M'minda yakale osasamalidwa, nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza mitengo yophwanyika ndipo ngati makungwa oyaka. Uwu ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri komanso wowopsa wa khansa yakuda, yomwe nthawi zina imadziwika kuti "moto wa anton", kapena"wamoto".
Zowonongeka kwa mtengo wa apulo ndi khansa: 1 - boleza yomwe idakhudzidwa ndi "moto wa anton"; 2 - khansa yakuda pamasamba ndi zipatso (pansipa - mwana wosungunuka); 3 - gawo la tsinde lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi cytosporosis; 4- kuphwanya kwa cortex ndi chizindikiro cha cytosparosis.Khansa yakuda - Matenda a bowa owopsa pa mtengo wa maapozi, okhudza mbali zonse za mtengowo. Choyamba, imadziwoneka yokha panthambi ndi tsinde ndikupanga mawanga ofiirira otuwa. Nthawi zina makungwawo amasungunuka kenako amasintha. Malire a minofu yathanzi komanso odwala amatakutidwa ndi khola kapena ming'alu, komwe ma tubercles akuda amatuluka - pycnidia, kapena spores la bowa. Pambuyo pake, khungwa lomwe lidakhudzidwa limasweka ndikugwa, ndikuwulula nkhuni zakuda.
Choopsa kwambiri ndi matenda a nthambi za chigoba ndi tsinde. Zikatere, mtengowo ungafe m'zaka zitatu mpaka zinayi. Matenda amtunduwu ndiofala m'madera ena apakati m'chigawo cha ku Europe cha dziko lino, dera la Volga, Ukraine, North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Moldova, ndi Central Asia.
Khansa Yakuda (Chakuda Cha Apple)"Zipata"Malo owotcha dzuwa, kuwonongeka kwa chisanu pamtengo, ndi mabala ena ambiri nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsira matendawa m'miyala ndi m'mitengo yamitengo. Mtengo wamphamvu wolimba umatha kudzichiritsa pawokha wokhala ndi kachilomboka. 20-25 imatha kuthandizidwa ndi matenda, ndichifukwa chake khansa yakuda imakhala yowonjezereka m'minda yakale.
Kumpoto, cytosporosis imapezeka pamakungwa a nthambi ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya mtengo wa maapozi. Mosiyana ndi khansa yakuda, yomwe imakhala ndi cytosporosis, khungubwe silifa, koma limasunga mtundu wake wofiirira, koma mukayesa kulekanitsa ndi nkhuni, imanyowa. Ma tubercles akuda mwachisawawa amawonekera pang'onopang'ono pa kutumphuka komwe kumwalira - ma pycnids akulu kuposa omwe amachititsa ndi khansa yakuda.
Kuchokera pa khungwa, bowa amapitilira mu cambium kenako nkukhala nkhuni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziume, nthambi ndi mtengo wonsewo ziume.
The causative wothandizila cytosporosis amakhala woyamba wakufa kapena wofooka kwambiri minofu - m'malo kuwonongeka makina, chisanu maenje, kuwotcha kadzuwa, ndiye ziphe zoyandikana wathanzi ndi poizoni ndi kufalikira kwa iwo.
Khansa yakuda ya apuloKomwe kuli nyengo yanyontho - ku Belarus ndi madera ena a Dera Lopanda Chernozem, mitengo ikuluikulu ndi nthambi zoyambira, mitengo ya maapulo yomwe idakhazikitsidwa imakhudzidwa ndi khansa wamba. Pa gawo loyamba la matendawa, zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa khansa yakuda. M'tsogolomu, m'malo ogonjetsedwa mumakhala mayendedwe, pafupifupi ophimbira bala, kapena, mutakhala mabwalo ozungulira m'mphepete mwake. M'malo omaliza, momwe matenda amatseguka, mabala amakhala akuzama, nthawi zina amafika pachimake.
