Alyssum (Alyssum), yotchedwanso marine lobularia, kapena alyssum, ndi mtundu womwe uli gawo la banja la Kabichi (omwe kale anali Cruciferous). Mitundu iyi imaphatikiza mitundu pafupifupi 100. Mwachilengedwe, mbewu zoterezi zimatha kupezeka ku Asia, North Africa ndi Europe. Liwu loti "alissum" lokha limatanthauzira mawu achi Greek "alisson", pomwe "a" amamasuliridwa kuti "wopanda" (negation), ndipo "lyssa" amatanthauza "chiwewe cha galu." Pali lingaliro kuti chomera ichi kale chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa matenda a chiwewe agalu. Wamaluwa adayamba kulima alissum posachedwa, koma akuyamba kutchuka chaka ndi chaka. Izi ndichifukwa choti duwa ndilosavuta kusamalira, komanso lili ndi fungo lamphamvu la uchi.
Zolemba za Alissum
Kutalika kwa nthaka yopanda chomera cha alissum kumatha kusiyana ndi 0.15 mpaka 0.4 m. Mapiko ake okhala ndi masamba olimba amakhala osakhazikika pamunsi. Masamba ochepa amtundu wa obovate kapena mawonekedwe oblong pamwamba amakhala ndi pubescence. Mitengo yaying'ono ya racemose inflorescence imakhala ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono omwe amatha kupaka utoto wachikasu, wa pinki, wofiirira, woyera, wa lilac kapena wofiyira. Maluwa amayamba mu Meyi ndikutha kumapeto kwa yophukira. Chipatsochi chimakhala nyemba, mkati mwake momwe muli mbewu, chimakhala chothandiza kwa zaka zitatu. Chomera ichi ndi chomera chabwino cha uchi, chomwe chimakhala ndi fungo lokoma la uchi.
Muyenera kudziwa kuti alissum ndi marine lobularia ndizomera zosiyanasiyana, zomwe ndi abale apamtima. Komabe, ali ofanana kwambiri mwakuti wamaluwa amawagwirizanitsa ndi mtundu womwewo kuti ukhale wosavuta. Zomera izi zimasiyana m'mitundu ya maluwa: mu lobularia ndi lilac, oyera kapena pinki, ndipo mu alissum amakhala achikasu kapena kufota.
Ochita maluwa amalima alissum ngati osatha, komanso chaka chilichonse. Amamera m'mabedi amaluwa, m'mabedi amaluwa ndi m'malo ovalira maluwa. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzaza malo opanda kanthu mutatha maluwa a masika ochulukitsa.
Kukula Alissum kuchokera ku Mbewu
Kufesa
Alissum itha kukhala yofesedwa kuchokera mu mbewu m'njira yosabzala komanso mmera. Ngati njira yobzala mbande yosankhidwa, ndiye kufesa mbewu panthaka ziyenera kuchitidwa m'masiku oyamba a Meyi. Amakwilidwa m'nthaka ndi 15 mm okha. Mbewu zikaonekera ngati chimbale cholimba, zifunika kuti ziwotchedwe. Ngati kufesa kunachitika mchaka, ndiye kuti maluwa atachedwa. Kubzala zitha kuchitika nyengo yachisanu isanazike, nthawi yozizira, mbewuzo zimatha kudumikizidwa mwachilengedwe kenako kasupe wochezeka azidzawoneka, pomwe maonekedwewo adzakhala olimba ndipo maluwa awo adzayamba munthawi yake.
