Munda ku nyumba yamatawuni. Malo okwanira 12 otonthoza madera ochepa

Kuyika pamtunda ndi luso lopanga minda yonse yodzaza ngakhale malo ang'onoang'ono. Kupatula apo, ma oasis okongola amatha kupangidwa ngakhale pamalo omwe ali ndi gawo la mazana mazana awiri. Ndipo ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, koma osakhalanso ndi minda yamtengo wapatali yomwe imakonda kupezeka m'matawuni. Kupeza yankho lolondola, kamangidwe kabwino sikovuta. Koma sizingatheke konse. Mukungoyeneranso kuganizira za malowa, ndi ntchito zomwe akukumana nazo, osawopa kusankha zochita mwamphamvu. Ndipo tikuwululirani zachinsinsi komanso zanzeru zomwe zingapangitse kuti zitheke bwino pokonzekera bwino minda yamaluwa pazinthu zochepa ku nyumba yamatawuni.

Malo opumulirako kunyumba yamatawuni. © Dmitriy Kruglyak

Mfundo zosavuta pokonzekera malo ovuta a mini

Nyumba zakunyumba sizimaganiziranso njira yokhazikitsira zomangamanga zokha, komanso zimatsegulira mwayi watsopano pamalingaliro okonzekera madera abwino, apadera ngakhale kumadera akumatauni. Ndipo ngakhale zikuwoneka ngati zosatheka kupanga mapulani ang'onoang'ono m'matauni okongola ngati dimba lodzaza, mawonekedwe apangidwe amatha kuthana ndi ntchito yotere. Kupatula apo, dera laling'ono silikhala mwayi wocheperako.

Chinsinsi cha kakonzedwe ka minda ku tawuni ndikuyenera kukhala kuphatikiza kwakukulu, magwiridwe antchito ndi minimalism. Komanso, minimalism ndiyowoneka modabwitsa, yokopa komanso yolimba mtima. Zomera zingapo zosiyanasiyana, ndibwino kukonda imodzi, koma yosangalatsa, yazinthu zambiri - magawo awiri a 1-2, koma apadera. Ndalama zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ziyenera kupereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Ndipo zida zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - khalani zozizwitsa komanso zowerengera nthawi imodzi. Mafomu omveka bwino ndi mizere, geometry yosavuta ndi asymmetry, kuyambitsa phokoso m'mapulojekiti, osavuta kupanga, koma maluwa othandiza maluwa ndi mayankho apamwamba omwe amawoneka koyambirira amagwira bwino kuposa ma ensembles apamwamba omwe amafunikira kuwunika kokwanira.

Matanthauzidwe amtundu ndiye maziko a "bwino" polojekiti yonse. Eclecticism, chisakanizo cha mitu komanso masitayilo, mawonekedwe apakanthawi kamapangidwe ka malo sizabwino pano. Muyenera kusankha mtundu winawake ndikutsatira pachilichonse, osachokamo mwatsatanetsatane ndi kusankha kwa mbeu. M'minda yomwe ili ku tawuni, ndibwino kusankha masanjidwe "osasakanika" - dziko, mawonekedwe, amakono, otsogola - kupewa mayendedwe apadera ndi njira zomwe zimafotokozeranso pang'ono kumtunda kwa mbewu.

Munda ku tawuni. © pofikira

Kuti mupeze dimba kunyumba yapa tawuni, muyenera:

• afotokozere momveka bwino magwiridwe antchito;
• samalani mosamala malo opetera ndi kukhazikika kwake, sewerani ndi njirayo;
• lankhulani mwaluso malo ndikusewera ndi kuya ndi malire ake;
• gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zazing'ono zomanga kuti muzimanga ndi kuziteteza;
• Osawopa kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zazikulu, ndikusankha mwanzeru;
• gwiritsani ntchito maluso onse kupulumutsa omwe akukwera;
• Musaiwale za chinsinsi, ngodya zobisika ndi ma accents okongoletsera;
• sankhani mbewu kuti dimba likhale lokongola chaka chonse;
• pakupanga kwamabedi ndi maluwa, onjezerani zothandiza, osayiwala kuthekera kwa mitundu kupanga mawonekedwe owoneka.

Tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane zidule 12, zomwe mutha kupanga mwaluso komanso poyambira kupanga malo aliwonse m'tawuniyi.

Kuyera bwino

Minda yomwe ili m'matawuni samaloleza kuyesa malo achisangalalo, kapangidwe ka minda, ndikugawidwa kwa malo ogwirirapo ntchito ngati madera akuluakulu komanso wamba. Kubisa dimba pa maekala 1-2 ayenera kukhala okhwima, omveka bwino ndi kusiya osakaikira kuti mudziwe momwe zigawo zikupangidwira. Mwamavuto, dimba liyenera kugawidwa magawo awiri okha - malo opumira, osasunthika, komanso malo okongoletsera omwe ali ndi mbewu ndi udzu. Kugawikana kwa minda ya tawuni m'magawo awiri sikumangotchulidwa ndi zikhumbo kapena kukoma, koma machitidwe enieni. Chifukwa cha kutsekeka kwa malowo, amawonedwa kwa masiku angapo, ndikuzindikira kuti magawo omwe amakhala m'mundamo ndiwo ambiri. M'derali amaika bwalo kapena patio, ndipo mbali zowunikira kwambiri komanso zowala zimasungidwa kuti zikongoletsedwe.

Simungathe kuchita popanda malo opetera

Malo ofunikira kwambiri pakapangidwe ka nyumbayi ndi malo akuluakulu, othandiza, pogwiritsa ntchito mthunzi wakuya kwambiri m'malo ang'onoang'ono osungidwa bwino. Mosiyana ndi minda yayikulu, malo osangalalira apafupi ndi tawuni amangopangiramo malo okhala okhaokha - malo opakidwa miyala komanso malo okhala, mtundu wa "boardboard" wopuma komanso wopuma.

Kuchokera ku terata komwe muyenera kuyamba kukonzekera tsamba lonse. Kutsimikiza kwakapangidwe, kukula, malo ake ndizowongolera kuchokera pomwe zitha kukhalira pamtunda woyikapo ndi kuyika zinthu zina zonse ndi mbewu.

Kuyiwala momwe chiwembucho chili chaching'ono ku nyumba yamatawuni ndipo kuti musangogogomezera kukula kwake komanso momwe angapangire kapangidwe kake, simuyenera kusankha njira zamtundu wazitali. Iwalani za mawonekedwe amakono amakono ndikusankha zosankha zapamwamba kwambiri. Ngakhale bwalo ili pafupi kwenikweni ndi nyumbayo, ikani mbali yake "yaulere" moyandikana ndi dengalo pakona kapena asymmetrically, gawanani mtengowo m'magawo angapo a mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, palimodzi ndikupanga kuphatikizana kopitilira muyeso kapena kuwonetsera kapangidwe kake kuti kawoneke ngati koyambirira komanso kowonjezera. Siyani zidutswa zopanda mafuta pang'onopang'ono pomwe mungathe kuthyola maluwa. Phatikizani zida zingapo pamayendedwe omangira, yesani kusakaniza mwala ndi konkriti, nkhuni, zamtundu wamtundu, matayala kotero kuti kuyang'ana kwampangidwe koyambirira kunapangitsa chidwi.

Munda womwe amakhala pafupi ndi tawuni. © Rob Bear

Ndikusowa kwa malo, sewera ndi ... danga!

Dera lomwe latsalira mdera lanu liyenera kudzazidwa ndi mbewu. Koma ayi. Zosiyanasiyana ndi kuphwasuka kwa mabedi angapo amaluwa, dimba loyenda mu Chingerezi kapena Baroque, kupanga ma labyrinths ndi makama angapo a nyumba yaying'ono sioyenera. Ngati mukufuna kuti isanduke dimba lodzaza, musawope kusiya madera ambiri opanda kanthu, opanda ufulu. Kupatula apo, palibe chomwe chimagogomezera kuzama kwa malo mozama monga kusiyanasiyana kwa malo athyathyathya komanso masamba obiriwira.

M'minda yapa tawuni, udzu - kapena kapangidwe kake kuchokera pansi pamtengo - ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga. Ndipo kuti apange munda wogwirizana, osachepera 40-50% ya chiwembu chotsalachi agawane nacho (60%). Ngakhale tikulankhula za mamilimita zana, lalikulu, udzu, womwe umakhalamo ambiri, umapangitsa kuti mundawo ukhale waukulu.

