwa nthaka mozungulira thunthu.

Kusamalira mbalame yamchere kumakhala kukumba ndi kumasula dothi, kuyika muzu ndi kuvala pamwamba, kuchotsa udzu, kupanga ndikudulira mwaukhondo.

Mutha kupanga chomera pa thunthu lalitali komanso ngati chida chamitundu yambiri. Kuti malo oyika pang'ono a nthambi za chigoba, mbande imadulidwa kutalika kwa masentimita 60-70. Mwa nthambi zong'ambika zomwe zikubwera, masamba 3-4 omwe adakhazikitsidwa kwambiri, omwe amagwirizana pang'ono m'malo, amasiyidwa. M'zaka zotsatira, zigawo za yachiwiri ndi yachitatu zimapangidwa.

Chitumbuwa chofala cha mbalame (Prunus padus). © Udo Schröter

Kugwiritsa ntchito chitumbuwa cha mbalame m'mapangidwe

Mitundu ya mbewu zomwe zimakonda kwambiri maluwa okongoletsa, mitundu yomwe imayamikiridwa chifukwa cha kutsegula kwa korona, masamba opepuka, maluwa ambiri komanso zokongoletsa zambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu amtundu umodzi ndi umodzi, monga malo obisika m'mapaki a nkhalango, mitundu ina m'malo obzala alley.

Mbambo chitumbuwa Ssiori (Padus ssiori). © Qwert1234

Mitundu ndi mitundu ya chitumbuwa cha mbalame

Zipatso amatchedwa mitundu 20 ya mitengo ndi zitsamba, ndizofala ku Northern Hemisphere. Habitat - kuchokera ku Arctic Circle kumwera kwa Europe, North America ndi Central Asia.

Cherrus wamba wamba

Chitumbuwa chofala cha mbalame (Prunus padus,, kapena carpal, kapena mbalame - imamera m'nkhalango ndi nkhalango-steppe zone za Eurasia. M'malo ena, mbalame wamba zimafikira kunyanja ya Arctic. Mtengo (womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wopanda chitsamba) mpaka 18 m.Masamba obiriwira obiriwira, nthawi zina amakhala ndi tepi yaying'ono yabuluu, pansi pake ndimthunzi; mu kugwa adapakidwa utoto wachikasu, carmine, utoto wofiirira. Chimamasula pachaka kumapeto kwa Epulo - theka loyamba la Meyi. Zipatso zakuda, zonyezimira, zokhala ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 0.5 cm, zilibe kununkhira, kulawa zotsekemera komanso nthawi imodzi kupsya mtima. Mitundu yosangalatsa kwambiri ya chitumbuwa cha mbalame:

pendula (yokhala ndi korona wolira)
piramidi (yokhala ndi korona wa piramidi)
roseiflora (wokhala ndi maluwa ofiira)
plena (yokhala ndi maluwa awiri)
leucocarpa (wokhala ndi zipatso zachikasu)
aucubaefolia (wokhala ndi masamba achikasu)

Chitumbuwa cha mbalame

Virginia chitumbuwa (Prunus virginiana) - wokhala m'dera la nkhalango ku North America. Mtengo umakhala wamtali wa 15 m, nthawi zambiri chitsamba chotalika mpaka mamita 5. Chimaphuka ndi mizu yambiri. Limamasula mu Meyi, pambuyo pake mbalame yodziwika bwino, ndipo siyikununkhiza. Zipatso zakupsa ndizofiyira, 0.5-0.8 masentimita, edible, pang'ono tart.

Mitundu yochititsa chidwi ya mbalame zotchedwa Virginia:

nana (wotsika)
pendula (akulira)
rubra (wokhala ndi zipatso zofiira)
xanthocarpa (wokhala ndi zipatso zachikasu)
melanocarpa (wokhala ndi zipatso zakuda)
salicifolia (loosestrife)

Zophatikiza ndi chitumbuwa cha mbalame ndi vulgaris amadziwika kuti wosakanizidwa mbalame chitumbuwa ndi mbalame chitumbuwa Lauha (P. x laucheana). M'nyengo yozizira imakhala yotsika mtengo kuposa mbalame wamba, koma m'njira yapakatikati imakula bwino.

Chakumapeto kwa mbalame

Utoto wam'mbuyo wam'mbuyo, kapena chitumbuwa cha ku America (Prunus serotina) amakhalanso ku North America, koma kumwera kuposa Namwali, ndipo limamasula pambuyo pake - kumapeto kwa Meyi. Mtengo mpaka 30 m wamtali. Khungwa lakuda bii limanunkhira bwino. Zipatso zakupsa ndi zakuda, pafupifupi masentimita awiri, zodyeka, zokhala ndi mbiri yowawa ya utoto (motero dzina limodzi la mayina aku America mwa mtunduwo ndi rum Cher, "rum chitumbuwa"). Mitundu yokongola kwambiri yokongoletsa zipatso za mochedwa mbalame:

pendula (akulira)
piramidi (piramidi)
plena (yokhala ndi maluwa awiri)
salicifolia (loosestrife)
cartilaginea (tsamba loyambira)

Masamba a mbalame amachedwa kubzala ku Moscow komanso kum'mwera kwambiri.

Masamba a mbalame kumapeto kwake (Prunus serotina).

Mbalame ya Cherry maak

Ma Cher Cher Maak (Prunus maackii) amapezeka kumwera kwa Far East, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China komanso ku Korea. Mtengo ndi wokwera mpaka 17 m, wocheperapo nthawi zambiri wamtunda wa 4-8 m. Makungwa amayamba kutuluka ndi mafilimu amtundu wautali ndi zaka. Masamba ndiwobiliwira, achikasu owala bwino pakugwa. Limamasula mu theka lachiwiri la Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni. Zipatso zosaoneka. Itha kumera bwino ngakhale mu Urals ndi Siberia.

Chitumbuwa cha mbalame

Mbalame chitumbuwa ssiori (Prunus ssiori) imamera ku Sakhalin, zilumba za Kuril (dzina ladzikoli ndi Ainu mbalame chitumbuwa), m'nkhalango zamapiri a kumpoto kwa Japan ndi kumpoto kwa China. Mtengo wokwera mpaka 10 m. Masamba pamwamba amakhala obiriwira, pansi pake ndi opepuka. Masamba otulutsa maluwa ndi ma inflorescence omwe ali ndi utoto wofiirira. Zipatso zake ndi zakuda, ndipo m'mimba mwake ndi 10-12 mm, zotsekeka. M'madera akum'mawa ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe, pomwe ntchafu ndi chisanu zimasiyana, nyengo yozizira yamtunduwu ndiyotsika - imazolowera nyengo yotentha kwambiri yaku Far East. Pakati pa msewu, mutha kuyesa kukulitsa mbande zake, zomwe zitatha kupitiliza kuchulukana zimayamba kugonjetsedwa ndi chisanu.

Matenda ndi tizirombo ta mbalame chitumbuwa

Matenda akuluakulu a mbalame zoteteza pakatikati pa Russia ndi tsamba limodzi ndi bulamu (matenda azipatso zomwe zimayamba chifukwa cha marsupial fungus). Tizilomboti ndi kachikumbu ka nyemba, nsabwe za m'madzi, njoka za ming'alu, njenjete za mgodi, njenjete za mbalame zokhala ndi buluzi, njoka zamtundu wa silcorn ndi silpaired.

Mwambiri, mbewu iyi ndi odzichepetsa. Tikukufunirani zabwino mukukula mbalame chitumbuwa!