Kusamalira Mbewu
Komabe, ambiri olima maluwa amakonda kulima alissum kudzera mbande, chifukwa njirayi imasiyanitsidwa ndi kudalirika kwake. Kufesa mbewu za mbande kumachitika mu Marichi kapena Epulo. Mabokosi ayenera kudzazidwa ndi gawo lapansi lopatsa thanzi, lomwe limakhala ndi mandimu pang'ono (pH 5.5-6.2). Mbewu zimagawanidwa moyenera pamwamba pa gawo lapansi silikhala lakuda kwambiri, ndiye kuti zimakanikizidwa pang'ono kapena kuwaza ndi gawo loonda. Zotengera ziyenera kukonzedwanso m'malo opaka bwino, mutaziphimba ndi film kapena galasi. Kutentha kokwanira kumayenera kukhala kuyambira madigiri 10 mpaka 15. Mbewu zimayenera kupukutidwa moyenera ndikuwongolera pafupipafupi. Ngati zonse zachitika molondola, ndiye kuti mbande zoyambirira ziziwonekera patatha masiku 7 kapena kale.
Mukangolowa tsamba loyamba lenileni litayamba kupanga mbande, ayenera kudyetsedwa ndi feteleza wovuta. Kubzala mbande mumikapu imodzi ndizotheka pokhapokha ngati masamba awiri kapena atatu enieni apangidwe pazomera. Komabe, ngati mbewu zikula mwachangu, ndiye kuti sizifunikira kukokedwa nthawi ikafika, nthawi yomweyo zibzalidwe panthaka.
Kubzala Alissum poyera
Nthawi yoti afike
Mutha kubzala mbande za alissum panthaka m'masiku otsiriza a Meyi kapena m'masiku oyamba a June, ziyenera kudziwika kuti masika obwerera kumapeto ayenera kusiyidwa. Tsambali liyenera kuwoneka bwino. Dothi louma, lopanda chofewa, losalowerera m'ndale lodzaza ndi humus ndibwino kubzala. Pang'ono pang'ono acidic kapena pang'ono zamchere ndizoyeneranso kubzala. Chomera chimakula bwino pakati pa miyala kapena mbale zomwe zimayatsidwa ndi dzuwa.
Zowongolera
Pokonzekera kubzala mbande panthaka, munthu ayenera kuganizira kuti mbewuyo imakula mofulumira. Pamenepa, mukabzala pakati pa tchire, mtunda uyenera kuyesedwa pafupifupi 0.4 m.Ngakhale mtunda pakati pa mbewu uyenera kusungidwa, mawonekedwe awo ndi osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi phindu lalikulu. Kukula kwa fossa kuyenera kukhala kotero kuti mizu ya chomera, yomwe imatengedwa momasuka ndi dothi, ikayikidwe mwaulere. Osabzala kwambiri maluwa omwe mumabzala. Zomera zobzalidwa zimafuna kuthirira kwambiri. Ngati tchire ndi lalikulu kwambiri, ndiye nthawi yobzala panthaka imatha kugawidwa, ndipo Delenki yobzala ngati mbewu zodziyimira payokha. Maluwa a alissum omwe adakula kuchokera kumbewu amayamba masabata 6-7 pambuyo pakuwonekera kwa mbande.
Chisamaliro cha Alissum
Alyssum wamkulu m'munda ndi wosavuta kusamalira. Chomera choterocho chimayenera kuthiriridwa madzi, udzu, kudyetsedwa, kudulidwedwa munthawi yake, ndipo nthaka ikuyenera kumasulidwa nthawi zonse. M'pofunika kuthirira maluwa ngati amenewa mwadongosolo, pomwe nthawi yayitali chilala, kuthirira kumayenera kukhala kochulukirapo. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ngati mbewuyo ilibe chinyezi chokwanira, ndiye kuti imatha kutaya masamba onse awiri ndi maluwa. Komabe, ndizotheka kuthirira mbewu chambiri pokhapokha dothi likadutsa madzi bwino. Ngati madzi akwasungunuka m'dothi, ndiye kuti tchire limanyowa ndikufa. Kuti mumvetsetse ngati Alissum ikufunika kuthirira, muyenera kukumba dothi ndi fosholo mpaka 30-30 mm. Ngati dothi louma pamenepo, zikutanthauza kuti maluwa amenewa ayenera kuthiriridwa. Mukathirira, ndikofunikira kuti tichotse udzu wonse pamalowo, komanso kumasula nthaka pakati pa tchire. Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa namsongole ndi kuthilira, kasupe mutabzala, pamwamba pamalowo muyenera kuwazidwa ndi mulch. Koma dziwani kuti ngakhale malowo atakonzedwa, malo ake amafunikirabe kumasulidwa mwadongosolo, chifukwa njirayi imakongoletsa mpweya ndi madzi m'dothi, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kwambiri pakulima mbewuyi.