Koma kuti njirayi igwire ntchito, malo okhala udzu ayenera kukhala okongola komanso okongola kwambiri. Mabedi a maluwa, zipatso za perennials, mtengo ndi zitsamba, komanso zomanga kapena zokongoletsera zokongoletsera ziyenera kukhala zochititsa chidwi, zopangidwa mozama komanso molimba mtima, mwapadera.

Njira yowonera

Kukula ndi mawonekedwe a kindergarten nyumba yapa tawuni ikukambidwa, njirayo imakhala malo apadera. Iyenera kulumikiza gawo la dimba ndi malo olimira, nthawi yomweyo kutsindika kukhulupirika kwa ntchitoyi ndikuwonetsa mizere yomwe alendo anu adzadziwe mundawo. Simungathe kuyika magulu ambiri m'malo ngati awa. Njirayo iyenera kukhala imodzi, kutsogoza pakhomo lolowera mnyumbayo kapena masitepe kupita kumakona akutali a munda kapena zinthu zobisika mmenemo. Ntchito yayikulu pakusankha njira yoti mupeze njira ndikupewa kuwononga malo ndikuwonanso njira yomweyo yomwe ingawonekere ngati kukongoletsa kosiyana.

Zabwino kwa nyumba zatauni, mosatengera kalembedwe, ndi njira kapena njira zina zokhala zofewa. Sikoyenera kuziyika mzere wowongoka ngakhale mukusankha ma geometry okhazikika ngati cholinga chachikulu chopangira. Pangani njirayo, yosalala, yopindika. Zosankha zabwino ndi magawo odulira ngati mitengo, miyala, ndi matailosi.

Munda ku nyumba yapa tawuni wokhala ndi malo okhala. © duparanto

Pergolas, arbor, trellises ndi Co

Mundawo palibe malo ogulitsa matawuni ogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonse zosiyanasiyana zomangidwe zazing'ono sizigwira ntchito. Koma kubweretsa malingaliro a dongosolo, zovuta za kapangidwe kake ndi kutalikirana kuchokera kunja kwa dziko popanda iwo ndizosatheka. M'munda woterewu, ndikofunikira kuyika chimodzi mwazinthu zoyambirira zomangidwe zazing'ono zomwe "zidzaukitsa" ntchitoyi kukhala yatsopano.

Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zotere zimayikidwa mwachindunji pakhonde, pambali yomwe muyenera kupanga chithunzithunzi cha chotchinga komanso chamalingaliro chomwe chimateteza kudziko lakunja ndikukulolani kuti mumve modekha komanso mutetezedwa. Njira ina - kapangidwe ka "ngodya yachinsinsi" - imangopereka zida zowonjezera ndi chinthu china chomanga chaching'ono.

Potengera malowa ku nyumba yapauta kumakhala bwino:

• pergolas adakonza pambali ya thaulo kapena pakhonde;
• makatani otseguka;
• trellis grilles;
• nsanja yaying'ono yokhala ndi pergola kapena yopanda pergola, yomwe imapanga malo osiyana owerengera kapena kanyenye;
• zopindika zokhota ndi zopindika za kukwera mitengo ya mpesa.

Chinsinsi chachikulu cha dimba laling'ono

Palibe dimba lomwe lidzawonekere kukhala losangalatsa ngati silikhala ndi zinthu zodabwitsa - zobisika kwa kuwona mwachindunji zinthu zomwe zimapatsa zinsinsi zachinsinsi komanso kubisa. Ndipo ngakhale m'minda yomwe imapanga gawo la magawo zana, payenera kukhala "chinsinsi". Monga chowonekera chobisika:

• dziwe laling'ono lomwe limabisa kuseri kwa zitsamba;
• doko laling'ono;
• malo osewerera ana;
• benchi yopuma pabedi lamaluwa.

Amayikidwa kumbuyo kwa chitsamba chokulirapo kapena mtengo, kuti usawonekere kuchokera ku terata kapena khomo lolowera mundawo. Ngati ndi kotheka, masking amalimbikitsidwa ndi mipesa pazokuthandizira.