Khansa yodziwika imakhudza mitengo yonse yaying'ono ndi yakale, koma ndiyowopsa, monga khansa yakuda ndi cytosporosis, kwa mitengo yayikulu yofooka. Kukhazikika kwa mbewu pamatenda aliwonse amtundu wa khansa kumachepera pomwe zipatso zake zimakhala zochulukirapo ndipo zokolola zimachedwa.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakupewa kwa matenda a makungwa a nthambi ndi thunthu ndikusamalira bwino mitengo ya apulo, kudulira koyenera, feteleza komanso nthawi yabwino, zomwe zimatsimikizira kusinthika kwa mitengo panthawi yoyenera.
Cytosporosis (Cytospora)
Madera akumpoto, mitengo yokhala ndi tsinde lotsika sitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi cytosporosis.
Kuwononga komwe kumatenga matenda, mitengo yowonongeka kwambiri, yopanda mankhwala komanso nthambi za chigoba payokha ziyenera kudulidwa ndikuwotchedwa nthawi yomweyo. Pakakhala khansa yakuda, zipatso ndi masamba omwe adagwa ayenera kusungidwa ndikuwotchedwa, mitengo ikuluikuluyo ndiyofunika kukumbira.
Posamalira mitengo yaying'ono yopanga zipatso, ndikofunikira kuti muzidulira bwino. Komanso, m'minda ya zipatso yosakumwetsedwa sizingatheke kudulira mitengo yaapulo kwambiri chaka chopatsa zipatso. M'mphepete mwa chilondacho, mphukira zamafuta ziyenera kusungidwa, ndikupangitsa kuchuluka kwa michere. Chifukwa cha izi, mabala amachiritsa mwachangu.
Kuteteza ku kutentha kwa dzuwa ndi chisanu, mu Okutobala - Novembala, kupsinjika ndikuphimba nthambi ndi nthambi zamiyala ndi njira yoyera kapena ya 25%.
Mafuta osweka mumakungwa a nthambi ndi thunthu ndi yankho la 0.5 - 1% yamkuwa. Zilonda zam'maso ndizabwinobwino kukonzanso pansi pa zaka zotsika. Kuti muchite izi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito osakaniza wofanana mullein ndi dongo ndi zomatira zomata zija - - ukalipentala (100 g pa 10 malita a madzi).
Thirani dongo kwa tsiku limodzi m'madzi. Osaphimba mitengo ndi ooker pamafuta owuma. Malinga ndi All-Union Sayansi ndi Kafukufuku wa Horticulture, kuyika koteroko sikuti kumangoyambitsa machiritso a zilonda, komanso, m'malo mwake, kuchedwa kwambiri kuchititsa izi.
Ngati mukupezeka ndi matenda a mitengo ya maapulo, pitani kwawo mankhwalawa. Lambulani mosamala mabala munyengo yonyowa ndi zolembera zamatabwa, ndikugwira masentimita athanzi ndi 1.5-2 masentimita, kenako mankhwala opaka matendawa ndi 2-3% yamkuwa wa sulfate ndipo patatha masiku atatu mpaka anayi, ovaloni ndi varnish ya munda (wosanjikiza mpaka 3 mm). Muwotche ngodya yodwala mukadula.
Mukamasankha mitundu ya apulo, munthu ayenera kukumbukira kuti mitundu imodzimodziyo imadwala khansa m'malo osiyanasiyana a dzikolo. Mwachitsanzo, mitengo ya maapulo a Kandil synap, mitundu yoyera ya Rosemary siyikhudzidwa ndi khansa yakuda ku Crimea, ndipo Kandil synap, komanso Jonathan, Mekintosh, mdera la Lipetsk samakonda mitengo ya apulosi yamitundu Korichnaya mikwingwirima, Papirovka, Borovinka, safironi Pepin, Grushovka Moscow, mu Dera la Saratov - Chinese Sanina, Malta Bagaevsky. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yosankhidwa iyenera kusankhidwa, kusinthidwa bwino mderalo. Zabwinonso, funsanani ndi akatswiri pazitetezero zomera kapena odziwa malo olimapo.
Zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito:
- N. Tsupkova - phytopathologist