Alyssum, yomwe ndi yachikhalire, iyenera kuthira manyowa pakukula kwa zobiriwira zambiri, chifukwa feteleza uyu yemwe ali ndi nayitrogeni amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kukonzekera yankho la michere, supuni 1 yayikulu ya urea ndi Agricola-7 amatengedwa pa ndowa imodzi yamadzi. Maluwa asanayambe, mbewuyo imafunikira kudyetsedwa ndi feteleza wovuta, yemwe amayenera kuthiridwa ndi dothi. Omwe amafunika mavalidwe apamwamba pafupipafupi, chifukwa chake amadyetsedwa kanayi panthaka, ndipo feteleza woyamba umayikidwa posachedwa maluwa a alissum asanakhale. Ngati mumadyetsa bwino chaka chilichonse komanso nthawi, ndiye kuti zidzasangalatsa nyakulayo ndi maluwa oyenda bwino.
Kudulira kwa Alissum
Kuti alissum ikule bwino ndikukula, iyenera kukonzedwa munthawi yake komanso molondola. Chapakatikati, osatha amafunika kudula masamba onse owuma, ma peduncle otsalira kuchokera chaka chatha, komanso ofooka komanso odwala. Duwa lotentha likatha, ndikofunikira kuchita kudulira mobwerezabwereza, kenako kufupikitsa zonse zomwe zimayambira 50-80 mm, izi zimayambitsa maluwa mobwerezabwereza. Kuphatikiza apo, tchire mutadulira zimawoneka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino.
Matenda ndi tizirombo
Choopsa chachikulu pamtunduwu ndi nthomba yopachika, chifukwa ndizovuta kuti ichotse. Tchire lomwe lakhudzidwa liyenera kuthiridwa ndi yankho la viniga (1 supuni yayikulu yamadzi pachidebe chimodzi cha madzi), komabe, ndianthu akuluakulu okha, omwe ndi amphamvu kwambiri omwe angathe kupirira izi.
Mapira amatha kuvulaza maluwa. Kuti muwachotse, ma alissum amawaza ndi kulowetsedwa kwa fodya ndi sopo kapena chamomile. Njenjete ndi kabichi zimatha kuvulaza mbewuyo, kuti athetse iwo amagwiritsa ntchito lepidocide kapena entobacterin.
Ngati dothi silikhala ndi madzi osakwanira, komanso kuthamanga kwamadzi m'nthaka, mbewuyo imayamba kuzimiririka (zowola zofiirira), zomwe zimakhudza mizu ndi khosi la chitsamba. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti ufeze mbewu yomwe yakhudzidwa ndi mkuwa chloroxide kapena kukonzekera kwa fungicidal (Thanos, Ordan kapena Kuproksat).
Komanso chomera chimatha kudwala ndi chinyengo kapena thonje, komanso ndi mtundu wa viral. Pofuna kuthana ndi ufa wamphesa, chitsamba chimathiridwa mchere ndi msanganizo wa Topaz kapena Bordeaux, ndipo polimbana ndi downy mildew use Ordan, Oksikhom kapena Bordeaux Zithunzi zamtunduwu masiku ano sizichiritsidwa.