Munda ku tawuni. © Barbara Peck

Zomera zazikulu zamunda yaying'ono

Kukula kwakunyumba kwa tawuni sikutanthauza kuti mbewu zake zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwa nyenyezi zazing'ono chabe. Kuphatikiza apo: ngati mungadziletsa kuphatikiza mawonedwe ang'onoang'ono, simungathe kukwaniritsa malingaliro, kukwanira, ndi "kulondola" kapangidwe. Ngati tikulankhula zodzaza ndi mabedi a maluwa kapena rabatok, ndiye kuti dera laling'ono pano limalamulira malamulo ake posankha mbeu. Koma, mulimonsemo, musasankhe mtundu wamtundu wa mbewuzo zomwe zimazindikira kukula kwa malo ndi kapangidwe ka dimba, ikani mamvekedwe opangira, sinthani ma verticals ndi malo owoneka - mitengo ndi zitsamba.

M'minda yaying'ono kwambiri, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zazitali, zozizwitsa komanso zazikulu. Ayenera kupatsanso mundawo mawonekedwe amgwirizano, umphumphu, woyenera, kulumikiza ndi kapangidwe ka mizinda, kufotokoza malire ndi kuyang'ana chidwi cha alendo ndi omwe akukalandira. Mosiyana ndi minda ikuluikulu, mbewu zazikulu m'magulu kapena mipanda yayikulu m'minda ya tawuniyi sikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Koma kutsindika kokhako kuyenera kutenga gawo lofananalo ndi zitsamba m'munda wokhazikika ndikukhala wowonekera momwe mungathere. Zachidziwikire, mitengo iyenera kukhala pakati pa mitundu mitundu ndi mitundu yambiri, yotalika kutalika kwa mamita 3-4, koma tchire limatha kukhala lalikulu kwambiri.

Kusankhidwa kwa mitundu yomwe ingathandize kuthetsa vutoli pamafunika kuwunika kokwanira kwa mbewu. Amawoneka bwino mu kasupe, chilimwe, ndi nthawi yophukira, ndipo ngakhale korona wamba m'mundamo sayenera kubweretsa chisangalalo, koma kumverera kwazithunzi. Abwino kwambiri pantchito zazikulu m'matawuni ndi zipatso za chimwala (chimanga cousa), maple duneiform (acer Palmatum), plums zokongoletsera, yamatcheri ndi mitengo ya maapulo. Minda yamatanda yokhala ndi piramidi kapena ma conical contours, mitengo yokhazikika, zitsamba zokonzedwa ndi mawonekedwe akulira zimawoneka bwino m'minda yamitundu yaying'ono.

Koma kusankha chomera choyenera sichinthu chachikulu. Zomera ziyeneranso kuyikidwa molondola. Zitsamba zikuluzikulu kapena mitengo zimayikidwa pambali yakutali ya malowo, kuti zitheke kupanga gawo logawanika, kupitilirabe dimba, kubisa mpanda ndikupatsa malo onsewo kuya. Ndikofunika kuyika mbewu m'makona ndi imodzi kapena ziwiri pakati, koma ndikuchotsa pamalo oonekera. Ndipo muyenera "kuthimitsa" zinthu zazikulu pakukula kwa malo poika asymmetrically 1 chitsamba ndi kutsogolo, ngati pakhomo la chomera.

Munda ku tawuni. © Dmitriy Kruglyak

Osawopa kugwiritsa ntchito talente ya treetop

Zilima za m'munda ndizomera zokha zomwe zimatha kupanga zokongola kwambiri pamalo ocheperako. Ndipo m'munda ku tawuni ndikwabwino kuti muzigwiritsa ntchito molimbika momwe mungathere. Kuphatikiza apo, sizovuta konse kupeza "ntchito" yamaluwa ang'onoang'ono a amabodza.