Alyssum pambuyo maluwa
Kutolera mbewu
Muyenera kusonkha mbewu m'masiku omaliza a Seputembala kapena oyamba - mu Okutobala. Sankhani tsiku louma lopanda mphepo. Ndikofunikira kufalitsa nsaluyo mwachindunji pansi, kenako inflorescence imatengedwa m'manja ndikukupukutira mosamala. Zonse zikamalizidwa, chotsani zinyalala zonse zazikulu, ndipo zing'onozing'ono zitha kutsalira. Zowuma, mbewu zimayikidwa m'chipinda chouma chokhala ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri, koma payenera kusowa zolemba. Mbewu zizithiridwa mu thumba la nsalu ndikuziika kuti zizisungidwa mpaka kuphukira. Ngati njere zathiridwa kale pansi, ndiye kuti mufunika kuzisesa mosamala ndi tsache kuchokera pansi pa tchire. Zinyalala zikachotsedwa, njere ziyenera kusungidwa kuti zizisungidwa monga tafotokozazi.
Zozizira osazizira
Alyssum imakhala ndi nthawi yozizira kwambiri, ngati kutentha kwa mpweya kutsika madigiri 15, mbewuyo imafa. Komabe, zigawo zomwe zimakhala ndi nyengo yozizira bwino, duwa, ndikakonzekera bwino, limatha kupulumuka miyezi yozizira. Chakumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, malowa amayenera kuphimbidwa ndi masamba owuma. Chisanu chikugwa, chipale chofewa chimayenera kuponyedwera masamba. Ngati mutaphimba masamba mwanjira imeneyi, amatha kupulumuka nyengo yozizira, pomwe masamba obiriwira amakhalabe pachitsamba. Zisanachitike, kudulira mbewuyo sikulimbikitsidwa, kumeta tsitsi kumakonzedwa mu April.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya alissum yokhala ndi zithunzi ndi mayina
Mwala wa Alyssum (Alyssum saxatile)
Chomera chokhala ndi nthambi zambiri chotere chimatha kutalika pafupifupi mamitala 0.3. Tchireli limakhala lathanzi, ndipo mpaka limafikira pafupifupi mamilimita 0,4. Magawo onyansa ali ndi masamba obiriira kapena obovate amtundu wamtundu wamitundu, kunja amaoneka ngati akumva. Amakhalabe pamtengo ngakhale nthawi yozizira. Mitundu yaying'ono yofiyira ya fluffy racemose imakhala ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono achikasu omwe sanapendeke. Maluwa amawonedwa mchaka, ndipo amatha pafupifupi masabata 5.5. M'milungu yaposachedwa yachilimwe, maluwa obwereza amatha. Zosiyanasiyana:
- Citrinum. Pa chitsamba chotsika pali maluwa achikasu a mandimu.
- Compactum. Kutalika kwa tchire ndi pafupifupi masentimita 18, maluwa ang'onoang'ono ndi onunkhira kwambiri.
- Golide. Kutalika kwa tchire ndi pafupifupi mamita 0,2. Mitunduyi imayamba kuphuka pofika zaka ziwiri zokha. Maluwa ake ndi achikaso.
- Plenum. Maluwa amtundu wamtambo wagolide pachitsamba cha kutalika kwa 0.3 m.
Alyssum maritime (Alyssum maritimum), kapena marine lobularia
M'madera okhala ndi nyengo yotentha, mbewu yotere imakulidwa ngati yosatha. Kutalika kwake kumatha kutalika kuchoka pa 0.08 mpaka 0.4 m. Ili ndi nthambi zambiri zomwe zikukwawa pamwamba pa pulawo, chifukwa chomwe tchire lalikulu limapangika. Masamba ochepa amtundu wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owumbika ndi mtundu wa siliva ali ndi mphamvu yaying'ono pansi. Mizu inflorescence imakhala ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono ndi fungo la uchi. Kuthengo, mutha kukumana ndi mitundu yokhala ndi lilac ndi maluwa oyera. Komabe, pachikhalidwecho pali mitundu yambiri, maluwa omwe amatha kujambulidwa ndi utoto, pinki kapena ofiira. Izi zimamasula kuyambira kasupe mpaka nthawi yophukira. Zosiyanasiyana:
- Tyneey nthawi. Chomera chonyowa chimafikira kutalika kwa 80 mm. Maluwa ndi okongola, pali maluwa ambiri oyera ambiri, chifukwa cha iwo nkosatheka kupanga mphukira kapena masamba. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chivundikiro.
- Isitala Bonnet Deep Rose. Maluwa ndi abwino, mtundu wa maluwa ndi pinki.
- Mafumu osavuta. Mtundu wa ampel uwu umalimbikitsidwa kuti udalidwe m'malo amaluwa kapena m'miphika zamaluwa. Zofalikira zimayambira zimatha kutalika ndi 0,35 m.Maluwa a paleacac ndi onunkhira kwambiri.
- Violet Konigin. Chitsamba chopindika chopindika chimafikira masentimita 10 mpaka 15. Maluwa ndi ofiirira.
Alyssum gmelin, kapena phiri alissum (Alyssum gmelinii, kapena Alyssum montanum)
Chomera chosatha ichi sichigonjetsedwa ndi chisanu. Kutalika kwake kumasiyana pamtunda wa 0,1 mpaka 02. Mphukira zikukwawa ndikukwera. Pamaso a masamba ena pamakhala utoto wowoneka bwino womwe umakhala ndi tsitsi lowoneka bwino, chifukwa zimawoneka kuti masamba ake ndi utoto. Ma cystic inflorescence amapangidwa ndi maluwa achikasu. Kuyamba kwa maluwa kumachitika mu Epulo kapena Meyi.
Palinso mitundu ya ma alissums: Lensky, sinuous, Savranian, akhakula, kapu, Pyrenean, zokwawa ndi siliva.
Posachedwa, chifukwa cha obereketsa, mitundu yayitali ya alissum yabadwa, otchuka kwambiri a iwo ndi awa:
- Palette. Kutalika kwa mitengo yaying'ono sikupitirira masentimita 10. Maluwa amatha kujambulidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana: pinki, rasipiberi, bulauni, oyera, ofiira ndi lilac. Mu shopu yamaluwa mutha kugulira mbewu za Paletta alissum, pomwe mumamera tchire lokhala ndi maluwa osiyanasiyana, kuti mutha kupanga kapeti wokongola m'munda.
- Kupanikizana kwakukulu. Muli maluwa otambalala akulu, maluwa ndi okulirapo nthawi 1.5 poyerekeza ndi mitundu wamba. Amatha kupakidwa utoto wofiirira, wotchedwa lilac, lavenda komanso loyera. Kutalika kwa tchire kuli pafupifupi 0.35 m. Mitunduyo ndi yozizira komanso chilala, ndipo imamasuka ngakhale madigiri 3.
- Wogwirizira wagolide. Chitsamba chili ndi mawonekedwe ake. Mapepala osachepera masamba. Zowombera pafupifupi zimagona panthaka. Maluwa ang'onoang'ono amtundu wakuthengo amakhala ndi maluwa achikasu achikasu. Mitundu iyi imalimbikitsidwa kuti izilimidwa kumapiri amiyala, komanso chokongoletsera posunga khoma.
- Makapeti oyera. Maluwa akutalika komanso okongola, maluwa ndi oyera. Ntchito ngati pepala.
- Wopaka pinki. Kutalika kwa nthambi zokhala ndi nthambi pafupifupi 12 sentimita. Pamwamba pa masamba ang'onoang'ono amtundu wa buluu pali pubescence. Maburashi amapangidwa ndi maluwa onunkhira a lilac-pinki. Nthawi zambiri mitunduyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomera chowonjezera cha makonde, komanso mafelemu maluwa ndi mabedi amaluwa.