Kuti mupeze malo oyenera okwera, mumangoyenda kudutsa mundawo. Choyamba, yang'anirani ma kapangidwe ndi zinthu zazomangamanga zazing'ono: zida zamtengo wapatali zopangidwa ndi liana zapamwamba zomwe zikuwongolera mbali ndi kumbuyo makoma zimatsitsimutsa panthawi imodzimodziyo arbor, pergolas, zipilala, ndikupanga chitetezo chomwe chikufunika kwambiri kuchokera kumaso odula. Popeza palibe pokhazikitsa zenera ndi zowonera, kubzala mipanda m'munda wotere, ndizosavuta kuthana ndi vutoli mothandizidwa ndi okwera m'munda. Kachiwiri, zindikirani malo onse oterera “opanda kanthu” - makoma opanda kanthu, mpanda wopanda kanthu wowoneka wotopetsa komanso wosasangalatsa. M'malo omwe amawoneka ngati opanda kanthu kwa inu, khalani omasuka kubzala mpesa kuti uzilima dambo.

Kuti mukongoletse minda ku tawuni, gwiritsani ntchito miyala yowala - kukwera maluwa, clematis, honeysuckle, ndi mphesa za atsikana. Koma potengera mwayi wofesa mbewu zina zamaluwa, kusankha kumapangidwa bwino m'malo mwa maluwa.

Chidwi m'mitundu

Pamabedi amaluwa ndi kuchotsera, nthawi yomweyo lembani malo akuluakulu omwe ali pakati pamitengo kapena nyumba zosakhazikitsidwa, zopanda malo akulu amawu omwe amawoneka kuti ndi osavuta kuposa kutalika kwa malo. M'malo oterawa ndikofunikira kuyika "nyambo" - chosangalatsa chosangalatsa, chinthu, chokongoletsera chosazolowereka chomwe chidzakopa maso ndikuwoneka ngati "chowunikira" m'mundamo. Monga mitengo, munthu sayenera kudumphira pamtengo wotere pakati pa okongoletsa okhawo: chinthu chosankhidwa chizikhala chachikulu, chokopa, chosazolowereka komanso chothandiza kwambiri. Ndikwabwino kuyiyika mwachindunji m'munda wamaluwa kuti "umalowe" munyanja yamaluwa.

M'minda ya tawuni ndikuwoneka bwino:

• akasupe;
• ziboliboli zazikulu za m'munda;
• mabenchi okongoletsera kapena masokosi;
• asungwana amiyala yamaluwa;
• chakumwa kapena chakudya cha mbalame;
• sundial, etc.

Munda ku tawuni.

Mapangidwe abwino amawoneka nthawi yozizira

Mukakonza dimba ku nyumba yanyumba, ndikofunikira kuti musaiwale kuti chiwembu chochepa chotere chiyenera kukhala chokongola nthawi zonse, mosasamala nthawi ya chaka. Ngakhale mitengo yonse yachikale ndi zomerazo zikataya zokongoletsera zooneka bwino, dimba lokhala ndi mtunduwu siliyenera kukhala "wamaliseche", lopanda kanthu, lopanda moyo. Ndipo pakuwona malo kuti nyimbo zitha kukhala zokongola ngakhale nthawi yozizira, muyenera kukumbukira choyambirira.

Njira yosavuta kwambiri komanso nthawi imodzi yofananira yokwaniritsira ntchito imeneyi ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mbewu zambiri zomwe zimakhala zobiriwira komanso zobiriwira nthawi yayitali.Koma palinso zosankha zina: gwiritsani ntchito mbewu zomwe zili ndi makungwa okongola, mawonekedwe a korona osadziwika, zipatso zowala ndi inflorescence zomwe zitha kutsalira pazomera ndikuwoneka zokongola ngakhale pansi pa chipale chofewa. Derain, msondodzi wa mbuzi, hazel, hollies, barberry, zipatso za chipale chofewa, mbewu zodzikongoletsera, ma hydrangeas, echinacea, yarrow ndi stonecrops ndizabwino ngakhale panthawi yobisika.

Nyimbo zophuka

M'munda wawung'ono chotere, dimba lililonse la maluwa kapena kuchotsera kumasintha kukhala kwakukulu, kofunikira, kwamwambo. Ngati m'minda yayikulu yachikale nthawi zonse pamakhala mtsogoleri wokhala ndi maluwa, ndiye pamalo pafupi ndi nyumba yamatawuni ngakhale yaying'ono kwambiri ingayandikire ngati nyumba yachifumu.

Momwe mungakonzekere kuyika kwa mabedi amaluwa ndi nkhani ya kukoma ndi kukonda. Kusankha kophweka ndikungowunikira udzu, ndikusiya malo otsalawo kumbali pansi pa mabedi a maluwa kapena mabedi a maluwa, ngati kuti mukukhomera kapeti emarodi mu maluwa. Koma njira iyi yakapangidwe kamunda siyakutali ndiokhayo. Mutha kubzala dimba la maluwa pafupi ndi thitilo, kuyiyendetsa pa udzu ndi "chisumbu", ndikubzala zambiri pamunda wamaluwa kumapeto kwa chiwembu. Ndipo mutha kuphatikiza kuchotsera pang'ono m'mphepete ndi malire okhwima ndi mabedi ang'ono, omwe akuwoneka kuti akutha ndi udzu, wogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malire kutsogolo kwa malowo ndi ngodya yobisika. Chachikulu ndikuphwanya mabedi a maluwa kuti amenye ngati maziko abwinobwino, tsindikani kukongola kwa malo omasuka ndikuwululira mawonekedwe osankhidwa.

Pankhani yosankha mbewu, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito molimba, osawopa malo okhala kumatauni osafuna chisamaliro chapadera, mbewu zolimba polojekitiyo. Zosakaniza perennials - Catnip, Veronica, Sage, zokongoletsera zazitali, nyenyezi zapamwamba, mawonekedwe okonda mthunzi ndi ma fern, makatani okongola okhala ndi masamba ndi geyhera, bwalo losatopa, ma hydrangeas ochititsa chidwi, ma peonies a udzu - pali zambiri zoti musankhe. Sankhani mbewu kuti mtundu wa maluwa odutsa ubwerere mosadukiza ndipo onetsetsani kuti mwapeza nyenyezi iliyonse nyengo, osamala pakati pazomera zikutuluka nthawi zosiyanasiyana za chaka komanso zomangika nthawi zonse. Ngati mumakonda kulima ndi kulota za raramo, siyani chidutswa chochepa cha dimba kuti mukayesere masamba ochulukirapo komanso osowa, chilimwe chochuluka.

Ngakhale pa chiwembu chaching'ono kwambiri, bedi limodzi limatha kuthyoledwa. Ngati mukufuna kulima masamba ndi masamba a tebulo, ndiye kuti gawo lina la dimba la maluwa kapena rabatka ndi bedi lozunguliridwa ndi malire. Pokhapokha nyumba yamatawuni, onetsetsani kuti ikuwoneka ngati zokongoletsera zamunda, gwiritsani ntchito kapangidwe kake kosakanikirana, kaphatikiza mbewu zamasamba ndi zokongoletsera, ndikupanga maluwa.

Munda ku tawuni.

Zosankha zamtundu wa makonda

Ndi m'minda yaying'ono yomwe mtundu umatembenuka kuchokera ku "imodzi" kukhala chida chofunikira kwambiri pakusintha mawonekedwe. Ndikusankha mitundu yoyenera, mutha kuwonjezera kukula kwa mundawo, kukankha malire ake, kusewera mwakuya ndi kukula kwake, ingoganizirani mawonekedwe ake mukuongola. Ndipo, mmalo mwake, malingaliro osakwanira amtundu amatha kupangitsa kuyesa konse.

Gwiritsani ntchito kulembetsa mbali zakutali za tsambalo, mabedi ake amaluwa, omwe amapangidwira pamasewera ozizira kwambiri kapena oyera. Kuwala mkati, zitsamba zowala zimapatsa polojekitiyi ulemu wapadera, ndipo mtundu wamtambo wa buluu umakupatsani mwayi wopanga zowoneka bwino ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka. Mitundu yolunda imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pafupi ndi bwalo ndi nyumba, pomwe mitundu yowala imabzalidwa kwathunthu m'malo azikondwerero pakhomo lolowera mundawo. Kukongoletsa machulukitsidwe amitundu kuchokera pakuwala mpaka kusinthika ndi gamma kuchokera pa kutentha mpaka kuzizira kumapangitsa kuyambitsa mwayi waulere. Musaiwale za kukula kwa maluwa: ikani yayikulu kutsogolo, gwiritsani ntchito mawonekedwe azitundu zazing'ono pazinthu zakutali, zomwe zimangokulitsa kumverera kwakuya, kufalikira.